掺入Dy和Mn的MgSO_4磷光体的热释光发光光谱

用光学多道分析器和微机控制线性升温法研究了MgSO4 :Dy和MgSO4 :Dy ,Mn热释光材料的发光光谱。测定不同温度和波长的发光光谱 ,得到了热释光三维光谱图。观察到MgSO4 掺入稀土元素Dy的两个发光谱带为 4 80nm和 580nm ,每个光谱带有多个发光峰。与掺入Dy的Ca SO4 的三维发光谱相比较 ,掺入稀土元素Dy的热释光材料的发光谱带的波长主要取决于掺入Dy3+的能级间的跃迁。MgSO4 同时掺入Dy和Mn后 ,4 80nm发光谱带受到很大的抑制 ,所有发光峰的发光效率显著减小 ;波长为 580nm谱带的多个发光峰中 ,温度低于 30 0℃的发光峰的发光效率显著减小 ,在 380℃附近的发光峰的发光强度最大。这说明掺入Mn杂质后 ,不同深度的陷阱的相对分布发生了变化。     

掺Dy的MgB4O7磷光体的研制及其热释光特性

以碳酸镁和硼酸为原料在高温条件下合成了基质材料MgB4O7并制备了MgB4O7∶Dy磷光体.用RGD-3热释光剂量仪和三维热释光谱仪分别测量了这种磷光体的二维发光曲线和三维发光谱,实验观察到:1)MgB4O7∶Dy磷光体热释光发光峰峰温为220 ℃和380 ℃;2)Dy3 离子的发光波长为480 nm、575 nm和660 nm;3)磷光体220 ℃和380 ℃发光峰的相对强度随高温固相反应温度的升高而变化,但发光峰温和波长基本保持不变.对比MgB4O7∶Dy和MgSO4∶Dy两种热释光材料的三维发光谱,验证了掺入Dy3 离子的热释光材料的发光峰峰温主要由基质材料决定,发光波长则取决于Dy3 离子的能级跃迁的结果.     

掺Dy与Mn的硼酸镁热释光发光谱

本文制备了掺Dy和Mn的MgB4O7的磷光体,并测量其热释光发光谱。测量结果表明,MgB4O7:Mn的热释光发光峰位于180℃和300℃左右,其发光波长分布较宽,中心约为580nm;而MgB4O7:Dy的热释光发光峰位于200℃和350℃,发光波长由Dy3+离子的能级跃迁决定,位于480、580、680和750nm左右。当两者共掺时,只改变Mn的浓度,测量结果发现,随着Mn掺杂浓度的增加,480nm和680nm左右的发光受到抑制,并且低温峰也受到强烈抑制,而580nm的高温峰逐渐增强并且发光谱变宽。     

MgB4O7:Tb磷光体的研制及其热释光(TL)特性

以碳酸镁和硼酸为原料在高温条件下合成了基质材料MgB4O7并制备了MgB4O7：Tb磷光体。用Risφ／OSL-15-B／C热释光（TL）,光释光（OSL）自动测量仪和TL/OSL三维光谱自动测量仪分别测量了这种磷光体的二维热释光发光曲线和三维热释光发光谱。由MgB4O7：Tb的三维热释光发光谱可看出这种磷光体在230℃、340℃和420℃附近有三个热释光峰,发光谱的波长分别为489nm、548nm、589nm和620nm。此外,不同的高温烧结温度不仅对发光峰的发光强度有很大影响,而且还对。Tb^3＋发光谱形产生影响。当温度高于850℃时Tb^3＋离子发光谱线开始变成了发光谱带。     

MgSO_4:Dy,P和MgSO_4:Dy,P,Cu的热释光剂量学特性

MgSO4 :Dy中掺入适量的P ,热释光发光曲线中两个高温峰显著增强 ,主剂量峰的峰温接近2 83.6℃ ,另一个发光峰的峰温在 35 2 .7℃ ,其热释光效率超过LiF:Mg ,Ti的两倍。MgSO4 :Dy ,P的单个发光峰峰面积对60 Coγ辐射剂量 (0 .1Gy— 2 0kGy)的实验响应曲线用复合作用响应函数拟合 ,得到的非线性特征参数表明 ,两个发光峰的γ辐射剂量响应均为超线性。在MgSO4 :Dy ,P中再掺入微量Cu ,首先抑制峰温在 35 2 .7℃的发光峰 ,随着Cu浓度的增加 ,2 83.6℃的主剂量峰会随之降低 ,此峰的γ辐射剂量响应的超线性随之减小。MgSO4 :Dy ,P ,Cu (0 .1mol% ,0 .5mol% ,0 .0 1mol% )磷光体对γ辐射的剂量响应 (0 .1Gy— 2 0kGy)为亚线性。最引人注目的是MgSO4 :Dy ,P ,Cu(0 .1mol% ,0 .5mol% ,0 .0 0 4mol% )磷光体 ,它具有与MgSO4 :Dy ,P(0 .1mol% ,0 .5mol% )相近的热释光灵敏度 ,并具有最宽的剂量响应线性范围。这种新热释光材料可用于高剂量辐射测量。本文进一步阐明和验证了《复合作用模型》 ,并揭示了热释光材料中杂质和缺陷结构与剂量学特性的相关性。结合热释光三维发光光谱的分析对热释光机制提出一些见解     

