苏联新能源利用一瞥

苏联一次能源储量很大,天然燃料大量出口,但仍注意利用新能源,把广泛开发新能源列入其电力工业长期发展计划。新能源的开发是在苏国家科委指导下进行的,电力和电气化部的G.M.科尔兹日哈诺夫斯基国家能源研究所是新能源研究的主要机构。根据国家能源计划,1990年全苏新能源利用总量将相当于400万吨等效燃料,其中太阳能利用量相当于120万吨,地热能110万吨,生     

农村推广应用商品灶势在必行

农村推广应用商品灶势在必行中国农村能源行业协会节能炉具专业委员会郝芳洲我国年产农作物秸秆近六亿吨，折２．８亿吨标准煤。除了作为轻工业原料、饲料和肥料之外，主要就是农民的生活燃料。近几年商品能源（主要是煤）的供应在农村虽呈上升趋势，但生物质能在农村生活...     

我国生物质能产业将走出高质量发展之路

<正>6月1日,国家发展改革委、国家能源局等9部委联合印发《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》（简称《规划》）提出,到“2025年太阳能热利用、地热能供暖、生物质供热、生物质燃料等非电利用规模达到6000万吨标准煤以上。”这是《规划》所定目标之一,其他三个目标（总量目标、发电目标、消纳目标）也都有生物质能的内容。毋庸置疑,生物质能源是可再生能源的重要组成部分。在此之前,5月10日,国家发展改革委印发的《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》中指出,“积极推进先进生物燃料在市政、交通等重点领域替代推广应用,推动化石能源向绿色低碳可再生能源转型。”“中国产业促进会生物能产业分会近日发布的蓝皮书显示,目前我国主要生物质资源年产量约为34.94亿吨,生物质资源能源化利用量约为4.61亿吨,实现碳减排约为2.18亿吨。”中国产业发展促进会副秘书长兼生物质能分会秘书长张大勇介绍说,     

试论燃料经营管理的节能潜力

全省能源工作会议确定,1987年浙江节能目标任务是:综合节能率要求达到2.5％;万元工业产值能耗要求达到2.31吨标煤,比1986年下降2.9％,全省计划节约标煤50万吨。燃料,是我省目前的主要能源。搞好燃料的管理与节约,是节能工作中一项十分重     

美国启动“21世纪梦想”能源计划

这项“2 1世纪梦想”能源计划的目标,是设计新一代接近零排放污染的化石燃料能源设施。这些装置将组合诸如煤炭气化和燃料电池之类的技术,生产电力,并且可生产辅助产品,如运输燃料和化学原料。煤炭将是美国未来主要的能源,美国有2 5 0 0亿吨以上的煤炭储量,充裕的煤炭可供使用2 5 0年。美国发电量5 0 %以上来自煤炭,到2 0 2 0年所占比例将稍有下降,但是美国利用煤炭生产的电力预计将增长2 5 % ,将从现在1 97万亿kWh增加到2 4 7万亿kWh。“2 1世纪梦想”能源计划的环境概念将包括消减传统的污染物:S和NOx、汞、颗粒物质以及液态和固态废物…     

供热、空调系统中热能利用率分析—兼论煤气机热泵对热能利用的有利因素

一 引言 能源是人类赖以生存的物质基础,目前利用的天然能源有:太阳能、风能、水能、海洋潮汐能、地热能、燃料(燃、石油、天然气等)化学能及原子核能等。但就目前科学技术水平而论,在消耗的天然能源中主要仍以燃、石油、天然气等常规能源为主。以1979年为例:世界天然能源的消耗量为87.55亿吨标准煤,其中石油及天然气占65.1％,煤占32％,水电及核电占2.9％。由此可见,煤、石油及天然气等燃料的消耗在能源供应中所占的地位。根据目前已探明的石油及煤的藏量估计,石油可开采30年,煤尚可开采200年。     

