Prediction of tensile strength of friction stir welded 6061 Al plates

The present paper investigates the prediction of tensile strength after friction stir welding (FSW) using artificial neural network (ANN) in the MATLAB program. The experimental results are used to develop the mathematical model. The combined influence of welding speed, rotation speed, and axial force on the tensile strength of 6061 Al plates is simulated. Results of the tensile test are used to train and test the ANN model. A multi-layer solution is developed using the ANN model to predict tensile strength. Back propagation (BP) method is initially trained using 80% of the experimental data, then, testing is performed with the rest of the data. Results indicate that predicted values are close to the corresponding measured values.     

Effect of Nd and La on surface tension and wettability of Sn-8Zn-3Bi solders

Maximum bubble pressure measurement was employed to evaluate surface tension of Sn-8Zn-3Bi- （0-0.15）Nd and Sn-8Zn-3Bi-（0 -0. 15）La solder melts. Wetting balance method was used to measure wetting force and wetting time on Cu substrate of the two group solders. The experimental results show that minute amount of Nd or La addition to Sn-8Zn-3Bi solder causes significant decrease of the surface tension of the solder melts at 200 - 240 ℃ and Nd addition is more effective on reduction of surface tension than that of La. Nd or La addition has the effect on enhancing the wetting force of the solder melts on Cu substrate, which results from the de- crease of interracial tension between the solder melt and Cu substrate. The wetting force reaches the maximum when 0.1% Nd is added to the base alloy. The contact angle between Sn-8Zn-3Bi base solders and Cu substrate decreases with the addition of Nd or La and the minimum of the contact angle is obtained from the solder with 0.1% Nd addition.     

Effect of temperature field on types and distribution of reinforcing phases in “in-situ” weld-alloying/PAW of SiC_p/6061Al

Based on theories of heat transfer,physical metallurgy and hydro-mechanical,in order to analyze the effect of welding parameters on species and distribution of reinforcing phases visually and legibly,finite element software ANSYS was used to simulate transient temperature field for SiC_p/AI in“in-situ”weld-alloying/plasma arc welding.The results show that the calculated results approximately agreed with the experimental measured results.So the model is basically correct and credible.Based on the numerical solutions and experimental results,effect of temperature field in different welding process parameters(welding current,welding velocity)on species and distribution of reinforcing phases is analyzed.The results show that adjusting and optimizing temperature field appropriately is an effective method to obtain welded joint with better microstructure and property.     

Effect of temperature field on types and distribution of reinforcing phases in ＂in-situ＂ weld-alloying/PAW of SiCp/6061AI

Based on theories of heat transfer, physical metallurgy and hydro-mechanical, in order to analyze the effect of welding parameters on species and distribution of reinforcing phases visually and legibly,finite element software ANSYS was used to simulate transient temperature field for SiCp/AI in ＂in-situ＂ weld-alloying/plasma arc welding. The results show that the calculated results approximately agreed with the experimental measured results. So the model is basically correct and credible., Based on the numerical solutions and experimental results, effect of temperature field in different welding process parameters（welding current, welding velocity） on species and distribution of reinforcing phases is analyzed. The results show that adjusting and optimizing temperature field appropriately is an effective method to obtain welded joint with better microstructure and property.     

Development of micro milling force model and cutting parameter optimization

Taking the minimum chip thickness effect,cutter deflection,and spindle run-out into account,a micro milling force model and a method to determine the optimal micro milling parameters were developed.The micro milling force model was derived as a function of the cutting coefficients and the instantaneous projected cutting area that was determined based on the machining parameters and the rotation trajectory of the cutter edges.When an allowable micro cutter deflection is defined,the maximum allowable cutting force can be determined.The optimal machining parameters can then be computed based on the cutting force model for better machining efficiency and accuracy.To verify the proposed cutting force model and the method to determine the optimal cutting parameters,micro-milling experiments were conducted,and the results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the model and method.     

FE simulation and process analysis on forming of aluminum alloy multi-layer cylinder parts with flow control forming

The aluminum alloy parts used in airbag of car were studied with flow control forming(FCF) method,which was a good way to low forming force and better mechanical properties. The key technology of FCF was the design of control chamber to divide metal flow. So, the design method of FCF was analyzed and two type of control chamber were put forward. According to divisional principle, calculation model of forming force and approximate formula were given. Then forming process of aluminum alloy multi-layer cylinder parts was simulated. The effect of friction factor, die radius and punch velocity on metal flow and forming force was obtained. Finally, the experiment was preformed under the direction of theory and finite element(FE) simulation results. And the qualified parts were manufactured. The simulation data and experimental results show that the forming sequence of inner wall and outer wall, and then the force step, can be controlled by adjusting the process parameters. And the FCF technology proposed has very important application value in precision forging.     