掺Dy,Tm和Mn的MgSO4磷光体的热释光发光谱研究

用高温固相法研制了MgSO₄:Dy,MgSO₄:Tm和MgSO₄:Mn热释光材料,并通过将MgSO₄:Dy和MgSO₄:Mn混合,以及MgSO₄:Tm和MgSO₄:Mn混合烧结得到了双掺杂样品MgSO₄:Dy,Mn,MgSO₄:Tm,Mn。分别测量了这两种样品在不同热处理温度下的三维发光谱。实验结果表明热处理温度为700℃时的样品,在测量加热过程中观察到Dy和Mn离子分别发光,但超过800℃后,Mn发光强度逐渐变弱,而Tm、Dy的高温发光峰逐渐变强,其它温度的发光峰受到抑制。这表明热释光材料中形成的缺陷复合体结构与热处理温度相关,随着热处理温度的升高,愈来愈多的Mn离子与稀土离子结合紧密,因此在热释光发光谱中清楚地观察到Mn离子对稀土离子的能量转移和对Tm、Dy低于400℃发光峰进行抑制的发光过程。     

MgSO4:Tm,Mn,P磷光体的研究

通过三掺杂得到MgSO4：Tm,Mn,P，其热释光的两个主要发光峰温分别约为253℃和383℃，发光波长位于365nm、460nm和660nm。比较MgSO4:Tm、MgSO4:Tm,Mn、MgSO4:Tm,P、MgSO4：Tm,Mn,P的发光曲线，讨论了杂质Tm、Mn、P分别产生的作用。采用一般级动力学方程拟合发光曲线，确定出各发光峰的激活能与频率因子。用^60Co γ射线在0.1-20kGy的辐照范围内，测定了它们的热释光剂量响应曲线。用复合作用剂量响应函数拟合实验数据，得到两个发光峰的一次作用因子R分别为0.397(253℃）和0.127(383℃）。     

MgSO4：Dy,P和MgSO4：Dy,P,Cu的热释光剂量学特性

MgSO4:Dy中掺入适量的P,热释发光光曲线中两个高温峰显著增强,主剂量峰的峰温接近283．6℃,另一个发光峰的峰温在352．7℃,其热释光效率超过LiF:Mg,Ti的两倍,MgSO4:Dy,P的单个发光峰峰面积对^60Coγ辐射剂量（0．1Gy-20kGy)的实验响应曲线用复合作用响应函数拟合,得到的非线性特征参数表明,两个发光峰的γ辐射量响应均为超线性,在MgSO4:Dy,P中再掺入微量Cu,首先抑制峰温在352．7℃的发光峰,随着Cu浓度的增加,283．6℃的主剂量峰会随之降低,此的γ辐射剂量响应的超线性随之减小,MgSO4:Dy,P,Cu(0.1mol%,0.5mol%,0.01mol%)磷光体对γ辐射的剂理响应（0．1Gy-20kGy)为亚线性,最引人注目的是MgSO4:Dy,P,Cu(0.1mol%,0.5mol%,0.004%mol)磷光体,它具有与MgSO4:Dy,P(0.1mol%,0.5mol%)相近的热释光灵敏度,并具有最宽的剂量响应线性范围,这种新热释光材料可用于高剂量辐射测量。本文进一步阐明和验证了《复合作用模型》,并揭示了热释光材料中杂质和缺隐结构与剂量学特性的相关性,结合热释光三维发光光谱的分析对热释光机制提出一些见解。     

MgB4O7:Tm,Mn磷光体的热释光特性

采用高温固相法制备了MgB4O7:Tm,Mn磷光体材料,测量了热释光发光曲线和热释光三维光谱以及剂量响应曲线。其主发光峰温度约为400oC,发光波长455 nm。MgB4O7:Tm,Mn主发光峰面积比LiF:Mg,Ti高6.2倍,具有很好的热稳定性,在0.1–2000 Gy范围内具有良好的线性-超线性剂量响应。     

SrSO4:Eu磷光体的热释光特性

研究了掺杂得到的SrSO4Eu(0.1mol%)的粉末样品的热释光(TL)发光曲线和三维光谱.用90Sr的β射线辐照0.116～1.16 kGy后.测到的热释光峰发光曲线,观察到只有一个主剂量峰,峰温位于(231.5±2.3)C.用热释光一般级动力学方程拟合发光曲线,得到了峰参数和陷阱参数值.主剂量峰基本上不随照射剂量发生变化,辐射剂量响应为线性-亚线性.用+0℃oγ辐照100Gy后.测量了热释光三维光谱,确定了发光波长主要位于375nm.与其他硫酸盐基质材料中掺Eu的CaSO4Eu.MgSO4Eu比较.波长有所不同.可以确定这是来自于Eu2+能级跃迁的发光.     