WNS系列0.5～10t／h全自动燃油锅炉的研制与开发

在国外·油是工业锅炉的主要燃料·由于油的低位发热量一般为39179～45998kJ／kg，是煤的1．5～3倍，且它比煤容易着火．灰份极低．容易燃烧完全．容易实现自动化。因此，国外燃油（气）锅炉十分普及．美国、日本等经济发达国家所占的比例都在95％以上。在我国，已初步查明煤炭资源达4万亿吨，在世界主要产煤国中已跃居前列。因此，由于我国的资源特点和经济发展水平决定了长期以来工业锅炉的燃料政策是以煤为主的，燃油锅炉发展缓慢。我国燃煤工业锅炉年耗煤量约3．5乙吨．约占全国原煤产量的三分之一，每年排放烟尘800～10OO万吨．SO2的…     

信息之窗

信息之窗柴油机最有希望的代用燃料──菜子油随着世界经济的发展，能源需求量与能源短缺和能源分布不平衡的矛盾日益突出。内燃机是石油燃料的消耗大户，故为内燃机寻找代用燃料的研究迫在眉睫。非石油系液体燃料主要包括醇类燃料（甲醇、乙醇等）和各种植物油燃料（菜子...     

钍资源开发意义重大钍产业发展事在必行——内蒙古钍资源开发之我见

大力发展核电是我国的既定方针，而核燃料短缺又是我国核电发展的最大挑战。科学研究和最新技术研发成果表明，钍可部分代替铀作为核燃料。而在内蒙古包头市已确知的钍资源就有28．63万吨。若每年开发、分离出3000吨的钍并就地制成钍一铀混合燃料，按照目前铀燃料的价格，其产值将超过100亿元，价值超过7亿吨煤炭。发展钍产业，内蒙古资源独具、条件优越，应予高度重视，积极推动。     

2002年(1～6期)总目次

·政策与管理·适应形势强化管理大力实施生态家园富民计划１－（１）“十五”国家高新技术研究发展（“８６３”）计划中的可再生能源技术研究１－（４）２００２年农村可再生能源工作要点２－（１）“十五”８６３计划及后续能源技术主题工作简介３－（１）把最好的技术送到农村把最好的产品交给农民３－（３）与建筑结合———太阳能热水器应用的重大领域４－（１）加快实施我国小水电代燃料生态保护工程５－（１）辽宁省开展农村能源职业技能培训５－（２）推进五个转变抓好三项任务开创农业生态环境与可再生能源建设工作新局面６－（１…     

火电厂节能工作浅析

本文探讨了火电厂节能基本程序和工作方法,分析节能工作要从基础工作、技术创新、设备整治、燃烧管理等方面入手的论述.     

浅析磨合期汽车的使用

如何合理使用磨合期的汽车，使其摩擦机件的磨损量能够平稳、均匀地磨合而不至于过度磨损，对汽车实际使用寿命有着重要的意义。从机器磨合期的特点和磨损机理出发，对汽车磨合期如何正确使用进行了有实际意义的探讨。     

Geothermal energy in agriculture in Yugoslavia

SFR Yugoslavia has natural hot water springs practically all over its territory, indicating the presence of geothermal reservoirs underground. There is no final estimate of how much energy can be expected from this new resource, except for figures based on the results of studies and investigations.The first use of geothermal energy in Yugoslavia in numerous spas dates back to the 19th century. Some remarkable examples of central heating are known, but the most widespread use is in agriculture (in greenhouse heating, farm heating and drying of agricultural products).     

Energy conservation measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in Australia

In this study, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems for a four-storied institutional building in sub-tropical (hot and humid climate) Queensland, Australia are evaluated using the simulation software called DesignBuilder (DB). Base case scenario of energy consumption profiles of existing systems are analysed and simulated first then, the simulated results are verified by on-site measured data. Three categories of ECMs, namely major investment ECMs (variable air volume (VAV) systems against constant air volume (CAV); and low coefficient of performance (COP) chillers against high COP chillers); minor investment ECMs (photo electric dimming control system against general lighting, and double glazed low emittance windows against single-glazed windows) and zero investment ECMs (reset heating and cooling set point temperatures) are evaluated. It is found that the building considered in this study can save up to 41.87% energy without compromising occupancies thermal comfort by implementing the above mentioned ECMs into the existing system.     

