海上采油工艺新技术与实践综述

结合"十一五"期间海上油田开发生产所面临的挑战,介绍了采油工艺方面探索和取得的新成果。     

石油地球物理勘探技术进展与发展方向

石油地球物理勘探技术仍面临巨大的挑战,面向复杂地表、面向多类型地质目标、面向油气田开发提高采收率的地球物理技术正成为未来的发展方向。面对复杂地质条件和高精度要求,理清需要我们突破的关键技术十分重要,同时也是地球物理服务公司实现产业转型,增强国际竞争能力的现实需求。     

海洋石油装备与设施——支撑起海洋石油工业的平台

从中国海洋石油发展的不同阶段和角度,以海洋石油装备设施为载体,反映和勾绘海洋石油工业装备与设施的变迁和发展,突出了其作为海洋石油工业支撑平台的作用。     

A conceptual framework and practical guide for assessing fitness-to-operate in the offshore oil and gas industry

The paper outlines a systemic approach to understanding and assessing safety capability in the offshore oil and gas industry. We present a conceptual framework and assessment guide for understanding fitness-to-operate (FTO) that builds a more comprehensive picture of safety capability for regulators and operators of offshore facilities. The FTO framework defines three enabling capitals that create safety capability: organizational capital, social capital, and human capital. For each type of capital we identify more specific dimensions based on current theories of safety, management, and organizational processes. The assessment guide matches specific characteristics to each element of the framework to support assessment of safety capability. The content and scope of the FTO framework enable a more comprehensive coverage of factors that influence short-term and long-term safety outcomes.     

The contribution of human factors to accidents in the offshore oil industry

Accidents such as the Piper Alpha disaster illustrate that the performance of a highly complex socio-technical system, is dependent upon the interaction of technical, human, social, organisational, managerial and environmental factors and that these factors can be important co-contributors that could potentially lead to a catastrophic event. The purpose of this article is to give readers an overview of how human factors contribute to accidents in the offshore oil industry. An introduction to human errors and how they relate to human factors in general terms is given. From here the article discusses some of the human factors which were found to influence safety in other industries and describes the human factors codes used in accident reporting forms in the aviation, nuclear and marine industries. Analysis of 25 accident reporting forms from offshore oil companies in the UK sector of the North Sea was undertaken in relation to the human factors. Suggestions on how these accident reporting forms could be improved are given. Finally, this article describes the methods by which accidents can be reduced by focusing on the human factors, such as feedback from accident reporting in the oil industry, auditing of unsafe acts and auditing of latent failures.     

A decision framework for risk management, with application to the offshore oil and gas industry

In this paper we present and discuss a decision framework for risk management. The framework comprises the basic elements: problem definition (challenges, goals and alternatives), stakeholders, concerns that affect the consequence analyses and the value judgments related to these consequences and analyses (frame conditions and constraints), identification of which consequence analyses to execute and the execution of these, managerial review and judgement, and the decision. The framework has novel aspects on the way of classifying the decision situations and characterising risks. The classification is based on the two dimensions, expected consequences, and uncertainties. Our starting point is the offshore oil and gas industry, but our framework and discussion is to a large extent general and could also be applied in other areas. An example is outlined to illustrate the use of the framework.     

海上油田丛式井网整体加密调整技术研究

以绥中36-1为代表的海上稠油油田已经进入开发中后期,逐步暴露出注采矛盾突出、层间和平面上储量动用差异大、单井控制储量过高、采油速度和采收率较低、综合含水上升快,产量递减快等问题,针对中国海油稠油开发面临的挑战,首次提出海上油田大规模综合调整研究,由于海上油田特殊的开发方式,陆地油田综合调整工作中成熟的研究思路和技术路线无法复制到海上油田,海上油田整体加密调整技术研究面临诸多技术难点,因此,本次研究结合绥中36-1油田I期自身特点和开发方式,针对油田开发存在的问题,创新性地提出一整套海上油田的整体挖潜和调整的技术思路和研究方法,完成绥中36-1油田I期整体加密调整方案,调整后油田井网由反九点面积注水井网转变成为行列注水井网,探索定向井+水平井开发模式,整体加密实施效果良好,油田水驱状况明显改善,水驱储量动用程度从调整前的80.5%提高到调整后的91.3%,采收率大幅度提高,预计提高采收率10.4%,整体加密调整技术必将在同类油田中推广应用。     

From industry targeting to technology targeting: A policy paradigm shift in the 1980s

The 1980s represent an era in which the governments of many industrialized countries changed their policies regarding international competition. This paper investigates the initiation of important technological programs and the adjustments made to the missions of government organizations and agencies in Japan, the United States, and nine countries in Western Europe. It is suggested that, over the past decade or so, there has been a pervasive shift towards the technological dimension in government policy in the industrialized world. On the one hand, overt industry targeting seems to have waned or not to have increased significantly; on the other hand, technology targeting has become more explicit and market-oriented. This trend implies a convergence of, and a head-on competition between, national innovation policies.     

