4，7-二氨基哒嗪并［4，5-c］氧化呋咱含能盐的合成和性能

以多氨基稠环化合物4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱（4）为原料,分别与3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮（NTO）及其它高氮类硝胺化合物构筑的富氮阴离子结合制备了一系列含能离子盐（5~11）。运用核磁共振、元素分析和红外光谱等分析方法对化合物（5~11）进行了结构表征,结合量子计算对3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（6）进行¹⁵N NMR谱分析,并通过X-射线单晶衍射技术对5,5′-二硝氨基-3,3′-偶氮-1,2,4-噁二唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（9）进行晶体结构解析。通过Explo5软件计算得到化合物的爆轰性能;采用BAM法测得化合物的撞击和摩擦感度。结果发现,5硝氨基四唑的4,7-二氨基哒嗪并［4,5-c］氧化呋咱盐（5）具有优异的爆轰性能和较低的感度,其爆速爆压分别为8816 m·s^-1和32.1 GPa,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为15 J和200 N。     

3，5，7-三氨基-［1，2，4］三唑并［4，3-a］［1，3，5］三嗪五唑盐的合成与性能

以五唑银为原料与3,5,7-三氨基-［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］［1,3,5］三嗪盐酸盐通过复分解反应合成了一种新型非金属五唑盐——3,5,7-三氨基-［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］［1,3,5］三嗪五唑盐（4）。通过X-射线单晶衍射、红外光谱（IR）、元素分析（EA）、核磁共振（NMR）对合成的新型五唑盐进行了结构表征,并采用热重分析（TG）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测试其热分解行为。使用原子化法计算了化合物4的生成焓,使用EXPLO5预测了爆轰性能,并采用BAM方法测试其撞击感度和摩擦感度。测试结果显示,化合物4的晶体密度为1.644 g·cm^-3,属单斜晶系,P2₁/n空间群,氮含量77%,热分解温度113.8 ℃,生成焓491.5 kJ·mol^-1,爆速7913 m·s^-1,爆压19.6 GPa,撞击感度>40 J,摩擦感度>360 N。     

含四唑多环自组装含能化合物的合成、晶体结构及性能

多环富氮含能化合物因其在构建低机械感度、良好热稳定性和高密度新型含能分子方面的独特优势,而备受国内外研究人员关注。研究将四唑环接入稠环中构建新型多环富氮骨架,利用其作为高能有机燃料和氢键供体,进一步与富有氢键受体的氧化性结构单元HClO₄通过非共价键自组装,合成了3种不含结晶水的新型多环自组装含能化合物——7-氨基-6-（2H-四唑-5-基）-吡唑并［1,5-a］嘧啶高氯酸盐（1）,7-氨基-6-（2H-四唑-5-基）-［1,2,4］三唑并［1,5-a］嘧啶高氯酸盐（2）和2,7-二氨基-6-（2H-四唑-5-基）-［1,2,4］三唑并［1,5-a］嘧啶高氯酸盐（3）。采用核磁共振谱（H NMR）、X-射线单晶衍射（XRD）分析对其结构进行表征,利用差示扫描量热仪-热重联用（DSC-TG）和BAM法测试其热稳定性和机械感度,并运用Gaussian 09程序和EXPLO5 V6.05.02预测其爆轰性能。结果表明,3种化合物均有较高的晶体密度（密度ρ： 1.75~1.86 g·cm^-3）、良好的热稳定性（热分解起始温度T_d： 184~260 ℃）和爆轰性能（爆速v： 7343~7570 m·s^-1; 爆压p： 21.1~22.8 GPa）,优于传统炸药三硝基甲苯（TNT）。其中化合物1（撞击感度IS>40 J,摩擦感度FS=216 N）和化合物3（IS=25 J,FS=240 N）展现出低的机械感度。     

