改性秸秆载体固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤

采用酸性氧化改性秸秆XMG以增强其对微生物的吸附,考察改性剂浓度、改性时间和改性温度对XMG表面官能团含量和吸菌性能的影响;以改性XMG为载体制备固定化微生物用于石油污染土壤的修复,考察其修复效果。结果表明,采用10 mol/L的乙酸在70℃下改性30 min获得了最佳改性XMG,其酸性官能团中羧基摩尔浓度从改性前的0.08 mmol/L增至0.19 mmol/L、内酯基摩尔浓度从0.34 mmol/L增至1.28 mmol/L、羟基摩尔浓度从0.12 mmol/L增至1.07 mmol/L,微生物的吸附量(OD600)从0.209增至0.297,表明改性XMG更有利于吸附微生物。改性XMG固定化微生物与未改性XMG固定化微生物相比,35 d修复石油污染土壤的石油降解率从40.3%提高到了42.9%。     

固体微生物菌剂在克拉玛依石油污染土壤 生物修复中的应用

分析了克拉玛依石油污染土壤的理化性质,采用固体微生物菌剂对该土壤进行生物修复,考察了最优修复条件及修复过程中土壤微生物数量、酶活性和石油烃组分的变化。结果表明,克拉玛依石油污染土壤是以粉砂为主的灰漠土,含水率低,含油率高,弱碱性,土壤中三大营养元素（氮、磷、钾）的有效含量低,不利于微生物的生长繁殖。最优修复条件为土壤孔隙度55%、含水率25%、固体菌剂添加量5%、氮/磷摩尔比10、生物表面活性剂添加量05%,在此条件下经过60 d的生物修复,含油率由最初的407%下降到181%,降解率为5553%,小于C27的正构烷烃得到了明显的降解,土壤中的微生物数量、酶活性（脱氢酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性）均有所提高。在生物修复过程中,单靠改善外在环境条件进行生物刺激,无法有效去除石油烃,添加微生物菌剂进行生物强化是去除土壤中石油类污染物的关键因素。     

沉积盆地油气形成过程中有机-无机相互作用

沉积盆地分散有机质向油气演化过程中会遇到一系列无机组分,如水、粘土矿物、无机盐和金属元素等,部分无机组分可以作为反应物或催化剂参与有机质成烃演化过程;石油作为一种还原态物质,运移和聚集在无机矿物构成的空间体系中,当油气遇到具有氧化性的矿物时,能与它们发生反应,使原油的物理性质和化学组成发生改变,同时许多有机―无机作用产物还能改变储层的物性。指出虽然一些有机-无机反应的机理还不为人们所了解,但它们对油气形成和成藏都有非常重要的影响;深入开展油气形成过程中有机-无机作用的研究,可能会对未来油气勘探和资源评价等方面产生重大影响。 \r\n     

污泥与石油焦共成浆性的研究

 采用萘系阴离子表面活性剂作为分散剂，分别考察了剩余污泥和脱水污泥改性前后与石油焦的成浆性。结果表明，加入剩余污泥和脱水污泥可降低水焦浆的成浆质量分数；相同成浆质量分数时，剩余污泥制的污泥焦浆比脱水污泥制的污泥焦浆表观黏度低；经强碱改性后，两种污泥与石油焦的成浆成浆质量分数均有提高，脱水污泥的成浆质量分数提高更为明显。随着剪切速率的增大，两种污泥焦浆的表观黏度降低，属于假塑性流体。污泥的加入提高了水焦浆的稳定性，起到了稳定剂的作用。     

排水板加固软土地基的变形及孔隙水压力研究

天津港南疆某围埝工程中,下部软黏土较厚,采用了塑料排水板加固地基,在加固后的地基上成功地使用了水泥固化土模袋施工工艺。文章结合该工程进行了排水板加固软土地基的变形及孔隙水压力研究,把轴对称问题转换为平面应变问题进行分析,通过等效变换,将排水板变换为连续的排水墙;同时考虑了模袋的加筋作用以及提高固化土强度的作用,采用土体的硬化模型模拟地基土体的固结过程。文中将计算结果与工程的实际监测数据进行对比,数据吻合较好,说明该理论模型能够较好地模拟工程施工过程中排水板加固软土地基的变形及孔隙水压力变化规律,对类似工程设计施工具有一定的指导意义。     