Leading-edge Technologies in Hydropower Development in China

After the implementation of the Reform and Opening-up Policy for a period of 40 years, the exploitation of China’s hydropower resources developed significantly. Through vast amounts of scientific and technological research and construction practices, China has accumulated abundant engineering experience with respect to the construction technologies required for 300-meter-high concrete arch dams, 200-meter-high roller-compacted concrete gravity dams, 200-meter-high concrete face rockfill dams, and 250-meter-high earth core rockfill dams, large-flow discharge and energy dissipation, huge underground cavern group constructions, complicated foundation treatments for high earth and rockfill dams and high and steep slope reinforcements. These series of technologies have now reached an international leading level. In the near future, these technical improvements will likely have broader application prospects and make greater contributions toward hydropower development both in China and across the world.     

Uncertainties in decarbonising heat in the UK

Heating is arguably one of the most difficult sectors to decarbonise in the UK's energy system. Meeting the 80% greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 is likely to require that heat related emissions of CO₂ from buildings are near zero by 2050, and there is a 70% reduction in emissions from industry (from 1990 levels). Though it is clear that the use of the natural gas network will reduce over time, recent modelling suggests a limited residual role for gas by 2050 to help meet peaks in heat demand. High levels of uncertainty about the way in which heat will be decarbonised present a number of challenges to policy makers. This paper will explore the risks and uncertainties associated with the transition to a low carbon heat system in the UK as outlined by the 4th carbon budget review. The potential impact of key uncertainties on the levelised costs of heat technologies and the development of energy networks are explored using a sensitivity analysis approach. Policy changes required to decarbonise the heat sector are also examined.     

Viscous heating in liquid flows in micro-channels

Many experimental works on forced convection through micro-channels evidenced that when the hydraulic diameter is less than 1 mm, conventional theory can no longer be considered as suitable to predict the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficients. This conclusion seemed valid for both gas and liquid flows. Sometimes the authors justified this claim by invoking “new” micro-effects. On the contrary, in this paper the explanation of the experimental results obtained for micro-channels in terms of friction factors will be researched inside the conventional theory (Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, this paper will focus on the role of viscous heating in fluids flowing through micro-channels. A criterion will be presented to draw the limit of significance for viscous dissipation effects in micro-channel flows. The role of the cross-sectional geometry on viscous dissipation will be highlighted and the minimum Reynolds number for which viscous dissipation effects can no longer be neglected will be calculated as a function of the hydraulic diameter and of the micro-channel geometry for different fluids. It will be demonstrated how viscous effects can explain some experimental results on the Poiseuille numbers in micro-channels, which recently appeared in the open literature.     

Solar drying in sludge management in Turkey

Two main wastewater treatment plants in Bursa city in Turkey will start to operate and produce at least 27,000 tons of dry solids per year by the end of 2006. The purpose of this study was to investigate an economical solution to the sludge management problem that Bursa city would encounter. The general trend in Turkey is mechanical dewatering to obtain a dry solid (DS) content of 20%, and liming the mechanically dewatered sludge to reach the legal landfilling requirement, 35% DS content. This study recommends limited liming & solar drying as an alternative to only-liming the mechanically dewatered sludge. Open and covered solar sludge drying plants were constructed in pilot scale for experimental purposes. Dry solids and climatic conditions were constantly measured. Faecal coliform reduction was also monitored. The specially designed covered solar drying plant proved to be more efficient than the open plant in terms of drying and faecal coliform reduction. It was found that, if the limited liming & solar drying method was applied after mechanical dewatering instead of only-liming method, the total amount of the sludge to be disposed would be reduced by approximately 40%. This would lead to a reduction in the transportation, handling, and landfilling costs. The covered drying system would amortize itself in 4 years.     

Electoral cycles in electricity losses in India

A third of electricity in India is lost each year, where losses refer to power that is supplied but not billed. Utilizing data from the power corporation of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state, we study the politics of electricity losses. Examining annual data over four decades, we document that UP's electricity losses tend to increase in periods immediately prior to state assembly elections. Drawing upon geographically disaggregated data for the period 2000–09, we observe higher line losses just prior to the 2002 and 2007 state elections. Our analysis shows that the incumbent party was more likely to retain the assembly seat as line losses in the locality increased. We interpret these results as corroboration that political parties deliberately redirect electricity to flat rate and unbilled users in a context of chronically inadequate supply. Political factors appear to affect line losses in ways that technical and economic factors alone cannot explain.