最新发现与创新：A320系列飞机国产炭刹车盘交付使用

中国民用航空局向航天科技四院所属的西安超码科技有限公司颁发了我国第一个A320系列飞机国产刹车盘零部件制造人批准证书（简称PMA）,这标志着我国自主研发、具有完全自主知识产权的该刹车盘可正式交付中国民航使用。此举打破了国外对该产品的市场垄断,实现了航天新材料技术拓展应用的历史性突破。     

湿度对炭／炭材料摩擦性能影响

本文研究了炭／炭（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料湿态摩擦性能，考察了在湿态下刹本能量、刹车比压对化学气相沉积Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料摩擦性能的影响规律，试验结果表明：环境湿度强烈地影响着Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的摩擦学性能，在湿态下其摩擦系数减小；随着刹车能量，刹车比压的增加，摩擦系数进一步衰减。     

炭/炭复合材料摩擦膜的显微结构研究

用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析CVD增密和2300℃热处理炭/炭复合材料刹车片在模拟飞机正常刹车状况下的摩擦表面形貌和显微结构,研究了摩擦膜结构对摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在模拟飞机正常着陆的试验中,在炭/炭复合材料的摩擦表面形成一层低织构热解炭的摩擦膜,片层厚度约为1μm。     

湿度对炭／炭材料摩擦性能影响

本文研究了炭／炭（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料湿态摩擦性能。考察了在湿态下刹本能量、刹车比压对化学气相沉积Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料摩擦性能的影响规律。试验结果表明：环境湿度强烈地影响着Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的摩擦学性能，在湿态下其摩擦系数减小；随着刹车能量、刹车比压的增加，摩擦系数进一步衰减。     

国产炭\炭复合材料飞机刹车盘试飞成功通过鉴定

由兰州炭素厂研究所研制的新一代飞机用刹车材料部件-炭/炭复合材料飞机刹车盘在国外技术垄断,国内无先例可循的情况下,由于上级领导机关的全力支持,有关协作单位的密切配合和课题组全体同志的努力,经过十二年的艰苦探索和实践,继1988年12月歼7型飞机用炭刹车盘,通过冶金工业部和航空航天工业部的联合评审,同意装机试飞后,又于1990年6月22日,首次在歼7     

医用炭/炭复合材料表面梯度CVD热解炭涂层的摩擦性能研究

采用医用炭/炭复合材料并通过梯度化学气相沉积法(CVD)在其表面制备热解炭涂层, 研究分析了涂层的显微结构、摩擦系数、磨损情况. 结果发现, 该热解炭涂层表面被直径约20 μm热解炭球致密覆盖, 在断口处呈现紧密、多层的热解炭. 与用沥青浸渍/炭化法制备的炭/炭复合材料相比, 在干摩擦时, 热解炭涂层样品的摩擦系数更大; 在模拟人体关节的湿摩擦时, 它的摩擦系数低; 在干摩擦和湿摩擦的情况下, 它的磨损要小很多. 这些结果表明利用梯度的化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备医用炭/炭复合材料的涂层可以提高其表面的耐磨性.     

温度对炭／炭材料摩擦性能影响

本文研究了炭／炭（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料湿态摩擦性能。考察了在湿态下刹本能量、刹车比压对化学气相沉积Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料摩擦性能的影响规律，试验结果表明：环境湿度强烈地影响着Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料的摩擦学性能，在湿态下其摩擦系数减小；随着刹车能量、刹车比压的增加，摩擦系统进一步衰减。     

炭/炭复合材料飞机刹车盘表面加工质量对其磨合性能的影响

在mm-1000试验机上对炭／炭复合材料（CCC）飞机刹车盘3组表面粗糙度不同的试样进行刹车模拟试验。以摩擦表面相对作动向运动时，摩擦表面微凸体发生弹－塑性变形、发生磨损进入磨合状态。采用Talysurf-4仪测定了CCC刹车盘磨合前后的表面形貌及其粗糙度，用SEM对磨损表面和磨粒形貌进行了研究。当刹车盘表面波度较小而表面微观粗糙度在Ra=12.5μm时，有利于在摩擦面上形成摩擦膜，使刹车副很快进入磨合状态。使用恰当的加工方法和加工精度可以缩短磨合时间的磨合刹车次数。     

