Channel acquisition and tracking for MC-CDMA uplink transmissions

This paper deals with channel acquisition and tracking in the uplink of a multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. The transmission medium is characterized by multipath propagation, and the goal is to estimate the channel frequency response and the noise-power of each active user. Channel acquisition is performed jointly with the noise-power estimation following two different approaches. The first assumes independently faded subcarriers, while the second exploits the fading correlation across the signal bandwidth to improve the system performance. Both schemes are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion and exploit some training blocks carrying known symbols. Channel tracking is pursued through least mean square (LMS) techniques using data decisions provided by a partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) receiver. Numerical results are given to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods and to present comparisons with other existing solutions.     

Interference-free code design for MC-CDMA uplink transmissions

In a recent study, solutions have been proposed for completely suppressing the multiple access interference (MAI) arising in the uplink of a quasi-synchronous multicarrier codedivision multiple-access network as a consequence of multipath distortions and carrier frequency offsets. This result is achieved by employing exponential orthogonal codes or selecting a particular subset of the Walsh-Hadamard code family without the need for any channel state information at the transmitter side. In the present letter, we revisit this problem and show that MAI suppression can be achieved by following a different line of reasoning which leads to a transmission scheme exhibiting a lower peak-to-average power ratio.     

Combined equalization for uplink MC-CDMA in Rayleigh fading channels

In this letter, we propose the concept of combined equalization for uplink multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and perform a theoretical analysis which shows that better single-user bounds than the classical matched-filter bounds are achieved with this new concept. Moreover, we illustrate how to properly design an uplink MC-CDMA transmitter and receiver for combined equalization, and show by Monte Carlo simulations that the improved single-user bounds are closely approached, even in the case of a fully loaded system.     

Channel acquisition and tracking for DS-CDMA uplink transmissions

This paper deals with channel acquisition and tracking for the uplink of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems. The transmission medium is characterized by multipath propagation, and the goal is to estimate the time-varying channel impulse response (CIR) for a new user entering the system. Channel acquisition is pursued through maximum-likelihood techniques. The resulting scheme may be too complex in some applications, as it requires the online inversion of a large matrix. Therefore, we also consider a simpler solution based on the least-squares (LS) criterion. Channel tracking is performed through weighted LS methods. At each signaling interval, the CIR estimate is updated using data decisions and exploiting the inverse of the interference covariance matrix to mitigate the near-far problem. Performance is assessed by simulation in a scenario inspired by the frequency-division duplexing component of the universal mobile telecommunications system. The acquisition/tracking algorithms are found to be resistant to multiuser interference and suitable for transmissions over fast-fading channels.     

Maximum-likelihood synchronization and channel estimation for OFDMA uplink transmissions

Maximum-likelihood estimation of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), timing error, and channel response of each active user in the uplink of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access system is investigated in this study, assuming that a training sequence is available. The exact solution to this problem turns out to be too complex for practical purposes as it involves a search over a multidimensional domain. However, making use of the alternating projection method, we replace the above search with a sequence of mono-dimensional searches. This results in an estimation algorithm of a reasonable complexity which is suitable for practical applications. As compared with other existing semi-blind methods, the proposed algorithm requires increased overhead but has more flexibility as it can be used with any subcarrier assignment scheme. Simulations indicate that the accuracy of the CFO estimates asymptotically achieves the Cramer-Rao bound.     

带有时偏的MC-CDMA上行链路的盲信道估计

为了能在带有时偏的MC-CDMA上行链路中估计信道，提出了一种新的信道估计方法。该方法能消除时偏对信道估计产生的影响，从而无需系统同步就能准确估计出信道。另外，由于扩频序列的信息对接收端是已知的，因此该信道估计方法可以利用扩频码的信息来完成盲估计。最后的仿真结果显示，该信道估计方法有良好的性能。     

Joint channel and carrier frequency offset estimation for multi-user MIMO-OFDM uplink transmissions

This article proposes a new algorithm of joint channel and carrier frequency-offset OCCFO） estimation for multi-user multi-input and multi-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （MIMO-OFDM） systems. A least square （LS） channel estimation and a carrier frequency offset （CFO） correlation estimation are combined in this contribution. CFOs are generally estimated using training sequences in a special synchronization timeslot. In this contribution, CFO estimation is further improved by taking advantages of channel estimation based on pilot symbols in traffic timeslots. The CFOs can be first obtained from the primary channel estimation. And then, with the knowledge of the CFOs estimated, channel estimation can be enhanced greatly. Computer simulation results indicate that the proposed JCCFO scheme is of good performance. Besides, the computational complexity is low.     

