“达维”台风作用下连云港海域台风浪数值模拟

为准确模拟"达维"台风过境期间连云港海域波浪场分布,采用Jelesnianski风场模式模拟的海面10m风速作为波浪模式MIKE-SW的驱动风场,再现1210号"达维"台风登陆连云港海域波浪变化过程。模拟计算结果表明,Jelesnianski风场模式成功复演了"达维"台风过境期间风动力变化过程,1210号"达维"台风与1209号"苏拉"台风形成明显的双台风效应;"达维"台风风暴潮期间,连云港海洋站最大风暴增水1.78m,连云港海域风暴增水现象十分明显;利用三重网格嵌套技术,考虑实时风暴潮增水效应的台风浪模型能够较好地模拟连云港近海波浪成长过程,台风过境期间徐圩海洋站处H1/3波高最大值为3.86m,近岸海域波高等值线分布较为密集,分布趋势与水下地形等深线基本一致,破波带以内水域衰减速度明显加快,与连云港海域属于淤泥质海岸类型的性质相吻合。     

渤海及辽河口湿地海域风暴潮过程的数值模拟研究

近岸潮间带湿地分布有盐沼植物,这些植被具有衰减波能、减少潮汐和波浪对岸线及岸堤的侵蚀程度,以及有效降低海洋灾害损失等重要作用。基于非结构三角形网格,该文采用有限体积法建立了深度平均二维浅水数值模型,应用Roe格式求解界面通量,并引进干湿边界技术处理风暴潮和涨潮落潮等引起的复杂动态边界问题。在动量方程的源项中加入植物拖曳力来表达植被对水流的阻碍作用,首先对孤立波和长周期波在斜坡海岸的传播进行了分析和验证;其次采用Jelesniansca 65台风模型计算9711号台风"温妮"过境期间北黄海及渤海海域的风场和气压场的变化过程,进而数值探究了9711号台风对研究海域水位和流场结构的影响;最后讨论了9711号台风"温妮"期间辽河口红海滩湿地水域风暴潮的陆地入侵和增减水特征。     

浙江省海塘工程波浪要素计算分析与比较

论述了浙江省海塘工程波浪要素计算方法,包括由风场要素推算设计波要素、波浪传播变形以及如何考虑台风波浪要素等,并对各种有关规范的适用性作了探讨.     

基于风浪-天文潮-风暴潮耦合与非耦合模型的孟加拉湾浅水区波要素变化响应机制研究

该文基于ERA-5再分析数据给出的强气旋风暴“安攀”期间孟加拉湾海域的风场及气压场相关数据，利用三重嵌套方式，研究了风暴“安攀”穿越孟加拉湾海域期间浅水区波浪要素在风浪模式与天文潮及风暴潮模式耦合和非耦合情况下波要素计算结果的差异及其变化过程：两模型在计算有效波高差值时，基本上呈现出与水位同步变化的特征，差值总体表现为负值，而在高水位附近及在风暴潮高水位期间，耦合模型计算的有效波高比非耦合模型计算的有效波高要大；两模型在计算平均波周期差值时，基本上呈现出与水位反相的变化趋势，差值总体表现为正值，而在高水位附近及其在风暴潮高水位期间，耦合模型计算的平均波周期比非耦合模型计算的平均波周期要小。并利用交叉谱方法对非风暴潮期间及风暴潮期间，风浪耦合模型及非耦合模型计算波要素变化及其水流、水位和风场耦合影响机制进行了分析，研究发现：各模型计算波要素及其相应差值具有响应于水流、水位和风场的复杂的周期性变化特征，在非风暴潮期间，水流流速对有效波高是更为重要的影响因子，在风暴潮期间水位上升阶段，水流流速对有效波高作用相对较弱，而水位作用则逐渐占主导作用。水位的大小和涨落，以及水流的流速和流向对波浪的平...     

