Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

A Verification of Estimation Accuracy of Lightning Current Waveform and Charge Transfer from Measured E‐Field Waveform

To establish effective countermeasures on power facilities against lightning damage, it is necessary to clarify the lightning characteristics such as current parameters at the area of interest. In order to collect lightning current parameters effectively, the authors have observed electric and magnetic field waveforms simultaneously at south Kyushu, where the lightning flash density in summer is high. Based on observed electric field waveforms, the lightning current parameters have been estimated by adopting the Diendorfer–Uman model (DU model) as the return‐stroke model. In this paper, the accuracy of the estimated return‐stroke current waveform is verified by comparison with directly measured return‐stroke current waveform, along with the accuracy of the estimated charge transfer from the electric field waveform measured with a slow antenna.     

Negative First Return‐Stroke Current Peaks and Impulse Charge Transfer

For the effective and efficient insulation design of a power line, the return‐stroke current waveform parameters are indispensable. Charge transfer is one of the important parameters when damage to equipment on a power line due to the energy of lightning is discussed. The amount of charge transfer associated with a lightning flash or individual strokes can be estimated by using the electric field change obtained with a slow antenna. The authors observed the electric field waveforms in south Kyushu for the purpose of efficient acquisition of return‐stroke current parameters. In this paper, the authors discuss the relation between the negative first return‐stroke current peaks and the impulse charge transfer based on the observed electric field waveforms.     

计及雷击情况的基于PDT-SVM暂降源辨识方法研究

目前,电压暂降已成为影响最突出的电能质量问题之一,为有效分析雷击对电网暂降的影响程度,对雷击导致电压暂降的情况进行了详细分析,准确辨识了包括雷击导致暂降情况在内的4种暂降类型,为合理划分暂降责任提供重要依据。文中首先分析了雷击故障导致暂降的有效值波形与普通短路故障之间的区别,归纳了短路故障、雷击、变压器投切及感应电机启动4种暂降类型电压有效值波形的特点,引入5个暂降电压特征指标,并建立了暂降类型辨识特征矩阵。然后采用基于粒子群聚类优化的决策树支持向量机(PDT-SVM)分类器对4种暂降类型进行辨识。分类器的训练与测试数据均来自电网实测暂降电压数据,与工程实际密切贴合。最后,算例分析结果验证了算法的有效性和准确性。     

Results of lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation

This paper describes the outline and results of the lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation. The behavior of lightning surges is a very important factor for the rational design of substations and low‐voltage and control circuits inside the substations. For the above reason, we carried out lightning impulse tests for a new 275‐kV full GIS substation. In these tests, we measured voltage induced in low‐voltage and control circuits, transient characteristics of grounding grid, injected voltage and current waveforms, and so on. By investigating these data, we confirmed the behavior of lightning surges inside the substation. We also compared simulated waveforms by EMTP analysis with the measured waveforms. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 46–58, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10230     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed transformers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - definition of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms and insulation characteristics for waveforms including pulses

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability in its insulation performance, it is necessary to grasp in an organized way the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms encountered in the field and compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. As described in this paper, the first step in a series of study for the purpose above was taken by analyzing lightning surge waveforms and restriking surge waveforms such as disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations and identifying four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.24 to 1.0 MHz. Then, two of these non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the single-pulse waveform which is the most basic type and the waveform with a pulse in the crest and a subsequent flat section, were used to measure the breakdown voltage and the partial discharge inception voltage while changing the parameters, on three models that represent the insulation elements of windings of oil-immersed transformers. Then, the resultant average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage durations, leading to a result of formulating them in a unified way. In the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher, marking 52% at the maximum, than those under standard lightning impulse waveforms in all the cases, suggesting a possibility of lowering the insulation specifications of an oil-immersed transformer     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Gas Insulated Switchgears for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Breakdown Characteristics for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms Associated with Lightning Surges

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding paper, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. In this paper, the dielectric breakdown voltage - time characteristics were measured under several different conditions mainly for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gaps that represent an insulation element of a GIS toward four kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms associated with lightning surges. As a result, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 3% to 32%.     

雷电保护装置的有效性研究

In addition to the conventional Franklin Rod,many non-conventional air terminals are being used as lightning protection devices.As cited in previous works,these non-conventional devices emit space charge in the vicinity of the terminals during the process of lightning stroke.A number of factors affect the performance of these lightning protection devices,among them are geometry and dimension of the devices,location of the device above the ground,height of the cloud above the ground,and polarity of the lightning stroke.The performance of these lightning protection devices has been a topic of discussion by researchers for many years.Some studies focused on the magnitude of emission current from these devices as a criterion to evaluate their performances.The critical flashover voltage(CFO)between the devices and a metal screen simulating cloud can also be used as another criterion to evaluate the performance of the devices.Laboratory measurements were conducted in controlled conditions on different types of lightning protection devices to compare their performance.Four different types of devices were used in the present study:Franklin Rod,TerraStat models TS 100,TS 400,and Spline Ball Ionizer.The study focused on the CFO voltage of the air gap between devices and the metal screen.The CFO voltage was evaluated using standard switching and lightning impulses.The measurements were recorded for positive as well as negative polarity.The air gap between the devices and metal screen was selected at 2 m and 3 m.The results obtained provide a better understanding of the electrical performance of lightning protection devices.     

