分布式InSAR干涉基线与空间状态测量的关系分析

阐述了分布式InSAR目标三维定位原理,分析了干涉基线与空间状态测量之间的关系;给出了干涉基线的完整定义,将干涉基线分解为空间域干涉基线和时间域干涉基线,其中时间域干涉基线通过主星的绝对定轨结果获得,空间域干涉基线主要通过高精度星间相对定位结果获得;分析了卫星轨道速度、平台姿态测量、天线安装等误差对干涉基线测量精度的影响,讨论了不同基线测量体制对姿态精度的要求差异,为分布式InSAR的空间状态测量方案设计及相关测量手段精度指标的论证提供了技术支撑。     

地形坡度对INSAR系统参数设计的影响

利用干涉合成孔径雷达(INSAR)可以获取数字高程图(DEM)，为了得到高精度的DEM需要对干涉系统参数进行优化设计。通过对INSAR系统单视和多视处理时的测高误差分析，在考虑地形坡度的影响下，利用相同的准则对系统参数——天线视角、信号带宽和工作基线进行了优化设计，得出了最优参数随地形变化的规律性，并证明了单视和多视处理情况下优化设计的一致性，为干涉系统的合理设计和性能分析提供了理论指导。     

基于Hermite的SAR卫星轨道插值干涉测量应用研究

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar, SAR)卫星轨道参数是干涉测量技术中影像配准、基线估算、平地相位去除等环节的重要参数,但部分SAR卫星轨道参数采样间隔较大,导致干涉测量过程中产生残余相位,发生较大的系统误差;利用MTALAB编程工具,对卫星原始轨道状态矢量进行了埃尔米特插值法拟合,等距插值计算后,发现可以缩小轨道参数采样间隔,提高干涉测量精度;以覆盖巴姆地区的Envisat卫星为例,分别获取了基于粗轨、埃尔米特插值轨道参数和代尔夫特精密轨道参数得到的干涉测量图,定性判断出埃尔米特插值法可有效提高SAR卫星轨道精度;再以覆盖陕西地区的AOLS卫星为例,插值轨道矢量采样间隔分别为10秒、5秒、2秒,发现间隔为5秒时相干性最优;结果表明：采用埃尔米特插值法可有效增加SAR卫星轨道状态矢量数量,消除系统误差,提高干涉测量精度。     

基于互相关定位法的干涉仪分析与仿真

首次提出用时域互相关法处理Sagnac/Mach-Zehnder分布式光纤传感系统的干涉输出信号, 对扰动进行检测和定位。首先对Sagnac/Mach-Zehnder分布式光纤传感系统进行了扰动检测和定位的理论分析, 推导出扰动引起的干涉输出信号的表达式, 利用Bessel函数展开, 确定了该系统的两路干涉输出满足时域互相关的特性。在此基础上进一步分析了两路干涉信号的表达式, 提出基频定位法和微分定位法两种时域互相关方法处理干涉信号, 确定扰动位置。对两种扰动定位方法进行了Matlab仿真, 并通过实验在多个扰动位置多次验证了两种方法的正确性。     

分布式小卫星多基线沿航向干涉SAR速度估计

本文介绍了一种新的沿航向干涉SAR(AT-InSAR)速度估计方法,即多基线最大似然函数估计.它利用分布式小卫星的多基线结构构造多基线最大似然函数,能有效地克服单基线AT-InSAR速度模糊现象,获得较准确的相对径向速度值.最后通过仿真多基线及单基线条件下的CRLB验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于信号子空间估计的多基线InSAR干涉相位图滤波方法

多基线干涉合成孔径雷达（Interferometic synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）利用长短基线之间的关系,能够获得优于单基线InSAR的高程测量结果。本文针对多基线InSAR的数据特点,提出了基于信号子空间估计的多基线InSAR干涉相位图滤波方法。该方法将不同长度基线下所获得干涉相位图中同一像素单元信号作为一个训练样本,通过信号子空间的估计完成多基线InSAR干涉相位图滤波。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法可以在运算时间相当的情况下,获得优于回转均值滤波算法和回转中值滤波算法的滤波性能,是一种可满足实时处理要求的有效的多基线InSAR干涉相位图滤波方法。     