Iterative frequency-domain channel estimation and equalization for single-carrier transmissions without cyclic-prefix

Compared to conventional time-domain equalization, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) presents a computationally efficient alternative for the reception of single carrier (SC) transmissions. In this paper, we consider iterative FDE (IFDE) with explicit frequency-domain channel estimation (FDCE) for non-cyclic-prefixed SC systems. First, an improved IFDE algorithm is presented based on soft iterative interferencecancellation. Second, a new adaptive FDCE (AFDCE) algorithm based on per-tone Kalman filtering is proposed to track and predict the frequency-domain channel coefficients. The AFDCE algorithm employs across-tone noise reduction, exploits temporal correlation between successive blocks, and adaptively updates the auto-regressive model coefficients, bypassing the need for prior knowledge of channel statistics. Finally, block-overlapping is used to facilitate the joint operation of IFDE and AFDCE. Simulation results show that, compared to related IFDE and adaptive channel estimation schemes, the proposed schemes offer lower mean-square error (MSE) in channel prediction, lower bit error rate (BER) after decoding, and robustness to non-stationary channels.     

Channel estimation for the uplink of a DS-CDMA system

This paper deals with channel estimation in the uplink of a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system operating in a multipath environment. The parameters of interest are the delays and the complex attenuations incurred by the signal echoes along the propagation paths. We propose an iterative approach for estimating the channel parameters of a new user entering the system. The method is based on the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm and exploits a training sequence. In comparison to other estimation algorithms, it reduces a complicated multidimensional optimization problem to a sequence of one-dimensional problems. In addition, it can be effectively used in applications over fast-fading channels. Computer simulations are employed to assess the performance of the proposed scheme. It is found that it is resistant to multiuser interference and has accuracy close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound even with very short training sequences.     

上行SCMA信道估计及性能评估

针对两种SCMA资源映射方式（RE-Sparse SCMA和RB-Sparse SCMA）和已有的基于ZC序列循环移位正交性和正交覆盖码的导频图样方案,提出了基于频分复用的稀疏导频图样,并且在具有不同频率选择性的信道下进行了仿真评估,同时对SCMA的SIC-MPA接收算法提出了目标用户选择策略。从仿真结果可以看出,在慢衰落信道前提下,正交覆盖码和频分复用都可以明显提升信道估计性能,RB-Sparse SCMA 与RE-Sparse SCMA相比,导频图样本身有一定的频域正交性,且性能更好,因此能更灵活地适用于实际多用户传输场景。     

Channel estimation and equalization for M-QAM transmission with ahidden pilot sequence

Blind equalization techniques are useful to counteract multipath effects in radio local loop (RLL) and in general for wireless point to multipoint transmissions. One of the main drawbacks of blind equalization is the slow convergence time of the equalizer. Another major problem of blind equalization is the possible convergence toward wrong solutions. When these two main disadvantages cannot be tolerated it is necessary to adopt trained channel estimation and/or equalization techniques to counteract multipath. The training sequence is usually time division multiplexed with the informative sequence. This solution reduces the bandwidth efficiency and can be unusable when too frequent updating of the communications parameters need to be performed in the receiver. It is shown that bandwidth efficiency can be preserved at the expense of an increase in the transmitted power. The additional transmitted power is used to send a known pilot sequence hidden into the informative sequence. The hidden sequence is superimposed onto the symbols to be transmitted before waveform modulation. Thus each pilot symbol has the same period of the informative symbol so that no bandwidth spreading is necessary. High spectral efficiency M-QAM modulation is considered but the technique can be easily extended to any type of digital modulation format. We analyze the problems of channel estimation and of equalization based on the hidden pilot sequence. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed technique simulation results are provided. It is observed that in the case of equalization a pilot recovery subsystem should be used before using the pilot to train the equalizer     

Channel estimation standard and adaptive blind equalization

Presents a novel concept of channel estimation standard (CES) and applies a new CES error criterion to the process of an adaptive blind equalization. It is shown that the establishment of the CES contributes to the development of a practical communication scheme for approaching to the capacity of a high SNR band-limited channel without using a preamble signal training     

Channel estimation and interference suppression for uplink CDMA mobile communication systems

Wireless communications for mobile telephone and data transmission is currently undergoing very rapid development. Code division multiple‐access (CDMA) implemented with direct sequence spread spectrum signaling is among the most promising multiplexing technologies for cellular telecommunications services. In this paper, jointly period inserted pilot symbols assisted recursive (PIPSAR) channel estimation and interference suppression techniques are proposed for uplink CDMA mobile communication systems. The uplink CDMA mobile communication system model is described in the form of space‐time domain through antenna array and multipath expression. Interference suppression is achieved by using adaptive minimum mean squared error (MMSE) digital filters that span several successive received chip oversampling vectors of a symbol interval. PIPSAR techniques are used to estimate channel parameters. The correlation between the successive periods is considered to further improve the performance of the proposed scheme. Analysis and simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iterative semi-blind multiuser detection for coded MC-CDMA uplink system

We propose two types of iterative semi-blind receivers for coded multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) uplink systems in the presence of both intracell and intercell interference. The first is based on the minimum mean-square error criterion, and the second is a hybrid scheme, consisting of parallel interference cancellation and linear multiuser detection. These iterative receivers utilize known users' information for the computation of log-likelihood ratios (LLR) while blindly suppressing unknown interference. The LLR are refined successively during the iterative process through decoding of all known users. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed iterative semiblind methods offer substantial performance gain over conventional noniterative and nonblind iterative receivers.     