TENSILE STRESS RELAXATION OF TURBINE BOLT STEELS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

Stress relaxation behavior of two turbine bolt steels was evaluated by the manualcontrolled tensile stress relaxation test (TSRT) at high temperature. First, feasibility and the procedure of the manual-controlled tensile stress relaxation test (TSRT) is discussed and carried out on a general creep testing machine. And then, the experimental results from such type of test were compared to the existing data provided by certain Laboratory U.K. Overall good agreement between the results of manualcontrolled TSRT method and the existing data provides confidence in the use of the proposed method in practice. Finally, the experimental results of turbine bolt steels from TSRT were compared with that of bending test. It is observed that great difference exists between the results from two different type stress relaxation tests. It is therefore suggested that the results from TSRT method be adopted in turbine bolt design in engineering.     

Comparative study on evaluation of tendon force for welding distortion prediction in thin plate fabrication*

Tendon force is an essential concept to predict welding distortion such as longitudinal shrinkage and welding induced buckling in thin plate fabrication.In this study,three approaches with experimental,theoretical and computational analysis,are examined to evaluate the magnitude of tendon force.In detail,inherent deformation theory is introduced first,the theoretical analysis to obtain the inherent strain solution is also reviewed;and then analytical solution for tendon force is achieved.Also,the theory of FE analysis for welding is introduced and implemented in a computation to obtain the transient temperature distribution,plastic strain,residual stress and welding distortion in a bead-on-plate welded joint with 2.28 mm in thickness.The longitudinal displacement is employed to evaluate tendon force directly,and these computed inherent strain and inherent stress can also be employed to evaluate tendon force by integration approach later.All the evaluated magnitudes of tendon force have a good agreement with each other.     

COUPLED NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STEEL FLOW AND SOLIDIFICATION IN SOFT-CONTACT BILLET MOLD

A coupled model including electromagnetic field, fluid dynamic, heat transfer and solidification, is developed and applied to the numerical simulation of steel flow and solidification in a 100mm×100mm soft-contact mold. In this study, the 3D finite difference method and non-staggered grid system for fluid flow with body fitted coordinate were employed. Numerical results show that the electromagnetic force mainly affects the steel flow at upper part of mold, especially in the vicinity of meniscus. There exist upward flows covering the surfaces of the billet due to the concentration of electromagnetic force on the upper part of the billet. This flows join together and form a downward flow near the SEN, so a distinct circulating flow zone is formed at upper part of mold. After applying electromagnetic force, the steel velocity is improved and the temperature is raised. The strong stirring of electromagnetic force on liquid steel makes the kinetic energy on free surface increase. It is clearly seen that the     

Optimizing process of laser transmission welding of thermoplastics through RSM*

An experimental investigation on transmission welding of polycarbonate(PC)filled with and without black carbon has been carried out.Furthermore,correlations between the laser transmission welding parameters and output variables are developed by applying response surface methodology(RSM).The process parameters of the model include laser power,welding speed,clamping force and cooling time,the output parameters of the model include maximum tensile load.The design expert v8.05b establishes the design matrix and obtains the regression equation,in order to analyze the influence of the process parameters on the tensile load.The analysis-of-variance(ANOVA)method is used to check the models’adequacy.Results reveal that the measured and calculated results are in good agreement.     

A simulation-based prediction model of the restraining and normal force of draw-beads with a normalization method

This paper proposes a simulation-based prediction model to predict the restraining and normal force of drawbeads for the sheet metal forming process. A reliable prediction model is constructed for the equivalent drawbead by a modified DOE (Design of Experiment) method, which consists of the Box-Behnken design and a simplified full factorial design. To construct prediction models of draw-bead forces, draw-bead forces are first calculated by finite element analysis and confirmed by experiments followed by an approximation with second order regression equations in various design cases. To increase the accuracy of prediction models, normalization of draw-bead forces is conducted based on the effectiveness ratio of design variables in a regression analysis. The normalized draw-bead forces are then approximated by second order regression equations again. The accuracy of the prediction models constructed is verified by comparing the prediction results with the simulation results in the entire design space.     

基于综合设计的覆盖件冲压工艺优化

针对正交实验设计方法的不足,提出结合正交实验设计和响应面模型(等径设计)的综合设计方法.以汽车行李箱盖的冲压拉延过程为例,进行冲压工艺优化设计.选择拉延筋、摩擦系数(凹模与板料、凸模与板料)、压边力、凸凹模间隙、冲压速度为实验的6因素,每个因素选取3水平,以最小减薄率为质量评价标准,进行综合设计,获得了各因素对最大减薄率的影响规律,得到了最优的关键工艺参数.并利用最优值进行了数值模拟仿真,验证了方法的可行性与实用性.     