星载SAR干涉技术获取DEM及其精度分析

星载合成孔径雷达干涉（InSAR）技术是一种数据覆盖范围广、廉价、高效、方便的数字高程模型（DEM）获取方法,但在地面植被覆盖广、大气水汽含量高的地区其影像相干性随时间基线的增加迅速降低;同时,SAR卫星的轨道误差也影响DEM精度。利用ERS-1/2卫星串行模式SAR数据获取镇江地区DEM,分析了轨道误差对DEM精度的影响;根据干涉相位的统计特性,从理论上给出干涉相位噪声与相干系数和视数之间的关系。实验结果表明就干涉像对的卫星轨道误差和相位噪声而言,在小区域内DEM精度优于3.5 m。     

卫星编队InSAR基线的确定方法

基于卫星编队的InSAR系统是一个多基雷达系统,依靠卫星编队构型形成干涉所需的基线.在卫星编队的InSAR系统中,由于参与编队的各卫星相对位置不断变化,故其基线值也在不断变化.在动态变化中基线测量所得的基线一般是某一时刻两颗卫星雷达天线相位中心之间的连线,不能直接用于高程测量,需要对基线重新进行确定.本文在分析了需要基线确定原因的基础上,提出了基线确定的方法,并分析了基线误差对InSAR高程测量精度的影响.     

干涉雷达在地学研究中的应用

近年来干涉雷达(Interferometric SAR,INSAR)已经成为合成孔径雷达(SAR)对地观测技术研究的前沿热点之一,其应用领域正在迅速扩大。首先介绍了INSAR的基本原理,接着通过许多实例总结了INSAR在地学研究中的应用,最后,对未来星载INSAR系统作了介绍,并对我国INSAR的发展提出了建议。     

INSAR数据处理的若干关键技术探讨

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(INSAR)因具有全天时、全天候和高精度的特点而被广泛应用于地学、海洋、资源探测以及灾害监测等众多领域，但仍有若干理论和技术问题还没有得到彻底解决而限制了该项技术的大规模实际应用。本在简要介绍INSAR原理的基础上，重点讨论数据处理中的关键技术，特别着重分析了影响INSAR测量精度的主要环节，包括当前影像匹配、去平地效应、干涉条纹图滤波以及相位解缠中所存在的问题，并给出部分处理实例供学讨论。     

Review Article SAR interferometry—issues,techniques, applications

Data from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) can provide three-dimensional information by using the phase as an additional information source derived from the complex radar data. In this paper, the issues, techniques and applications of SAR interferometry are reviewed. After a brief historical review, the geometric implementations of SAR interferometry are described. The general processing techniques are summarized and an introduction to various phase unwrapping techniques is given. Besides the differential use of SAR interferometry, the review focuses on parameters such as baseline, decorrelation and motion compensation which have a limiting influence on the quality of the data. After evaluating the various existing and potential applications using SAR interferometric techniques such as topographic mapping, digital elevation modelling, slope measurement, change detection, classification, ocean currents, polar research, seismic events and volcanic hazards, the paper concludes with some research issues, trends and developments in SAR interferometry. The paper is illustrated by examples of SAR interferometric data and derived products from the ESA ERS-1/ERS-2 and SIR-C/X-SAR satellite mission and from single pass aircraft data. An extensive list of references and bibliography on SAR interferometry is provided at the end of this review paper.     

Optimal estimation of interferometric phase for measuring surface deformation

In recent times, time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods are developed to retrieve the deformation signal in non-urban areas from distributed scatterers (DS). Phase triangulation algorithm (PTA), an important step in these methods for filtering decorrelation noise from DS, aims at optimal estimation of the filtered wrapped interferometric phase values using InSAR data stack. The uniqueness of this research work lies in the incorporation of one such PTA only to provide an optimal set of wrapped interferometric phase values before phase unwrapping in the open source StaMPS processing environment. The proposed methodology, when adapted to measure surface deformation in Tehri reservoir rim region, Uttarakhand, India using Environmental Satellite (Envisat) C-band advanced synthetic aperture radar images, works efficiently and has enhanced the spatial coverage of measurement pixels compared to standalone PS-InSAR processing. It is also revealed from the one-dimension-line of sight velocity map that resulted velocity estimates are congruent with standalone PS-InSAR processing.     