Equal BER power control for uplink MC-CDMA with MMSE successive interference cancellation

For a given decision order, MMSE successive interference cancellation (MMSE-SIC) can simultaneously maximize SIR's of all users. To further increase its efficiency, a power control (PC) algorithm, under equal BER criterion, is proposed in this letter for uplink MC-CDMA. In frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels, the MMSE-SIC integrated with the equal BER PC suppresses multiple access interference effectively, resulting in a performance very close to the single user bound (SUB).     

Joint equalization and decoding for QAM block transmissions

A method of joint equalization and decoding for block transmission with coding across blocks is presented. It is well suited for bandwidth efficient QAM transmission using large transmit symbol alphabets, whereby the blocking structure can be arbitrary in principle. The method consists in multiple iterations of equalization and decoding, whereby information is exchanged back and forth between the decoder and the equalizer. The equalizer is based on Cholesky factorization of the equivalent discrete-time channel matrix (Eur. Trans. Telecommun 10 (1999) 351; Grundlagen der Kommunikationstechnik, Springer, Berlin, 2004). The convergence behavior of the iterative equalization and decoding method is analyzed by means of an upper bound on the extrinsic information transfer. It is shown that the method has improved bit error performance versus separate equalization and decoding without decoder feedback and, thus, yields superior power efficiency.     

Iterative semiblind multiuser receivers for a space-time block-coded MC-CDMA uplink system

Iterative multiuser detection and space-time coding are two promising techniques to improve the capacity and performance of coded multiuser systems in wireless channels. In this paper, we present iterative multiuser detection schemes for a space-time block-coded multicarrier code-division multiple-access system with multiple transmit and receive antennas. We consider a more general case of an uplink system in the presence of both intra- and intercell interferences. We propose two types of iterative semiblind space-time receivers for such an uplink environment. The first is based on the minimum mean-square error criterion and the second is a hybrid scheme based on a combination of parallel interference cancellation and linear multiuser detection. These iterative receivers are derived, using a subspace approach, which utilizes known users' information for the computation of log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) while blindly suppressing the unknown interference. The LLRs are refined successively during the iterative process by using the extrinsic information available through decoding of all known users. A turbo code is used for channel coding. Simulation results in a frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading environment are presented to verify the performance of the proposed schemes.     

上行空时分组编码多载波码分多址系统的逐级干扰对消接收机算法

针对空时分组编码多载波码分多址系统的上行物理链路,提出了基于QR分解和基于最小均方误差的逐级干扰对消接收机算法。经算法处理后的数据矩阵保持了空时分组编码的正交结构,从而可以通过简单的线性处理实现空时分组编码的次优译码。与传统的置零接收机算法相比,此算法不会对接收机端的白噪声产生放大作用。计算机仿真结果表明,在独立衰落信道或相关衰落信道下,此算法均优于置零接收机算法。在误码率为10-6水平下,此算法比传统算法的信噪比改善约4dB。     

A novel prefiltering technique for downlink transmissions in TDD MC-CDMA systems

We discuss a prefiltering technique for interference mitigation in the downlink of a time division duplex (TDD) multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. The base station (BS) is equipped with multiple transmit antennas, and channel state information (CSI) is obtained at the transmitter side by exploiting the channel reciprocity between uplink and downlink transmissions. The prefiltering coefficients are designed so as to minimize a proper cost function that depends on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) at the mobile terminals (MTs). The resulting scheme allows using a simple despreading receiver, thereby eliminating the need for channel estimation and equalization. Numerical results show the advantages of the proposed scheme over some existing solutions.     

Blind channel equalization and carrier frequency offset estimation for MC-CDMA systems using guard interval redundancy and excess codes

It is well known that multipath channel and carrier frequency offset (CFO) destroy the orthogonality between subcarriers in the downlink of MC-CDMA and degrade the system performance. In this paper, a new low complexity algorithm is proposed to iteratively estimate the CFO and the channel equalizer using only the guard interval (GI) redundancy, or excess codes (EC) or both GI and EC without additional pilots. Simulations illustrate and compare the performance efficiency of these schemes in different scenarios.