拉延筋约束阻力的一种解析计算方法

根据虚功原理和对板料在拉延筋处变形的分析,得到平均外力的计算公式,然后参考Levy方法提出了一种计算拉延筋约束阻力的参数拟合公式,并根据试验得到参数值。公式中考虑了材料的各向异性和应变速率敏感性。通过将计算结果与Nine的试验结果进行对比,证明了该计算方法对各种材料的有效性。     

半圆形拉深筋阻力的试验研究

针对理论计算拉深筋阻力的复杂性,提出了一种通过试验方法简便测定拉深筋阻力的方法。利用正交试验法安排试验,完成了整个试验测试,得到了试验所需数据,并采用直观分析法、方差分析法对试验数据作了详尽的分析。     

拉延筋约束阻力的数值模拟研究

在覆盖件的数值模拟中,为提高等效拉延筋的模拟精度,需要建立合理有效的拉延筋约束阻力求解模型。文章根据平面应变假设,建立了合理的数值模拟研究模型。模拟结果表明,弯曲过程中存在鲍辛格效应和加工硬化等现象。将该模型提取的拉延筋阻力曲线用于模拟软件,模拟结果与真实拉延筋模拟结果及物理实验进行比较,验证了该模型的合理性与有效性。该模型为研究拉延筋约束阻力提供了一种有效可行方案。     

An analysis of drawbead restraining force in the stamping process

A theoretical model based on the virtual work principle was proposed to calculate the restraining force produced by the drawbead located on a stamping die surface. In the theoretical model the deformation of the sheet metal drawn over the groove shoulder or bead is assumed to be subjected to bending, sliding and unbending processes, and only the sliding process is responsible for the frictional force. The governing equations derived from the theoretical model were solved by a numerical procedure. In order to validate the proposed model, the finite element simulations were also performed to calculate the drawbead restraining forces for various steels. The simulated results together with the experimental data obtained from the published literature were compared with the predicted values calculated by using the numerical procedure. The good agreement between the simulated results, experimental data and the calculated values justifies the proposed theoretical model.     

Numerical simulation of transient welding angular distortion with external restraints

Abstract

A multibody coupling finite element model, in which worktable, clamping strip, welding plate and fixture are included, is built to simulate the welding transient distortions under restraining forces. Overlaying welding experiments are also carried out to measure transient welding distortions and dynamic restraining forces to validate the model. The effects of the restraining force location and magnitude, release of restraining force and restraining moment on welding distortion are discussed. Results show that the variation of the restraining force is similar to that of the welding angular distortion during welding, and the minimum initial restraining force for a specified restraining location and the appropriate restraining distance from welding centreline for a specified restraining force to restrain the welding angular distortion can be optimised using the model. However, the welding plate would spring back to some extent after the restraining force release. The restraining moment plays an important role in controlling the welding angular distortion under the same welding parameters, the angular distortion almost the same with the same restraining moment no matter the location and magnitude of the restraining force, the angular distortion decreases rapidly with increasing restraining moment, the distortion before restraining force release can be fully restrained and the values of spring back keep almost the same when the restraining moment is larger than a threshold.     

半圆形拉深筋尺寸参数对其阻力的影响

通过数值模拟和实验相结合的方法 ,研究了半圆形拉深筋的高度、圆角半径等参数对拉深筋阻力的影响 ,分析了不同尺寸参数下拉深筋阻力的构成特点。研究表明 ,拉深筋高度和拉深筋圆角半径对阻力均有显著的影响。其中拉深筋高度与阻力之间存在较好的线性关系 ,是控制拉深筋阻力的首选参数。拉深筋的高度变化主要影响拉深筋的摩擦阻力 ,而圆角半径主要影响局部圆角的变形阻力。最后在实验和分析的基础上 ,给出了半圆形拉深筋的设计调整原则     

基于RSM与GA的汽车后备箱盖板成形工艺参数多目标优化

针对某车型的后备箱盖板拉延成形时出现的破裂和起皱现象,首先,基于DYNAFORM建立后备箱盖板的有限元模型;其次,探究压边力x1、拉延筋1的阻力x2和拉延筋2的阻力x3对后备箱盖板拉延成形的综合影响,建立中心复合试验设计(CCD)方案,通过中心复合试验设计方案构建了影响成形的工艺参数的二阶响应面法(RSM)模型,以板料的最大减薄率y1和最大成形力y2为优化目标,建立多目标优化函数;运用改良型的遗传算法(GA)进行模型寻优,获得影响后备箱盖板成形的最佳工艺参数组合,即x1=520.05 kN,x2=80.03 N·mm,x3=82.18 N·mm;最后,对最佳工艺参数组合进行试验验证,试验结果表明,提出的方法可有效地提高汽车后备箱盖板的成形质量,同时对类似覆盖件的成形质量控制具有一定的指导意义。     

一种考虑包辛格效应的等效拉深筋模型

基于Voce各向同性硬化模型和Armstrong-Frederic随动硬化模型,建立了一个考虑包辛格效应影响的混合硬化模型,并通过CR4钢板的拉压循环实验验证了该混合硬化模型的准确性。将该混合硬化模型引入Stoughton等效拉深筋阻力模型,替换原有的各向同性硬化模型,考虑包辛格效应的影响对该等效拉深筋阻力模型进行了改进。利用专门设计的拉深筋阻力测定装置,针对矩形拉深筋和半圆形拉深筋,分别获取了不同几何结构参数下的拉深筋阻力,经实验验证,改进后的等效拉深筋模型能够有效地提高拉深筋阻力的计算精度。