炭/炭复合航空刹车材料的结构完整性对摩擦系数的影响

炭/炭复合材料(C／C)为类石墨结构，其石墨化程度部分表征了材料的结构完整程度。通过验证C／C材料的石墨化程度对刹车副的刹车力矩特性及刹车过程中摩擦系数的影响，探讨了C／C摩擦材料的摩擦磨损机理。C／C材料晶体的棱、缘、角部的活化点影响材料的物理吸附和化学吸附性能，降低了飞机刹车前几秒钟内的摩擦系数；材料内部的碳氧络合物的多少则影响到刹车副体积温度为400℃-500℃时摩擦系数的大小。这二者的共同作用劣化了刹车副的制动性能。     

炭/炭刹车副表面硬度对摩擦磨损性能的影响

对等温CVD沉积所得两种不同结构的炭/炭复合材料,不同表面硬度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.其中A材料是光滑层结构,B材料是粗糙层和光滑层的混合结构.摩擦试验在实验室规模的MM-1000摩擦试验机上进行.试验表明:随着热处理温度的提高,不同材料的表面硬度均在下降;但在经历相同热处理温度后,B材料的表面硬度比A材料的低;表面硬度较低的B材料塑性较强,摩擦面上的磨屑易于形成致密、连续的摩擦膜,有利于保持稳定而较高的摩擦系数.     

C/C复合材料飞机刹车盘的结构与性能

采用企业、行业及国家相关标准的试验方法，对超码复合材料公司，英国Dunlop公司，法国CarbonIn-dusty公司，美国B．F．Goodrich、ALS公司等生产的9种C／C复合材料飞机刹车盘的物理、力学、热学、摩擦磨损的性能特征，以及中南大学生产的C／C复合材料刹车盘的有关性能，进行了对比分析。结果表明，选择适宜的炭纤维预制体结构，控制热解炭基体微观结构为光学粗糙层结构，合理的热处理温度是获得高性能炭刹车盘材料的关键。我国拥有自主知识产权研发的大型民机炭刹车盘在高摩擦特性方面获得了重大突破，已用于波音757—200型飞机，实现了国内C／C复合材料具有里程碑意义的第四个重大突破。     

Simulated three-dimensional transient temperature field during aircraft braking for C/SiC composite brake disc

In the present work, a theoretical model of three-dimensional transient temperature field for C/SiC composite brake discs was established by adopting a finite element method according to the theory of energy transformation and transportation. The variation regularities of transient temperature field and internal temperature gradient of the brake discs were obtained. The effects of initial velocity, deceleration and friction coefficient on the highest temperature of the brake discs were also discussed. The heat energy was mainly concentrated on the layer of friction surfaces. The highest temperature of the brake discs under normal landing, overload landing, and rejected take-off landing condition were 869.7 K, 1037.4 K and 1440.3 K, respectively. Furthermore, the highest temperature of the brake discs increased with the increase of the initial velocity and friction coefficient, but decreased with the increase of deceleration. Comparing simulation predictions with experimental results, it is found that the three-dimensional transient temperature field model was valid and reasonable.     

碳/碳复合飞机刹车材料低能摩擦性能研究

研究了碳/碳(简称C/C)复合飞机刹车材料在低能载条件下的摩擦磨损性能,分析了刹车力矩与刹车速度之间关系曲线,探讨了C/C复合材料因能载变化出现摩擦系数最大值的根本原因.结果表明:随着刹车比压增加,摩擦系数最大值下降;低能条件下C/C复合材料摩擦面较粗糙,磨损率约为正常能载下的两倍.     

Microstructure and properties of 3D needle-punched carbon/silicon carbide brake materials

The carbon/silicon carbide brake materials were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) combined with liquid melt infiltration (LMI). The carbon fiber preform was fabricated with the three dimension needling method. The microstructure, mechanical, thermophysical, and frictional properties of C/SiC composites were investigated. The results indicated that the composites were composed of 65 wt%C, 27 wt%SiC, and 8 wt%Si. The density and porosity were 2.1 g cm⁻³ and 4.4%, respectively. The C/SiC brake materials exhibited excellent toughness. The average dynamic friction coefficient and static friction coefficient of the materials were about 0.34 and 0.41, respectively. The friction coefficient was stable. The fade ratio of the friction coefficient under moist conditions was about 2.9%. The linear wear rate was less than 1.9 μm side⁻¹ cycle⁻¹. These results show that C/SiC composites have excellent properties for use as brake materials for aircraft.     

Development and Characterization of C/C-SiC Brake Disc

A new process was developed to produce full-size carbon/carbon-SiC brake discs consisting of two friction layers and a structural layer. Different lengths of chopped carbon fibers were used for the friction layers and structural layer. A preform of each layer was produced by hot-pressing a mixture of resin and carbon fibers. After pyrolyzing the preforms, the layers were joined by hot-pressing. Finally, liquid Si infiltration was performed to obtain a C/C-SiC brake disc. The tensile strength, compressive strength, and bending strength were 40, 46, and 61 MPa, respectively. The density of the disc was 2.1 g/Cm³. The heat transfer coefficient in the vertical direction was 16.5 W/m-°C, and it was 45.9 in the horizontal direction. The friction coefficients obtained under various braking conditions showed stable and suitable values, 0.2–0.6.     

Friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotubes reinforced polyamide 6 composites under dry sliding and water lubricated condition

The friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/CNT) composites under dry sliding and water lubricated condition was comparatively investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester at different normal loads. The morphologies of the worn surfaces and counterfaces of the composites were also observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that CNTs could improve the wear resistance and reduce the friction coefficient of PA6 considerably under both sliding conditions, due to the effective reinforcing and self-lubricating effects of CNTs on the PA6 matrix. The composites exhibited lower friction coefficient and higher wear rate under water lubricated condition than under dry sliding. Although the cooling and boundary lubrication effect of the water contributed to reduce the friction coefficient of the composites, the adsorbed water lowered the strength of the composites and also inhibited the formation of transfer layers on the counterfaces resulting in less wear resistance. With the increasing normal loads, the friction coefficient of the composites increased under the dry sliding and decreased under the water lubricated condition, owing to inconsistent influences of shear strength and real contact areas. The specific wear rate of the composites increased under both sliding conditions.     

Al/SiCp Brake Discs Produced by Dissimilar Cast-Bonding

A new manufacturing process was developed for ventilated brake discs. Half of a disc was composed of two friction plates, cooling fins connecting the friction plate, and a mounting plate joined to the cooling fins. A full disc consists of two half-discs. First, the friction plates were cast using A356/SiCp composites. The two friction plates and a furan-resin mold were set up in a mold frame made of cast iron to cast the cooling fins, and the mounting plate. The mold frame was heated and kept at 500°C. Into the mold, molten A356 alloy at 750°C was poured to cast the fins and the mounting plate. After cooling and dismantling the mold frame, half of a brake disc made of two dissimilar materials was obtained. Pin-on-disc tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were performed. Finally, brake dynamometer tests with a full-size disc/organic pads were carried out. It was confirmed that the friction coefficients satisfied the relevant regulations for railroad brake discs.     

制动盘对盘形制动摩擦性能的影响

在l：l惯性力矩制动试验台上研究了蠕墨铸铁制动盘和灰铸铁制动盘与所研制的合成材料闸片配副时的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明制动盘材质对摩擦性能有很大的影响：所研制的合成材料闸片与灰铸铁盘配副的摩擦副具有较小的速度、压力敏感性，较高的摩擦系数，较低的制动盘表面温度，但闸片的磨损量较大。     

Effects of Anti-Oxidant Migration on Friction and Wear of C/C Aircraft Brakes

The surfaces of carbon-carbon (C/C) aircraft brakes are usually coated with anti-oxidant to protect them from oxidation. These surfaces do not include the friction surfaces since it is known that when anti-oxidant get onto the friction surface, the friction coefficient decreases. The anti-oxidant migration (AOM), however, happens during processing, heat treatment and application. In this study, phosphorus based anti-oxidants inhibited 3-D C/C aircraft brake system was investigated. The effects of their migration on friction and wear in the 3-D C/C brakes were revealed by sub-scale dynamometer tests and microscopic analysis. Dynamometer results showed that when AOM occurred, both landing and taxi coefficients decreased in humid environment and the wear was slightly lowered. Microscopic study showed that under high humidity conditions there was no formation of the friction film.     

The effect of braking energy on the fatigue crack propagation in railway brake discs

Thermal fatigue cracks can often be found on the friction surface of brake discs used in railway vehicles after a period of usage and include crackle, radial and circumferential patterns. These cracks typically exhibit different initiation and propagation behavior under different braking conditions. In this paper, the effect of braking energy on fatigue crack evolution is analyzed by using experimental testing and numerical simulations. Macro observations show that a significant number of radial cracks appear on the surface of brake discs which operate at 300 km/h, while crackles typically appear after repeated emergency braking (EB) at 200 km/h. No crack growth was observed on disc surfaces after routine braking. The cyclic load that leads to the fatigue crack propagation consists of compressive stress during braking and residual tensile stress after cooling. Simulation results show that the depth of cracks correlates well with the residual tensile stress distribution in brake discs. Breaking tests exposed that the fracture surface of fatigue cracks which were covered by oxides shows nearly elliptic-type. Higher braking energy leads to a hardened layer on the friction surface and oxide generation near the crack edges, which are also important factors that contribute to accelerating crack propagation.