Study on TL and OSL characteristics of indigenously developed CaF2:Mn phosphor

CaF₂:Mn phosphor is known for its high thermoluminescent sensitivity and dose linearity up to few kGy. In the present study CaF₂ phosphor with different concentration of Mn dopant was prepared and was characterized through different techniques. The phosphor was prepared through chemical root using CaCO₃, HF acid and MnCl₂ as raw materials following co-precipitation method. TL sensitivity of the prepared phosphor was compared with other well established phosphors used for radiation dosimetry. It was found that the TL sensitivity is higher by a factor of 10 with respect to LiF:Mg, Ti, TLD-100 and half to that of CaSO₄:Dy (0.05 mol%) phosphor. X-ray diffraction, TL emission spectrum and ESR spectrum taken of the prepared phosphor confirms the crystal structure, Mn²⁺ emission and incorporation Mn in the crystal, respectively. No significant fading of the dosimetric peak was observed of the prepared phosphor for a storage period of 45 days. The dose linearity of the phosphor was found to be in the range of 50 Gy-3 kGy within an uncertainty of about 10%. An attempt was made to determine the kinetic parameters of TL glow curve and the parameters related to optically stimulated luminescence. In view of its long range of dose linearity, it can be used for the dosimetry of commercial irradiator generally used for the irradiation of food and grains in our country.     

Photo transfer thermoluminescence in CASO4:Dy — grain size dependence

The grain size dependence of PTTL (photo transfer TL) and RTL (residual TL) in CaSO₄: Dy TL phosphor has been studied. For unground phosphor the PTTL was found to decrease as a function of grain size and for 53–37 μm grain size range the PTTL was found to be higher by a factor of 7.5 compared to the phosphor of grain size range 840–420 μm. When this unground phosphor in different grain size ranges were ground separately to 53–37 μm grain size, the PTTL in each case was found to increase. However, this increased PTTL was always less than that of the unground phosphor of 53–37 μm grain size but increased with the decrease in the original grain size range from which it was obtained. The residual glow curves of smaller grain size phosphor have an additional glow peak at 520 ° C which has been also found to contribute to the PTTL besides the 420 ° C glow peak. The PTTL was found to increase with Dy-concentration initially upto 0.05 mole %, thereafter it steadily decreased with the Dy-concentration.     

Calcium Sulfate Activated by Lead and Manganese for Thermoluminescence Dosimetry

CaSO₄: Pb, Mn has been found to be free from the serious disadvantage of rapid fading possessed by CaSO₄: Mn, the most sensitive thermoluminescence phosphor available so far. A study has been made on the effect of lead and manganese content on CaSO₄, and it is concluded that lead in CaSO₄ produces new traps for radiation energy, resulting in improvement of the properties of the phosphors for dosimetry. The optimum content of such activator additives was found to be 0.2 mol/₀ of lead and 3 mol/₀ of manganese.

The improved phosphor thus obtained produces glow peaks at 160° and 190°C, and the energy yield of the thermoluminescence is about which is twice that of CaSO₄: Mn. The more significant properties of this phosphor from the viewpoint of application to radiation dosimetry include:

(1) Linear responce from 50μR to 10⁴R

(2) Minimum detectable dose of 50μR±25% by experimental reader

(3) Fading rate of 5% in a week     

LiMgPO4:Tb,B - A new sensitive OSL phosphor for dosimetry

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technique has emerged as a serious competitor to Thermally Stimulated Luminescence (TSL) technique in various dosimetric applications, especially after the development of crystalline alumina (Al₂O₃:C) doped with carbon. Since then, several attempts are being made to develop other possible materials for OSL based dosimetric applications. Efforts conducted in our laboratory in this direction have led to the development of a new phosphor, Lithium Magnesium Phosphate doped with terbium and boron (LiMgPO₄:Tb,B). This phosphor is prepared by solid-state diffusion method involving conventional air furnaces with operating temperature 1000 °C and easily amenable to large scale production without compromising primary dosimetric advantages. In this work we present some of the dosimetric OSL characteristics of this phosphor. The phosphor exhibits a main TSL peak at 250 °C. The phosphor also emits OSL, when the irradiated phosphor is stimulated with 470 nm light with the OSL sensitivity 1.3 times that of commercially available Al₂O₃:C. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum consists of sharp lines characteristics of Tb³⁺ emission. The OSL discs made out of this phosphor are reusable up to at least 50 cycles, the phosphor exhibits dose linearity up to 1 kGy. Minimum detectable dose is found to be 20 μGy and fading of the OSL signal is found to be about 16% in four days, after which the OSL signal stabilizes.     