Vipulanandan model for the rheological properties with ultimate shear stress of oil well cement modified with nanoclay

In this study, the effect of clay nanoparticles (NC) and temperature on the rheological properties with ultimate shear stress and weight loss of the oil well cement (class H) modified with NC was investigated. The NC content was varied between 0 and 1% by the weight of the cement. The total weight loss at 800 °C for the oil well cement decreased from 6.10% to 1.03%, a 83% reduction when the cement was mixed with 1% of NC. The results also showed that 1% of NC increased the rheological properties of the cement slurry. The NC modification increased the yield stress (τ_o) and plastic viscosity (PV) by 5%–65% and 3%–16% respectively based on the NC content and the temperature of the cement slurry. The shear thinning behavior of the cement slurry with and without NC has been quantified using the Vipulanandan rheological model and compared with the Herschel-Bulkley model. The Vipulanandan rheological model has a maximum shear stress limit were as the Herschel-Bulkley model did not have a limit on the maximum shear stress. Based on the Vipulanandan rheological model the maximum shear stress produced by the 0% and 1% of NC at the temperature of 25 °C were 102 Pa and 117 Pa respectively hence an increase of 15% in the ultimate shear stress due to the addition of NC. The addition of 1% of NC increased the compressive strength of the cement by 12% and 43% after 1 day and 28 days of curing respectively. The modulus of elasticity of the cement increased with the additional of 1% NC by 6% and 76% after 1 day and 28 days of curing respectively. Effects of NC content and the temperature on the model parameters have been quantified using a nonlinear model (NLM). The NLM quantified the effect of NC treatment on all the model parameters.     

Vipulanandan models to predict the electrical resistivity,rheological properties and compressive stress-strain behavior of oil well cement modified with silica nanoparticles

In this study, the effect of silica nanoparticles (NS) and temperature on the rheological properties with ultimate shear stress and weight loss of the oil well cement (class H) modified with NS were investigated. The NS content was varied up to 1% by the weight of the cement. The total weight loss at 800?°C for the oil well cement decreased from 6.10% to 1.05%, a 83% reduction when the cement was mixed with 1% of NS. The results also showed that 1% of NS increased the rheological properties of the cement slurry. The NS modification increased the yield stress (τ_o) and by 5% to 65% based on the NS content and the temperature of the cement slurry. The addition of 0.5% and 1% NanoSiO₂ increased the initial electrical resistivity of the cement by 17% and 35% respectively. The shear thinning behavior of the cement slurry with and without NS has been quantified using the Vipulanandan rheological model and compared with the Herschel-Bulkley model. Based on the Vipulanandan rheological model the maximum shear stress produced by the cement slurry modified with 0% and 1% of NS at the temperature of 25?°C were 148?Pa and 179?Pa respectively hence an increase of 21% in the ultimate shear stress due to the addition of NS. The addition of 1% of NS increased the compressive strength of the cement by 14% and 42% after 1?day and 28?days of curing respectively. Effects of NS content and the temperature on the model parameters have been quantified using a nonlinear model (NLM). The NLM quantified the effect of NS treatment on all the model parameters.     

植物油脂脱色废白土复合改性沥青的研究

废白土作为油脂加工中脱色吸附后的工业废料,含有20%～40%的植物油脂和白土资源,如果得不到有效的处理利用,会污染环境,浪费资源。研究了废白土复合SBS改性沥青性能及其混合料中的应用。结果表明:废白土在SBS改性沥青中能明显的提高其软化点和老化前后的延度,改善性能较好。5%的废白土对沥青混合料性能变化不大,基质沥青混合料的动稳定度有所提高。     

土壤中分段石油烃热脱附行为研究

采用管式炉模拟土壤中石油烃热脱附过程,考察了加热温度、保持时间以及负压条件对土壤中分段石油烃热脱附过程的影响,为实际石油烃污染土壤修复工作提供理论依据。结果表明：提高加热温度、延长保持时间以及提供负压条件均对提高土壤中总石油烃去除率产生积极作用;常压下,在250℃保持2 h与300℃保持1 h的条件下,土壤中总石油烃去除率均达到97%以上,总石油烃残留量低于GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中第一类用地风险筛选值;当温度为150℃时,土壤中C₁₀～C₁₆,C₁₇～C₂₈,C₂₉～C₄₀段石油烃组分在1 h内的去除率均低于40%;当温度高于250℃时,土壤中C₁₀～C₁₆和C₁₇～C₂₈段的石油烃组分可被快速有效去除;C₂₉～C₄₀段石油烃组分受加热温度和保持时间变化影响明显,因此提高重质石油...     

