纵向研发合作的研发绩效和成本分担机制

在日益激烈的市场竞争环境下,企业往往会选择研发合作以降低研发的成本和风险,而纵向研发合作已成为其中的重要模式。构建了一个存在两个上游企业和多个下游企业所组成的复杂双层市场结构,对上下游企业实施纵向研发合作的产量变化和利润变化进行了分析,在此基础上探讨了研发合作的最优研发绩效。研究了纵向研发合作下利润匹配型和固定比例型两种分担机制的分担系数和净利润等经济指标,得出了一些符合现实经济活动的结论。     

Artificial societies and generative social science

What is anartificial society? What can such models offer the social sciences in particular? We address these general questions, drawing brief illustrations from the specific artificial society we call “Sugarscape.”     

基于R&D溢出的集中研发联盟合作行为

研究了在联盟合作R&D中R&D溢出、R&D溢出的抑制能力以及创新能力对联盟成员的R&D投资策略的影响, 确定了联盟获得最大期望投入的最优分配方式. 研究表明: 1) R&D溢出和创新能力对联盟成员增加R&D投入有正效应; 企业抑制R&D溢出的力量对R&D投入有负效应, 但影响力很弱. 2) 对于创新能力强的联盟, 平均分配为最优分配方式; 对于创新能力弱的联盟, 市场规模低时选择按投入比例分配方式, 市场规模高时选择平均分配方式.     

Benefits and challenges of new mobile service development in R&;D network

The competitive environment of organizations has changed remarkably in line with rapid technological development and globalization of markets. This has lead to a situation where the amount of resources and knowledge needed in the development of new offerings has become overwhelming for a single organization. Consequently, nowadays organizations—both commercial and non-commercial—are performing research and development activities in networks consisting of multiple types of actors. This is also the case in industries developing new services for consumers’ mobile handhelds. This paper introduces a network view to new mobile service development and argues that a thorough understanding of acting in the network environment is a pre-requisite for successful mobile service creation. This viewpoint is emphasized in an information-rich case study, which describes the formation and operations of a network, which created a new mobile service for a sports team. This paper was originally presented at the International Conference on Mobile Business, Sydney, Australia, 11–13 July 2005.     

An interactive algorithm for portfolio bi-criteria optimization of R&D projects in public organizations

In this paper we propose an interactive algorithm for the selection of portfolios of research and development (R&D) projects in public organizations based on a bi-criteria optimization model, the need for such a model arises when the decision maker (DM) does not trust enough on the portfolio quality measure. This algorithm efficiently exploits the structure and nature of the problem to support the DM. An interesting proposal is also the representation of a portfolio as a set of “rules of support/rejection”; in this way the DM can not only valuate the portfolio by its numerical measures but also compare against his/her beliefs in a way that is more natural for him, which also allows for supporting with more arguments the solution obtained so far. Rough set methodology is employed for rule discovering. The text was submitted by autors in English.     

R&D投资竞赛模型及其复杂性仿真研究

提出了一个双寡头R&;D投资竞赛的非线性动力学离散模型,接着对该模型中有经济意义的Nash均衡点的稳定性以及其Hopf分岔的存在性进行了分析。最后通过计算第一Lyapunov指数,对模型产生的Hopf分岔的方向与稳定性进行了计算和证明,并进行了仿真模拟。     

Towards the smart organization: An emerging organizational paradigm and the contribution of the European RTD programs

The new economy is the result of the information revolution, of shrinking and ever more powerful computers, and the emergence of an efficient, ubiquitous and invisible communications infrastructure. It is characterized by three distinctive attributes: it is global, it favors intangible things—ideas, information, knowledge, relationships, and it is intensely inter-linked. As more and more organizations prepare to go digital, only few of them really seem to recognize what implications this transition will have on their business processes and on the organization as a whole. The transformation involves much more than setting up a digital infrastructure and requires even more than the ability to enter into a virtual collaboration with other partners. Organizations need to become smart, i.e. knowledge driven, internetworked, dynamically adaptive to new organizational forms and practices, learning as well as agile in their ability to create and exploit the opportunities offered by the digital economy. The article considers technologies and trends towards inter-operable tools for organizational agility and flexibility based on distributed business operations. The European Commission has been supporting these developments through its various research programmes since the early 1980s. Besides the notable research and technological development (RTD) achievements, important progress has also been made in the area of standardization and through consensus building between the research and business communities in Europe. It is further recognised that technology alone will not be able to sustain the creative potential of the digital economy if the socio-economic, the legal and regulatory frameworks are not adequately taken into account.     