On the use of risk acceptance criteria in the offshore oil and gas industry

Risk acceptance criteria, as upper limits of acceptable risks, have been used for offshore activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for more than 20 years. The common thinking has been that risk analyses and assessments cannot be conducted in a meaningful way without the use of such criteria. The ALARP principle also applies, but the risk acceptance criteria have played a more active role in the assessment processes than seen for example in the UK. Recently there has, however, been a discussion about the suitability of risk acceptance criteria to assess and control risks. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this discussion by presenting and discussing a risk analysis regime that is not based on the use of risk acceptance criteria at all. We believe that we can do better if cost-effectiveness (in a wide sense) is the ruling thinking rather than adoption of pre-defined risk acceptance limits. This means a closer resemblance with the ALARP principle as adopted in the UK and other countries, but is not a direct application of this practice. Also the building blocks of the common way of applying the ALARP principle are reviewed. The Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry is the starting point, but the discussion is to large extent general.     

The regulation of technology,and the technology of regulation

Regulation may inhibit or stimulate technological change. The relationship depends on the technology of regulation—the design and instrument choice of regulatory policy. This essay examines the history of economic and social regulations over the last three decades, the explanatory power of theories of regulatory politics, the choice of regulatory instruments, the assessment of regulatory impacts, and the influence of each of these on the innovation and diffusion of technology (and of regulation). It concludes with recommendations for the future of regulation and technology.     

The role and development of quantitative indicators for research and technology policy making: Some experience from the department of trade and industry

This article discusses quantitative S&T indicators from the perspective of their usefulness in bringing longer term considerations into policy making. A number of areas of current and future work by the Longer Term Studies Group of the Department of Trade and Industry are presented as illustrative cases. The main concern of the article, however, is to outline some of the main decisions facing S&T policy making, thereby setting the context for the development and use of quantitative indicators. It is suggested that the approach of considering longer term trends and developments in the context of present-day policy issues may well open new opportunities for the development of quantitative indicators. Above all a pragmatic approach is required, weighing up the value of an indicator with other sources of information in considering their relevance to the practical problems of policy making.Several colleagues gave helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. However, the paper represents the views of the author and not necessarily those of the DTI.     

Environmental regulation,economic policy uncertainty,and green technology innovation

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Green technology innovation is imperative to sustainable and environmentally sound economic development and is currently facing increasingly serious...     

A qualitative assessment methodology for road safety policy strategies

This paper proposes a qualitative assessment methodology that is comprised of a cluster analysis and an autoregression analysis that assess the effects of various road safety strategies implemented in Hong Kong over the last 10 years. The cluster analysis is first used to group over a hundred road safety projects and programs into a smaller set of meaningful road safety policy strategy clusters. These strategies, together with the trend factor, seasonal pattern, car crashworthiness and meteorological data are then used in the autoregression analysis to relate to the fatality and casualty rates of drivers, passengers, motorcyclists, and pedestrians. This method allows the evaluation of the overall effects of the road safety strategies, and the effects and relative significance of each individual strategy. The evaluation method is described, and the main findings of the study are discussed.     

The policy trajectory of dual-use technology integration governance in China: A sequential analysis of policy evolution

Promoting research, development, and application of dual-use technologies contributes to the coordinated achievement of national security and economic growth. Dual-use technology integration (DTI) governance is a transformation that promotes technology transfer across defense and civil systems. This study employed a policy evolution sequential analysis paradigm based on the dynamic evolution of policy mixes. The policy trajectory of DTI governance in China was examined from the perspective of socio-technical system transitions. Five main findings were identified. (1) Policy evolution has been affected by both endogenous and exogenous factors. (2) The core policy-issuing agencies have steadily transitioned from specialized to comprehensive agencies, and the complexity of the joint policy-issuing network has grown. (3) Policy targets coexist; however, the emphasis at each stage differs. (4) DTI policy mixes follow changes in key policy targets. (5) Policy topics undertake and complement previous and subsequent stages. Practical and theoretical contributions to dual-use technology, socio-technical system transition, and policy evolution are presented. Furthermore, we propose that future research be conducted to identify the common traits of policy evolution across nations or fields.     

Spurious activation of safety instrumented systems in the oil and gas industry: Basic concepts and formulas

Spurious activation of safety instrumented systems in the oil and gas industry may lead to production loss, stress on affected components and systems, and hazards during system restoration. This article defines and clarifies concepts related to spurious activation. A clear distinction is made between spurious operation, spurious trip, and spurious shutdown. The causes and effects of spurious activation are discussed and related to the concepts used in IEC 61508, IEC 61511, and OREDA. A new set of formulas for calculating the spurious activation rate is presented, and compared with formulas that are frequently used in the oil and gas industry. The new approach is illustrated in a simple case study.     