土壤中石油类污染物的自然降解

简述了土壤中石油类污染物的来源及危害。讨论了土壤中石油类污染物的自然生物降解和光降解,分别介绍了降解微生物的种类及其对饱和烃和芳香烃的降解机理,并分析了石油的化学组成及土壤中微生物数量、营养物质、供氧量、温度、湿度、pH值等主要因素对石油降解效率的影响。同时探讨了土壤中石油类污染物降解后对环境的影响。     

部分醇解聚醋酸乙烯酯降失水性能研究

采用部分醇解聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)的方法制备了油井水泥降失水剂。考察了醇解度对水泥浆性能的影响。室内评价结果表明:当加入2.5％(干水泥重)醇解度为80％的PVAc后,水泥浆的API失水量由原浆的1270ml/7MPa×75℃×30min降至41ml耐温可达75℃。同时,它还能改善水泥浆的流动性能和水泥石的抗压强度。还对产品的降失水作用机理进行了分析。     

3种草本凋落物混用强化修复石油污染土壤的效果

为明确凋落物混用对修复油污土壤效果的影响,以含石油质量分数15 g/kg的污染土壤为研究对象,分别加入质量分数2%的单种凋落物(胡枝子、铁杆蒿、黄蒿的凋落物)及3种凋落物的混合物(质量比为1∶1∶1),在室温(20~25 ℃)、恒湿(饱和水质量分数50%)的条件下进行150 d的修复模拟实验。基于单种凋落物的处理结果及其在混合物中所占比例,计算混合物处理后污染物降解率以及土壤生化指标的理论预测值,并与实测值进行比较,以研究凋落物混用对土壤石油污染修复效果的影响。结果表明：凋落物混用强化了凋落物对土壤石油污染物的降解效果,使石油降解率比对应预测值提高了12.16%,其中饱和烃、芳香烃和非烃物质的降解率比对应预测值分别提高了14.43%、9.24%和10.52%;凋落物混用强化了凋落物对土壤漆酶和过氧化氢酶活性的刺激作用,但同时削弱了其对木质素过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性的刺激作用,对土壤硝态氮的补充效果以及对土壤的酸化效应。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum polluted soil

An experimental study of the rhizosphere effect on phytoremediation of petroleum polluted soil was carried out with three species of grasses, namely Pannicum, Eleusine indica （L.） Gaerth, and Tall Fescue. After a period of 150 days, this pot experiment showed that the rhizosphere of these three species accelerated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons to different extents. The results showed that the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere increased by three orders of magnitude. The induction of the plant rhizosphere and the coercion influence of petroleum changed the species and activity of microorganisms. The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere was 3-4 times that in unplanted soil. The dehydrogenase activity in the rhizosphere was 1.61-2.20 times that in unplanted soil, but the catalase activity was 0.90-0.93 times that in unplanted soil, and soil moisture content increased by 5% compared with the unplanted soil.     

高水速凝材料用于石油工程的室内研究

高水材料是一种能够在高水灰比 2.0~3.0情况下迅速凝固,并形成具有一定强度水泥石的无机胶凝材料。测试了普通高水材料与石油工程有关的性能。首次对高水材料在石油工程上应用的可行性进行了分析。研制了适合石油工程使用的高水材料,这种材料配制的水泥浆密度可达 1.2~1.3g/cm3,2 4h强度达 3.0MPa,稠化时间可调整到 2 0 0~4 0 0min,可用于低压和易破裂地层固井。同时还可用于MTC技术和废弃钻井液的固化,由于流动时稠化时间长,静止时迅速凝固,因此,可用于堵漏和堵水;在控制粉磨粒径的基础上还可用于防砂。     