Valuation of R&;D Sequential Exchange Options Using Monte Carlo Approach

This article describes a methodology for evaluating R&D investment projects using Monte Carlo method. R&D projects generally involve multiple phases with or without overlapping. R&D investments are made often in a phased manner, with the commencement of subsequent phase being dependent on the successful completion of the preceding phase. This is known as sequential investment. Moreover, each stage creates an opportunity (option) for subsequent investment. Therefore, R&D projects can be considered as ‘Compound Options’ in which investments present uncertainty both in the gross project value and in their costs. It is possible to use exchange options to value the R&D investment opportunities. In this paper, we propose to evaluate the European and American Real Compound exchange options through Monte Carlo simulations. We also provide a set of numerical experiments to provide evidence for the accuracy of the proposed methodology.      

Mathematical modelling in science and mathematics education

Scientific research involves mathematical modelling in the context of an interactive balance between theory, experiment and computation. However, computational methods and tools are still far from being appropriately integrated in the high school and university curricula in science and mathematics. In this paper, it is discussed the relevance of mathematical modelling and illustrated how a computer modelling tool (Modellus, a free tool available on the Internet and developed at FCTUNL) can be used to embed modelling in high school and undergraduate courses. Modellus allows students to create and explore mathematical models using functions, differential and iterative equations, and visualize the behaviour of mathematical objects.     

Prediction methods and applications in the science of science: A survey

Science of science has become a popular topic that attracts great attentions from the research community. The development of data analytics technologies and the readily available scholarly data enable the exploration of data-driven prediction, which plays a pivotal role in finding the trend of scientific impact. In this paper, we analyse methods and applications in data-driven prediction in the science of science, and discuss their significance. First, we introduce the background and review the current state of the science of science. Second, we review data-driven prediction based on paper citation count, and investigate research issues in this area. Then, we discuss methods to predict scholar impact, and we analyse different approaches to promote the scholarly collaboration in the collaboration network. This paper also discusses open issues and existing challenges, and suggests potential research directions.     

Knowledge kanban system for virtual research and development

Virtual research and development (R&D) is inevitable to reduce the product life cycle. Enterprises tend to rely on their foreign partners for supporting technology and knowledge acquisition to conduct and improve firms’ product development with low R&D risk. R&D is a highly creative and knowledge-intensive activity, Therefore, efficient knowledge flow, which transmits the right knowledge to the right people at the right time, is key to improving efficiency of the R&D process.     

Developing an research and development (R&D) process improvement system to simulate the performance of R&D activities

Because of a shorter R&D cycle time and the increasing complexity of technology development, efficient decision support systems for R&D activities are necessary to facilitate R&D processes. In particular, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) require efficiency of R&D projects due to a lack of R&D budgets and resources. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a system which can assess current levels of R&D processes of companies and improve problematic processes. To this end, the proposed system applies a standard R&D process to evaluate the R&D level of companies, including four types of database and three modules: performance level analysis, comparison analysis, and performance simulation analysis. First, the module of performance level analysis aims to draw strong and weak R&D processes of companies, using three factors: importance, performance goal and current performance on each process. The second module provides the function of comparison analysis that compares the performance level of a company with that of others. Finally, the performance simulation analysis investigates influences of critical processes on R&D outcomes and predicts how much the processes can enhance technical, economic and process outcomes. In particular, a case study is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed system to an IT company. This system can help managers enhance their R&D performance by presenting necessary improvements on critical processes.     

Action research contextualizes DEA in a multi-organizational decision-making process

The theory of participatory action research (PAR) grew out of the practice of problem-solving in groups and organization by involving the participation of all pertinent stakeholders in decision-making process through empowerment. The ontological assumption is that “the world out there” is defined by the participating stakeholders as they understand and perceive it. The actionable knowledge thus produced is mostly used subjectively in the hope of a favorable organizational change or a transformation for betterment. On the other hand, Management Science/Operations Research (MS/OR) is more concerned with epistemological objectivity in identifying and defining managerial issues and finding solutions. In this paper we shall show that MS/OR can benefit from and contribute to PAR in complex decision making contexts. This kind of mutual benefit will be illustrated through a study reported in the area of R&D planning. It will be shown that PAR “contextualizes” problem structuring whereas MS/OR “optimizes” the consensual decision-making process in a multi-organizational context.     