两种富氮稠环型1，2，5-噁二唑类含能盐的合成及性能

以5,6-二肼基-［1,2,5］噁二唑并［3,4-b］吡嗪（1）为原料合成了5,5''-（肼-1,2-二亚基亚胺）双（5,7-2H-［1,2,5］噁二唑并［3,4-e］［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］吡嗪-8（4H）-亚胺）高氯酸盐（2）和5,5''-（二氮烯-1,2-二亚基）双（［1,2,5］噁二唑并［3,4-e］［1,2,4］三唑并［4,3-a］吡嗪-8（7H）-亚胺）硝酸盐（3）两种富氮含能盐。采用核磁共振（NMR）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、元素分析（EA）、X-射线单晶衍射（XRD）等多种手段对含能离子盐2和3的结构进行了表征,利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究其热分解行为,运用BAM标准测试方法获得摩擦感度和撞击感度,同时基于等键反应方程与EXPLO5软件预测其爆轰性能。结果表明,化合物2和3的晶体均属于单斜晶系,分别属于Pn 和P2₁/n空间群,二者的晶体结构中阳离子部分具有良好的平面性,晶体堆积图中观察到了大量氢键。化合物2和3的热分解温度分别为154 ℃和130 ℃,理论爆速分别为7722 m·s^-1和8008 m·s^-1,理论爆压分别为26.3 GPa和28.4 GPa,摩擦感度均为360 N,撞击感度均大于40 J。化合物2和3在爆轰性能、摩擦感度、撞击感度性能上均优于传统炸药TNT。     

3-（1H-四唑）-7-（三氟甲基）-1，2，4-三唑［5，1-c］-1，2，4-三嗪-4-氨基的制备及性能

以5-（三氟甲基）-1,2,4-三唑-3-胺为原料,两步合成了一种含氟稠环含能化合物3-（1H-四唑）-7-（三氟甲基）-1,2,4-三唑［5,1-c］-1,2,4-三嗪-4-氨基（2）。采用X射线单晶体衍射仪确定了目标化合物的晶体结构,通过核磁共振、傅里叶红外光谱、差示扫描量热仪对其进行了结构测试与性能表征,通过EXPLO5预测了爆轰性能,采用BAM标准方法进行了感度测定。结果表明,合成过程高效、无毒、简单,所得目标化合物的晶体2·DMF属于三斜晶系,Pī空间群,晶胞参数a=4.9035（10） Å,b=10.219（2） Å,c=15.194（3） Å,V=720.4（3） ų,α=107.163（6）°,β=92.486（7）°,γ=96.4438（7）°,Z=2;其理论爆速爆压分别为6933 m·s^-1和17.1 GPa,撞击感度>40 J,摩擦感度>360 N。     

5-氨基-2H-吡唑-3，4-双酮-3-肟-4-腙及其含能离子盐的合成与性能调控

以4-氯-3,5-二硝基-1H-吡唑为原料,经胺化及取代/还原反应得到5-氨基-2H-吡唑-3,4-双酮-3-肟-4-腙（3）,并制备了3种含能离子盐——高氯酸盐（4）、硝酸盐（5）和5,5΄-二硝氨基-3,3΄-偶氮-1,2,4-噁二唑盐（6）。通过溶剂挥发法得到了化合物3和4的单晶,并通过X-射线单晶衍射法对其进行表征。通过核磁共振波谱、红外光谱等方法对含能化合物3~6的结构进行表征;通过真密度仪、差示扫描量热仪、撞击感度仪、摩擦感度仪等对其性能进行测试;同时理论计算了其生成焓和爆轰性能。结果表明,化合物3为平面构型,酮肟和酮腙具有显著的双键特征,降低了吡唑环的共轭性,使其易于成盐。成盐后不同阴离子对中性化合物的性能有着多方面的影响。其中高氯酸根阴离子不但改善了化合物的氧平衡,还提高了化合物的密度,使得高氯酸盐4的爆速和爆压（8499 m·s^-1,30.2 GPa）相比中性化合物3（8072 m·s^-1,22.5 GPa）有一定程度提升;另外5,5΄-二硝氨基-3,3΄-偶氮-1,2,4-噁二唑显著提高了中性化合物3的分解温度,由135 ℃上升至285 ℃。结果表明通过阴阳离子的合理搭配,可以有效调控目标含能化合物的性能。     