秸秆与微生物协同修复石油污染土壤

选择小麦秸秆协同Alcaligenes spJ 1和 Arthrobacter spJ 2混合菌进行石油污染土壤修复,研究秸秆与微生物协同修复石油污染土壤的效果。设计腐解实验,考察秸秆腐解对微生物吸附的影响;设置秸秆固定化微生物（IMM）、秸秆 游离菌（STM）2组修复实验,以游离菌（CP）为对照,考察秸秆、微生物的2种协同修复方式IMM、STM对石油污染土壤修复效果的不同和秸秆腐解的差异。结果表明,随着秸秆腐解程度的加剧,秸秆对微生物的吸附性能变差,可能与腐解过程秸秆的结构变松散有关;IMM组石油烃降解率较高,秸秆腐解较快,比STM组石油烃降解率高10%,腐殖酸质量分数多30 g/kg;石油烃降解率与腐殖酸含量的相关关系比较显著,相关系数为0906;IMM对土壤的修复效果更好。     

我国油气勘探开发中粘土矿物研究的现状及建议

粘土矿物研究与油气勘探开发各阶段的地质与工程研究密切相关，我国油气勘探开发中的粘土矿物研究尚显不足。建议创立油气粘土地地质学和油气粘土工程学，分别研究油气勘探开发过程中与粘土有关的地质和工程问题。     

Application of Hydrogen Peroxide and Fenton as Pre- and Post-treatment Steps for Composting of Bottom Sludge from Crude Oil Storage Tanks

In this research the feasibility of chemical oxidation with H₂O₂ and Fenton's reagent for degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons before and after composting of bottom sludge from crude oil storage tanks was investigated. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbons removal in composting reactor was 80.2%. In chemical oxidation steps, petroleum hydrocarbons removal enhanced with increasing oxidant concentrations. Increasing oxidation time from 24 to 48 h had a little effect on petroleum hydrocarbons removal. The study showed that chemical oxidation as a pre-treatment step was more effective than post-treatment. It was also deduced that petroleum hydrocarbons in the sludge and composted mixture can be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide without adding supplementary iron.     

秸秆载体腐解对微生物修复石油污染的影响

以一种农作物秸秆(简称MG)为载体,采用高效石油烃降解菌群制备固定化微生物,在花盆中模拟石油污染土壤的原位修复。在污染土壤中分别加入秸秆（MG）、游离菌、秸秆（MG）+游离菌、秸秆（MG）固定化微生物,并以只含土著菌的土壤样品为对照,定期测定不同修复方式下土样中石油烃、腐殖质、胡敏酸含量和微生物数量,考察微生物对石油污染土壤的修复作用及MG腐解对修复的影响。结果表明,随着修复的进行, MG在土壤中逐渐腐解,土壤中腐殖质和胡敏酸质量分数明显增高,加入固定化微生物的土样中腐殖质和胡敏酸质量分数增长率最高,分别增加了4458%和3927%;加入固定化微生物的土样修复35 d的石油烃降解率最高,达到4178%,且微生物数量最多,其次为添加MG+游离菌的土样,石油烃降解率为 3175%,均高于只含游离菌土样的石油烃降解率2783%。载体MG腐解产生的腐殖质和胡敏酸对石油污染土壤的修复起到了明显的促进作用。     

C_9水溶性石油树脂减水剂的性能

将乙烯装置副产物C9芳烃馏分、丙烯酸及聚乙二醇与过量马来酐部分酯化物通过自由基溶液共聚,制得了一种新型C9水溶性石油树脂减水剂,并对该减水剂进行了表面性能和分散性能的测试,研究了高效减水剂的作用机理。结果表明,该减水剂可降低水表面张力约22．3％;当掺量达到1．O％时,减水剂在水泥颗粒表面吸附量达到饱和;添加减水剂的水泥净浆pH值的变化表明减水剂延缓了水泥的早期水化,提高了体系的分散性和分散稳定性。水泥净浆流动度试验表明,所制备的减水剂对水泥粒子有较好的分散作用。     

高硫石油焦用作水泥燃料的研究

对炼油厂副产的高硫石油焦用作水泥燃料的方法进行了研究,解决了水泥生产工艺过程中生料的磨碎、成球、燃烧性能、硫的平衡与转化,以及石油焦掺合量等问题,并经工业试生产,结果表明,用高硫石油焦代替部分燃煤,在工艺条件完备的机械化立窑水泥生产线上煅烧水泥熟料是可行的,水泥质量符合国家标准;石油焦中 ８０％ 的硫可以转化为 Ｓ Ｏ３ ,被熟料吸收,且在煅烧过程中起矿化剂作用,少部分硫以 Ｓ Ｏ２ 形式排出窑外。