R&D项目进展评估及决策选择模型

在分析R＆D项目技术和市场不确定性分布特征的基础上,提出多步骤四项式期权定价模型,用于R＆D项目进展评估.探讨了当出现不可预见信息时,对采取的多个管理决策的选择问题.实例分析表明,多步骤四项式模型能灵敏地监测项目的单因素变化引起的项目投资价值的变化,对管理的灵活性和不确定性能进行量化处理,在很大程度上提高了R＆D中期投资决策的准确性.     

计算机专业双语教学体系研究与探讨

在国际化高速发展的今天,高等学校大力推行双语教学．是培养优秀的、具有国际竞争力人才的需要。结合教学实践,介绍计算机专业双语教学体系建立的方法和经验。     

Fuzzy R&D portfolio selection of interdependent projects

Global competition of markets has forced firms to invest in targeted R&D projects so that resources can be focused on successful outcomes. A number of options are encountered to select the most appropriate projects in an R&D project portfolio selection problem. The selection is complicated by many factors, such as uncertainty, interdependences between projects, risk and long lead time, that are difficult to measure. Our main concern is how to deal with the uncertainty and interdependences in project portfolio selection when evaluating or estimating future cash flows. This paper presents a fuzzy multi-objective programming approach to facilitate decision making in the selection of R&D projects. Here, we present a fuzzy tri-objective R&D portfolio selection problem which maximizes the outcome and minimizes the cost and risk involved in the problem under the constraints on resources, budget, interdependences, outcome, projects occurring only once, and discuss how our methodology can be used to make decision support tools for optimal R&D project selection in a corporate environment. A case study is provided to illustrate the proposed method where the solution is done by genetic algorithm (GA) as well as by multiple objective genetic algorithm (MOGA).     

Innovations in science teacher education: Effects of integrating technology and team-teaching strategies

The purpose of this study was to integrate technology and team-teaching techniques into science teacher education method courses in order to explore the effects of such integration on preservice teachers. The participants included one instructor and a total of 42 preservice teachers. A technology team-teaching model (TTT) was designed in this study to restructure science method courses with technology. This study used a mixed-method design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results revealed that there were significant differences in “designing an appropriate science topic to be taught with technology” and “integrating computer activities with appropriate pedagogy in classroom instruction” (F = 5.260, p < 0.05, and F = 10.260, p < 0.01, respectively). The results also showed that the TTT model could enhance the integration of science teaching theories and practice. Team-teaching technique facilitated the integration of technology in science lesson design and teaching practice, and enhanced friendship through interaction. The TTT model could better the science learning experience of preservice teachers and serve as useful reference for other teacher education institutes.     

Questions For The Dynamicist: The Use of Dynamical Systems Theory in the Philosophy of Cognition

The concepts and powerful mathematical tools of Dynamical Systems Theory (DST) yield illuminating methods of studying cognitive processes, and are even claimed by some to enable us to bridge the notorious explanatory gap separating mind and matter. This article includes an analysis of some of the conceptual and empirical progress Dynamical Systems Theory is claimed to accomodate. While sympathetic to the dynamicist program in principle, this article will attempt to formulate a series of problems the proponents of the approach in question will need to face if they wish to prolong their optimism. The main points to be addressed involve the reductive tendencies inherent in Dynamical Systems Theory, its somewhat muddled position relative to connectionism, the metaphorical nature DST-C exhibits which hinders its explanatory potential, and DST-C's problematic account of causality. Brief discussions of the mathematical and philosophical backgrounds of DST, seminal experimental work and possible adaptations of the theory or alternative suggestions (dynamicist connectionism, neurophenomenology, R&D theory) are included.     

PNS环境下高校公共机房管理问题与对策研究

为提高PNS机房管理系统运行效率,对现有软硬件环境进行改进是十分必要的.本文对现有机房环境进行分析,明确了存在的局域网带宽不足、组网方式不合理、备份机制不合理、备份空间占用过大的问题,并提出了一个通过网络设备更新、组网方式调整以及管理软件升级来解决问题的具体措施,大大提升了机房管理水平.