A new safety device for hemodialysis

Accidental venous needle dislodgement during hemodialysis may cause serious bleeding including a sometimes fatal outcome. The venous pressure gauge of the dialysis monitor does not react when dislodgement occurs. A sensor patch put as an adhesive over the venous needle puncture site connected to an alarm unit by an optic fiber has been clinically tested in 5 dialysis departments. A small amount of blood on the sensor activates a light and sound alarm. A simple questionnaire was filled out by the nurses at each dialysis concerning their feeling of safety when the new device was used. Forty-one patients, mean age 65 years, have tested the new safety device. Two hundred test dialyses were studied, after exclusion of 13 tests. One hundred seventy-nine tests reacted positively on blood. In another 6 dialyses, a warning light appeared on the alarm unit indicating a failure in the sensor patch. Thus, the alarm functioned in 92.5% of all tests. After a small modification of the sensor patches there were only 2 dialyses (2/71) without an activated alarm on blood, i.e., 97.2% positive alarm reactions. The answers of the nurses indicated that they had an increased feeling of safety when using the new safety device, with a mean value of 3.4 points on a visual scale from 0 to 5 where 5 meant very much increased safety. In a situation when the dialysis monitors today do not react on bleedings from venous needle dislodgements, the new alarm safety device fulfils a known shortage in routine dialysis safety. In situations where supervision during a dialysis session may be insufficient as, for example, in home hemodialysis and self-care dialysis or in other situations when the patient is sleeping, the device may be life saving.     

中国近海油气勘探的回顾与思考

在回顾中国近海油气勘探历程的基础上,介绍了中国近海油气勘探近年来取得的主要成果,总结了近年来中国近海油气勘探的成功做法和经验,探讨了如何在中国近海走油气勘探的可持续发展之路。     

Venture planning and analysis for large-scale energy technology developments : A policy perspective

Venture analysis of a major energy R&;D program involves a process whose objective is to provide insights into the policy question: “Should the government be in this particular energy-technology R&;D business?” It is critical to recognize the broader policy formulation and analysis process within which venture analysis seeks to provide insight. Although several venture evaluation approaches have been suggested which incorporate multiattribute decision criteria, they suffer from either: a) the weakness of collapsing the various dimensionally incompatible decision criteria (monetary, environmental, energy, etc.) into a single index or numeraire; or b) they fail to take decision criteria other than energy and dollars into account at all. Both approaches are inadequate for affective venture analysis.The “portfolio problem” of multiple competing/interacting energy-technology options at the policy-decision level suggests that venture analysis results for specific technologies should be provided with complete assessments of various relevant decision criteria in their original (and most appropriate) metrics. Costs and benefits measured in dollars, ergs, environmental damage units, plant safety units, and so on should not be collapsed into a single ranking or evaluation criterion at the venture analysis stage. To do so will totally muddle and confound the higher-level portfolio policy-decision process which compares the effects of multiple energy-technology developments and alternative wealth distribution and implementation approaches.It should be noted, moreover, that while this paper has focused on the specific policy-level issues of R&;D venture analysis for energy technologies, it appears that this methodology may be appropriate for a variety of public-policy decisions. Certainly most of the notions presented could be usefully applied to other public sector R&;D efforts. Additionally, however, many of the concepts apply to non-R&;D policy decisions where the emphasis is on the selection of a unified, time-phased program from a range of possible alternatives.     

Family climate for road safety: A new concept and measure

This research adapted the workplace concept of safety climate to the domain of safe driving, defining a new construct of “family climate for road safety”. Four studies were conducted in Israel with the aim of developing and validating a multidimensional instrument to assess this construct among young drivers. Study 1 (n = 632) focused on developing the Family Climate for Road Safety Scale (FCRSS), a self-report scale assessing the family climate by means of seven aspects of the parent–child relationship: Modeling, Feedback, Communication, Monitoring, Noncommitment, Messages, and Limits. Significant differences were found between young men and women on all factors. In addition, significant associations were found between the FCRSS factors on the one hand, and the reported frequency of risky driving and personal commitment to safety on the other. Studies 2–4 confirmed the factorial structure of the FCRSS and the reliability of its factors, adding to its criterion and convergent validity. Study 2 (n = 178) yielded significant associations between the scale and young drivers’ perception of their parents as involved, encouraging autonomy, and providing warmth; Study 3 (n = 117) revealed significant associations between the scale and youngsters’ reported proneness to take risks while driving, as well as significant associations between the factors and various dimensions of family functioning; and Study 4 (n = 156) found associations between the FCRSS factors and both driving styles (risky, angry, anxious, careful) and family cohesion and adaptability. The discussion deals with the validity and utility of the concept of family climate for road safety and its measurement, addressing the practical implications for road safety.