湛江港台风浪分布特征与抗风浪能力分析

基于国际上先进的第三代近岸海浪数值模式SWAN,对影响南海湛江港典型路径台风（西北型、北上型、打转型）过程所产生的台风浪进行了较高分辨率的模拟研究,计算结果较为客观、准确地描绘了这些台风浪过程的主要特征;同时利用该海域硇洲岛测站台风浪观测值与模拟结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好。在此基础上,进一步分析了外海涌浪的传入对湛江港内波浪场的影响以及不同风速、风向控制下港口内波浪场的分布特征。结果表明：外海涌浪对该港口内波浪场影响较小,而不同方向台风风场的直接作用对该港口内波浪场影响极大,研究结果可为该海域的防台减灾和台风浪的预报提供较好的参考。     

基于台风参数模型的江苏海域风暴增减水研究

以正面袭击江苏的"达维"台风为例,运用台风参数模型、第三代波浪模型和基于浅水方程水动力模型对台风期间江苏沿海的风暴增减水进行模拟研究。首先,运用Je氏台风参数模型模拟了台风的梯度风场,并与NECP再分析风场数据对"达维"台风场进行合成,与观测值进行比较,拟合结果良好;然后,以模拟的台风风场为驱动,模拟台风经过期间江苏海域的波浪场,同时计算台风期间江苏海域的天文潮;最后,运用浅水方程计算江苏海域的增减水,并研究了沿海增减水分布情况。研究结果表明:灌河口附近最大风暴增水达1.9 m左右,由于台风中心位置的影响,江苏沿海最大增水从北往南呈先增大后递减的趋势。     

海堤工程波浪要素计算分析与探讨

综合论述了海堤工程波浪要素计算方法，包括由风场要素推算设计波要素、波浪传播变形以及如何考虑台风波浪要素等，并对各种有关规范的适用性作了探讨。     

台风“山竹”过境期间伶仃洋潮流悬移质变化研究

针对台风过境期间伶仃洋潮流悬移质变化特征及其机理,根据珠江河口原型观测站在“山竹”台风期间的实测气象和水文数据,对比分析台风过境前与过境期间伶仃洋流速流向、波高和含沙量的变化特征。通过计算波浪剪切应力与波-流联合剪切应力,分析悬移质与波浪和潮流的响应机制。研究结果显示,台风期间的风、潮流、波浪、含沙量和输沙量较平常条件时呈倍数增长,水域的平面流速分布和垂向流速结构均发生明显改变。波-流联合剪切应力与含沙量呈明显正相关,受台风影响,波-流联合剪切应力急剧增大,掀起河床底部泥沙颗粒,是水体含沙量快速增大的主要原因。     

波-流共同作用下令仃洋三维盐度数值模拟

为了研究伶仃洋内盐度的输移运动规律,建立了三维斜压盐度数学模型。模型考虑了径流、潮流及波浪场作用下的盐度输运,波浪的影响通过三维辐射应力和波一流共同作用底应力反映。采用平面正交曲线坐标和垂向σ坐标对复杂边界和地形进行了较好的拟合,方程采用守恒有限差分法离散,并采用内外模式分裂技术求解,水平动量方程的求解采用了“预测”、“校正”相结合的方法以保证内外模式所求流速值的一致性。应用枯水期伶仃洋大规模同期实测的水位、流速和盐度资料对模型进行了验证,计算值与实测值吻合较好,表明了模型对伶仃洋水流、盐度运动规律模拟的可靠性。     

波浪辐射应力对风暴增水的影响研究

波浪辐射应力引起的增水是风暴增水的重要组成部分,研究台风过程中波浪辐射应力在风暴增水中的作用对于准确预报风暴潮有十分重要的意义。选用藤田台风模型模拟台风场,采用SWAN模型模拟台风浪以及辐射应力,应用垂向积分的二维数学模型ADCIRC计算风暴潮。首先模拟理想地形条件下,规则波和不规则波斜向岸边入射过程中的波浪变化,研究波高、波浪辐射应力和增水的沿程分布特征;然后计算了台风Winnie过程中浙江沿海的波浪情况,通过计算得到了波浪辐射应力增减水的空间分布特征和随时间的变化趋势,并分析了其对风暴增水的影响。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.