High‐current lightning discharges in winter

Lightning electric‐field waveforms related to power line faults in winter have been identified. Most of those waveforms appear to be associated with upward lightning discharges with absolute peak currents of over 100 kA. They are quite different from common return‐stroke waveforms, and the lightning discharges which produce these characteristic waveforms are called GC (Ground to Cloud) flashes. These high‐current lightning discharges are distributed around the coastline in different ways depending on their polarities. The spatial distributions of high‐current lightning discharges around Japan are also investigated. It is revealed that the region of Honshu Island along the coastline of the Sea of Japan belongs to the area in which the density of high‐current lightning flashes is the highest in Japan through the year. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(1): 8–15, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20874     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - analysis and generation circuit of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms in actual field

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In this paper, first, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Next, high-voltage circuits that generate these non-standard lightning surge waveforms were designed and constituted using EMTP (electro magnetic transients program) based on a circuit with a gap, inductors, and resistors connected in series and resistors and capacitors connected in parallel. Further, circuits were actually constructed, to obtain voltage waveforms approximately equal to those designed. Finally, the dielectric breakdown voltage-time characteristics were measured under several different conditions for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gap that represents an insulation element of a GIS. As a result, it was found that, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 6% to 32%     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms -

To lower the lightning impulse withstand voltage of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is important to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding researches, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Then, the dielectric breakdown voltage ? time characteristics were measured under several different conditions on the quasi-uniform SF6 gas gaps and partly the coneshaped insulating spacers that represent insulation elements of GIS for six kinds of nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms. In this paper, the resultant breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage duration, which led to their formulation in a unified way. On the basis of these insulation characteristics and their unified formulation, the paper investigated a method for converting non-standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms with equivalent stress for the insulation. When the constructed algorithm was applied to five examples of representative two type waveforms in the lightning surge time region, they were converted into standard lightning impulse waveforms with crest values reduced by 20% to 34%, suggesting potentiality for reduction of lightning impulse insulation specifications of GIS.     

An experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size model

Wind turbine generation systems are built at locations where few tall structures are found nearby so as to obtain good wind conditions, and thus, they are often struck by lightning. To promote wind power generation, lightning‐protection methodologies for such wind turbine generation systems have to be established. This paper presents the result of an experimental study of lightning overvoltages in wind turbine generation systems using a reduced‐size wind turbine model. Overvoltages observed at wavefronts of lightning surges are focused on in this study. In the experiments, lightning strokes to one of the blades and to the nacelle were considered, and voltages and currents at various positions of the wind turbine model were measured. The following points have been deduced from the results: (i) The voltage rise due to the tower footing resistance can cause a significant voltage difference between the tower foot and an incoming conductor led from a distant point. Also, a voltage difference between the bottom of down conductors installed inside the tower and an incoming conductor can be of significance. (ii) The lightning current flowing through the tower body induces voltages in main and control circuits which form loops, and the induced voltages can cause overvoltages and malfunctions. (iii) Traveling‐wave phenomena in a wind turbine generation system for a lightning strike to the tip of a blade and to the nacelle have been clarified from the measured waveforms. This information can be used for developing an EMTP simulation model of wind turbine generation systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(4): 22– 30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20466     

Performance of MOV arresters during very close, direct lightningstrikes to a power distribution system

In 1996, at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida, the responses of MOV arresters in an unenergized test distribution system, composed of an overhead line, underground cable, and padmount transformer with a resistive load, were measured during very close, direct lightning strikes to the overhead line. Arresters were installed on the overhead line at two locations 50 m apart (on either side of the strike point) and at the primary of the padmount transformer which was connected to the line via the underground cable. We obtained arrester data for this test configuration from two lightning flashes (containing a total of five strokes) which were artificially initiated from a natural thunderstorm, using the rocket-and-wire technique. We present the simultaneously-recorded arrester discharge current and voltage waveforms from one lightning stroke for one of the two arresters on the line and for the arrester at the transformer primary. Additionally, we estimate the energy absorbed by the arrester on the line as a function of time for the first 4 ms of the lightning event. The records presented are representative of those for all five strokes     

A field study of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines

The number of home electric appliances, such as personal computers and telephones, has been rapidly increasing. Lightning damage to these home electric appliances has a great impact on a highly sophisticated information society. There are cases in which lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines cause malfunctions in them, even though they are equipped with surge protective devices to protect against lightning overvoltages. Therefore, for lightning protection of low‐voltage equipment including home electric appliances, it is important to understand the phenomenon of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage power distribution lines. However, many aspects of this problem are not entirely clear, in particular how they are generated. The Tokyo Electric Power Company carried out lightning observations on low‐voltage distribution lines. The observation results provide a statistical distribution of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines. A mechanism for generating lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines is inferred from the observed waveforms and facilities data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 12–21, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21299     