Synthesis of KNaSO4:Tb and MgSO4:Dy phosphors for lyoluminescence dosimetry

KNaSO₄:Tb³⁺ phosphors were synthesized by melt technique with different concentration of Tb³⁺ ions and MgSO₄:Dy³⁺ phosphor is prepared by solid state diffusion method. Lyoluminescence and photoluminescence characterization of KNaSO₄:Tb and MgSO₄:Dy³⁺ phosphors are reported in this paper. Only one sharp peak is observed in the lyoluminescence (LL) glow curve and KNaSO₄:Tb(0.05 mol%) phosphor shows maximum efficiency. The LL intensity increases linearly with gamma ray dose. LL emission occurs in the blue and yellow region of the spectrum. Photoluminescence (PL) characterization of KNaSO₄:Tb(0.05 mol%) phosphor shows PL emission at 486 and 546 nm. These PL emissions from KNaSO₄:Tb³⁺ are due to ⁵D₄ → ⁷F₆ and ⁵D₄ → ⁷F₅ transitions of Tb³⁺ ion respectively. Lyoluminescence of MgSO₄:Dy³⁺ phosphor shows the high sensitivity to γ-ray exposure and LL emission observed at 486 and 572 nm in the blue and yellow emission of the spectrum is due to Dy³⁺ ion. Experimental results obtained in the present investigation show that KNaSO₄:Tb³⁺ and MgSO₄:Dy³⁺ phosphors are suitable as a lyoluminescence dosimetry phosphor for ionizing radiations.     

Measurement and Analysis of Cadmium Ratios of Activation Foils in Thermal Critical Assembly (KUCA B 3/8″P36EU-NU-EU)

Abstract

To examine the applicability of foil activation technique for the estimation of neutron spectrum in a thermal reactor, Cd ratios of 8 activation foils (Au, Th, Dy, In, Mn, W, D.U. and E. U.) were measured in the void at the core center of KUCA B3/8″P36 EU-NU-EU assembly. The Cd ratios were analyzed with SRAC code system using 107 group cross sections based on ENDF/B4. To make the correction for polyethylene plates facing to the void to the calculated spectrum with 2-dimensional (r-z) diffusion model, softening factor calculated with 1-dimensional infinite slab model was introduced. This model gave almost same neutron spectrum as that without this correction. For the model which distributes atoms of Al sheath and support cylinder homogeneously into simulating materials, and using pointwise (fine group) cross sections for Au, Th, W and D.U., the calculated values except for W and D.U. almost agreed with the experimental ones. For W and D.U. C/E values were–1.1. Since Cd ratios are sensitive to the change in neutron spectrum except for D.U., this method is useful to judge the appropriateness of calculated neutron spectrum.     

Nanoparticles of Al2O3:Cr as a sensitive thermoluminescent material for high exposures of gamma rays irradiations

Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) doped with proper activators is a highly sensitive phosphor commonly used for radiation dosimetry using thermoluminescence (TL) technique. Nanoparticles of this material activated with Chromium (Cr) have been synthesized using the propellant chemical combustion technique and studied for their TL response. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The synthesized material has spherical nanoparticles with grain size around 25 nm. These nanoparticles were exposed to heavy doses from γ-rays of ¹³⁷Cs. The TL glow curves show a prominent peak at around 474 K. This peak is found to be sensitive for high exposures of γ-rays and has linear response in the range of 100 Gy-20 kGy without showing saturation. This remarkable result suggests that Al₂O₃:Cr nanoparticles might be used for the dosimetry of food and seed irradiations.     

X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of CaSO4:Dy thermoluminescent phosphors

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements have been carried out on CaSO₄:Dy phosphor samples at the Dy L₃ edge with synchrotron radiation. Measurements were carried out on a set of samples which were subjected to post-preparation annealing at different temperatures and for different cycles. The EXAFS data have been analysed to find the Dy-S and Dy-O bond lengths in the neighbourhood of the Dy atoms in a CaSO₄ matrix. The observations from EXAFS measurements were verified with XANES and XPS techniques. On the basis of these measurements, efforts were made to explain the loss of thermoluminescence sensitivity of CaSO₄:Dy phosphors after repeated cycles of annealing at 400 °C in air for 1 h.