八核铁簇化合物的制备、表征及其对高氯酸铵的热分解催化

以5,5"-｛［3,3"-双（1,2,4-噁二唑）］-5,5"-基｝-双（1-羟基四唑）为配体,通过溶剂热法制备了一种新型含能铁簇化合物 ［Fe₂^Ⅲ（μ₂-CH₃O）（μ₃-OH）（μ₂-O）（BODTO^2-）（H₂O）］₄（1）,并对其进行了单晶X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热和热重分析等表征,分析了其结构和热稳定性,同时通过差热分析仪研究了化合物1对高氯酸铵（AP）热分解的催化性能。测试结果表明,化合物1为立方晶系I-43d空间群,密度为1.506 g·cm^-3;晶体结构中Fe³⁺与Fe³⁺通过氧原子桥联,形成笼状结构;热分解峰值温度为513.9,617.6 K和669.4 K;爆速为6.94 km·s^-1,爆压为19.09 GPa;撞击感度为15 J,摩擦感度为360 N。当添加质量分数为10%的化合物1时,AP的高温分解温度降低65 K,活化能降低82.2 kJ·mol^-1,证实该铁簇化合物对AP的热分解具有较好的催化活性,具有应用于含能燃烧催化剂的潜质。     

1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺的合成和性能

为制备新型富氮杂环含能化合物，以5-氰基-1-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-3-基）-1H-四唑（1）为原料，经偕胺肟化、重氮化、取代及亲电加成等步骤，合成一种以酰胺键桥联的富氮含能化合物1-羟基-N-（1H-1，2，4-三唑-5-基）-1H-四唑-5-甲酰胺（3）；利用核磁共振（NMR）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、元素分析（EA）等方法对化合物3进行了结构表征，并通过单晶X-射线衍射分析（SC-XRD）进一步确定了其结构；利用差示扫描量热（DSC）和热重（TG）方法研究了化合物3的热分解过程。结果表明，化合物3初始分解温度为265 ℃，爆速为 8017 m·s^-1，爆压为23.1 GPa，撞击感度为20 J，摩擦感度为288 N。     

5，5 ′ ⁃二硝胺基⁃2，2 ′ ⁃联⁃1，3，4⁃噁二唑含能离子盐的合成及性能研究（英）

以5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑为原料合成了一系列含能盐,采用了红外（FT-IR））、核磁（NMR）和元素分析进行了结构表征。并用X-射线单晶衍射进一步确定了3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（9·2H₂O）和4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐（10）的结构,用差热扫描法（DSC）测定了它们的热分解温度,用Explos 5 v6.02计算了它们的爆轰性能。结果表明它们的热分解温度范围为146.8~ 239.9 ℃;计算爆速高于7693 m·s^-1,爆压高于21.3 GPa;密度介于1.683~1.941 g·cm^-3,实测撞击感度介于10~28 J,摩擦感度介于160~360 N,表明5,5′-二硝胺基-2,2′-联-1,3,4-噁二唑类含能盐是一类性能较好的高能量密度材料。     

十硝基杯［4］芳烃（ZXC-51）及其含能离子盐的合成与性能

以间苯三酚和1,3-二氟苯为原料,经硝化、成环等三步反应得到化合物1²,1⁴,1⁶,3⁴,3⁶,5²,5⁴,5⁶,7⁴,7⁶-十硝基-2,4,6,8-四氧桥-1,3,5,7（1,3）-杯［4］芳烃-1⁵,5⁵-二醇（ZXC-51）。化合物ZXC-51与有机碱反应得到系列杯芳烃类含能盐。通过X射线单晶衍射分别获得化合物ZXC-51和4个盐的单晶结构;采用核磁以及元素分析对这些化合物的结构进行了表征;采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和热重分析仪（TG）研究了这些化合物的热稳定性;对ZXC-51的爆轰与安全性能进行了研究,结果表明,ZXC-51的爆速为8193 m·s^-1、爆压为31.18 GPa、撞击感度为36 J、摩擦感度大于360 N。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.