架空输电线路雷击感应过电压耦合机理及计算方法分析

目前国内雷击杆塔时的电感模型计算方法与国外通用的波阻抗计算方法有很大不同，计算结果出入较大。文章探讨了雷击架空线路附近地面(感应雷)与雷击杆塔时架空线上产生的感应过电压的异同点，认为二者，一个主要是电磁场的耦合，一个主要是线路的耦合；但雷电对架空线的影响都体现在雷电通道中电流和电荷对架空线的影响。场路耦合是统一的，实际应用中不能重复计算这两种影响。此外电感模型的计算误差是由电感对电流的微分响应造成电压损失产生的。并用工程实例计算结果证明了上述结论的正确性。     

架空传输线在间接雷击作用下负载浪涌的分析

传输线在雷击作用下浪涌的分析计算对电力线路的保护设计具有一定的指导意义，是电力系统电磁兼容研究的重要内容。文中引用了典型的雷电回击电流模型，先由傅立叶变换求得回击电流的频谱，根据传输线在外电磁场作用下的电路方程及相应的求负载端响应的BLT(Baum，Liu and Tesche)方程，在领域内求出传输线在间接雷击作用下负载端浪涌电压；然后，由傅立叶反变换求出负载端浪涌电压的瞬态解。分析了雷电落地点、雷电通道电流的传播速度及大地电导率等对负载浪涌电压峰值的影响。研究表明，大地电导率对浪涌电压的峰值和极性均有较大影响。     

直流输电系统的防雷保护

针对我国高压直流输电线路的雷击闪络率较高的问题,深入研究了直流输电系统的防雷保护。由于其结构和控制保护不同于交流系统,直流输电线路的雷电性能与交流输电线路有所不同,通过对国内外计算方法的分析研究,结合我国正极性导线容易发生雷击闪络的运行经验,提出了直流输电线路的计算方法和计算用参数的建议并对直流换流站的防雷措施进行了分析,提出了合适的直流输电系统的防雷保护措施。     

Rocket‐triggered lightning current waveforms in winter and investigation of extra‐fast current change

Since 1986, the authors have been taking part in triggered lightning experiments in winter, at Okushishiku, Ishikawa, for the purpose of observing the entire lightning current waveforms with coaxial shunt resistors and an electro‐optical measuring system. Extra‐fast current changes of the order of 1,000 kA/μs were recognized by sharp pulse records superposed on the positive current waveform obtained by a shunt resistor of relatively high residual inductance. This was not the case with a resistor of lower inductance. Furthermore, a positive lightning current waveform which looks like the composite result of bi‐polar discharges has been observed by an advanced measuring system of high performance. This paper deals with these current‐related topics of triggered lightning discharges, which will be analyzed hereafter in detail. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(2): 18–23, 1999     

区域海拔高度对云地闪电参数分布的影响

为进一步研究雷电参数随海拔高度的分布特征,为雷电防护工程设计和雷击风险评估提供参考,根据湖北省雷电定位系统(lightning location system, LLS)2007年1月至2017年12月监测资料,采用数理统计方法,对不同海拔高度的频次、极性、雷电流幅值和波前陡度等参数进行了统计分析。结果表明:负地闪和总地闪频次随海拔高度增加呈线性减少,海拔2 700 m的地闪频次约是300 m处的1/3,正地闪频次随海拔高度变化大致呈"V"字形,海拔800 m处相对最少。海拔在800～2 700 m时,正地闪比例随海拔高度增加而明显增加,2 700 m处的正地闪比例约是800 m处的3.7倍。负地闪和总地闪中值雷电流幅值随海拔高度变化大致呈"V"字形,海拔1 500 m时,负地闪和总地闪中值雷电流幅值相对最小。海拔1 200～1 700 m的高山,负地闪和总地闪≤20 kA的小雷电流幅值比例较高,是海拔200 m处的2倍以上;海拔1 500 m以上的高山地区,大于100 kA大雷电流幅值平均比例大于低山丘陵和平原地区。正地闪、负地闪和总地闪平均雷电流波前陡度随高度增加呈自然对数减少。上...     

配线接地雷电感应过电压特征分析

为了解架空配电线路雷电感应过电压特征,以及穿过金属管埋地的防护措施对入侵过电压的实际衰减作用,对自然闪电发生时穿过金属管埋地前后的过电压波形进行了观测和分析。观测表明,穿过金属管埋地约50 m后过电压的波形特征基本没有变化,但其幅值有了一定的衰减。衰减效能主要与闪电的距离有关,当闪电离观测点距离约1 km时,衰减比例约20%。衰减比例随着距离的增加而降低,3～7 km的闪电衰减比例平均约为6%,衰减比例还与闪电不同的方位有关。