INSAR复数影像配准方法研究

文章提出了一种INSAR复数影像自动配准方法,该方法包括重叠景区概略配准、像素级粗匹配、亚像素级精匹配三个环节。为了提高匹配的效率并发现和消除误匹配,在粗匹配时采用了伪金字塔影像分频道相关和回归分析法检验相结合的算法。通过对几景ERS-1/2 SAR影像数据的试验,证明该方法具有良好的性能,对INSAR数据的规模化应用具有实际意义。文中还对常用的亚像素级匹配算法的性能和最小二乘匹配法对复数影像配准的有效性等进行了分析。     

Feasibility of multi-temporal interferometric SAR data for stand-level estimation of boreal forest stem volume

The feasibility of interferometric SAR (INSAR) coherence observations for stem volume (biomass) retrieval is investigated by applying coherence data determined from 14 ERS-1 and ERS-2 C-band SAR image pairs. The image set covers a single forested test area in Finland, and both summer (snow-free) and winter conditions are represented. The data set enabled (a) the study of stem volume retrieval performance under varying conditions, (b) the analysis of the seasonal behavior of interferometric coherence, and (c) the determination of the accuracy characteristics of empirical (nonlinear) coherence modeling. Additionally, a new technique to estimate forest stem volume from INSAR data was developed based on constrained iterative inversion of the applied empirical model. The results indicate that the usability of winter images with snow-covered terrain is superior to that of images obtained under summer conditions. The applied empirical model appears to be adequate for describing the stand-wise coherence of boreal forest. Hence, a practical stem volume estimation method can be established based on it. The highest correlation coefficient between the estimated stem volume and the ground truth stem volume showed values as high as r=0.9 and a relative RMSE level of 48% was obtained, respectively.     

基于相位相关法的SAR图像配准

图像配准是INSAR技术中关键的一环.可见光图像配准中的相位相关法,因为对噪声具有很高的稳健性,使用相当普遍.针对SAR图像特点,在相位相关法原有基础上,提出几点改进.特别是边缘模糊方面,从信号处理原理角度进行了深入的分析,并且在MATLAB环境下仿真得到验证.通过在原有相位相关法的基础上的几处改进,配准的速度和精度有很大提高,满足了INSAR对两幅SAR图象配准的精度要求,为INSAR下步的相位解缠提供了很好的基础.实验证明了该方法的有效性,可以作为INSAR中关键的一步.     

非太阳同步重访干涉轨道设计与摄动影响分析

为了满足合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星大型星座任意轨道面都可保持长期重访干涉的需求,提出了一种通用的非太阳同步重访干涉参考轨道设计方法,将重访周期作为修正变量之一,采用迭代修正方法得到了高精度动力学模型下的任意轨道倾角的参考轨道。仿真分析给出了一定轨道高度范围内所有候选的参考轨道,并指出了不同轨道倾角、相同重访圈数的参考轨道高度的明显变化,为实际任务的轨道筛选提供了参考。此外,针对日、月引力摄动对轨道倾角的影响进行了详细分析,指出了中低轨道倾角的非太阳同步轨道所需轨道保持控制的代价非常小,完全可以保持长期重访干涉。     

星载双天线干涉SAR基线高精度测定

星载干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)基线的高精度测定是获取地面数字高程信息的关键技术,针对双天线InSAR系统,采用光学系统测量和激光测距联合法。其中,光学系统用于测量基线指向,根据3点T型标志点,给出近似解析解确定算法;由于光学成像测量在相机视轴方向精度不高,需采用激光测距方法,通过信号混频FFT检测相位,最终确定基线长度。模拟结果显示,光学测量与激光测距相联合可高精度确定干涉基线矢量。     

Formation flying orbit design for the distributed synthetic aperture radar satellite

Formation flying orbit design is one of the key technologies for system design and performance analysis of the distributed SAR satellites. The approximately analytic solution of the passive stable formation flying orbit elements is explored based on the expansion form of Kepler's equation. A new method of orbital parameters design for three-dimensional formation flying SAR satellites is presented, and the precision of the orbital elements is analyzed. Formation flying orbit elements are calculated for the L-Band distributed SAR satellites using the formulas deduced in this paper. The accuracy of the orbital elements is validated by the computer simulation results presented in this paper.     

Decorrelation of SAR data by urban damages caused by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake

Large part of urban area of around Kobe city were damaged by the 1995 Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake. For detecting the damaged area, the authors computed correlation coefficients from single-look complex ERS-1/SAR data. Two types of correlations, intensity correlation and coherence were computed. Decorrelation was found in the damaged urban built-up area in the data pair of which interval included the earthquake occurrence. The similarity of the decorrelation between the intensity correlation and the coherence indicated that major factor of the decorrelation is closely related to interferometric processes, which results in the change of speckle patterns in the single-look intensity images. A normalized difference was calculated from the correlation coefficients between the data pair including the earthquake occurrence and the pair before the earthquake. The distribution patterns of the pixels for which normalized difference was higher than a threshold showed good correspondence with the result of the ground survey. The result of this study indicates the possibility of detecting urban disasters using the decorrelation of SAR data.