Steel casting by diffusion solidification

A new process for casting and welding carbon steels is described in which carbon diffuses isothermally or adiabatically within an intimate mixture of solid low carbon steel and high carbon liquid iron to effect solidification and subsequent homogenization with respect to carbon. Advantages over conventional casting processes and products result from 1) 150 to 200‡C lower casting temperature; 2) reduced solidification shrinkage, obviating the need for risers in most cases; and 3) more rapid solidification, especially for castings with large ratios of volume to area. In its most versatile form the process involves low pressure forced infiltration of a mold filled with preheated spherical low carbon steel particles by a higher-carbon liquid. The process can reliably produce castings with greater than 99 pct of theoretical density; solidification times typically range from a few seconds to several minutes; and tensile strengths as high as 185 ksi with 15 pct reduction of area to break have been attained. The ductility of such castings is approximately one order of magnitude more sensitive to total oxygen content than the ductility of wrought steels, probably because of cavitation nucleated by oxides during solidification of the pools of liquid trapped between the shot particles. An analysis of the kinetics of the infiltration and solidification is per-formed for steel casting by diffusion of carbon, manganese or heat in iron. The iron-carbon system is most tractable; steel casting by thermal diffusion has also been demonstrated but no attempt was made to test the iron-manganese system. GEORGE LANGFORD, formerly with the Monsanto Triangle Park Development Center, Inc.     

Q345钢宽板坯连铸凝固末端位置的研究

根据武汉钢铁集团鄂城钢铁有限责任公司Q345钢宽板坯实际生产条件,建立宽板坯凝固传热数学模型来确定其凝固末端位置,并采用射钉法验证及修正.结果表明:射钉试验测量结果与凝固传热数学模型结果误差在±1.3％以内,模型计算结果能真实反映此钢种宽板坯凝固末端位置.在典型拉速1.15 m/min下,200 mm厚宽板坯两相区位于距结晶器液面13.32～20.95 m处;在典型拉速0.95 m/min下,250 mm厚宽板坯两相区位于距结晶器液面16.16～23.45m处;在典型拉速0.80 m/min下,300mm厚宽板坯两相区位于距结晶器液面19.34～27.65m处.不同拉速及铸坯厚度下,凝固末端位置差别较大.采用优化的轻压下技术后,Q345宽板坯中心偏析Ⅰ级内平均合格率由85.4％提高到99.5％.     

Numerical simulation of solidification in an aluminum casting

This work describes the computer simulation of the solidification pattern in an aluminum casting. The Finite Element Method (FEM), adopting nonmoving mesh, was used to calculate the transient thermal field during phase transition. Integral averaging techniques were employed to calculate both the nonlinear heat conductionK(T) and specific heatC _p (T) functions for the elements of the domain; a temperature dependent functionC _p (T) accounts for the energy of the phase change. A complete computer program, with pre- and postprocessors, for Computer Aided Design of castings is also presented. Anad hoc experiment has been performed to verify the accuracy of numerical results.     

Isothermal solidification kinetics of diffusion brazing

Diffusion brazing (DB) is a process that produces interface-free joints that approach the bulk properties of the material that is to be joined. Solid-state diffusion of the melting point depressant (MPD) element into the joint metal causes the solid/liquid (S/L) interface to advance until the joint is solidified. The time required to complete this isothermal solidification stage was modeled using a moving boundary analysis. Precision measurements of the interlayer width as a function of time were made on the copper-silver system. The bonding apparatus consisted of a suspended load feedback system that prevented leakage of joint metal due to extrusion or surface wetting, thus preserving mass balance. The interlayer width vs bonding time measurements obtained were found to be within a factor of 4 of the theoretical model. The difference was ascribed to the difficulty in accurately measuring the actual liquid width and loss of silver due to vaporization. Large spherical protrusions grow during bonding, which further roughens the interface. However, experimental and predicted concentration profiles of silver were found to be in complete agreement. As the liquid remaining in the grain boundary grooves is diffused away, porosity can develop due to volume changes. By holding the joint at temperature for extended periods, complete solidification followed by homogenization will occur. Selecting the appropriate bonding temperature to achieve a specified maximum concentration of braze metal at the joint is dependent on both the isothermal solidification and homogenization kinetics.     

水平连铸圆坯凝固及铸坯质量的研究

以水平连铸圆坯连铸生产工艺为研究对象,通过射钉实验并采用Fluent数值模拟软件建立凝固传热模型,研究了在不同工艺条件下圆坯结晶器内的温度场分布与凝固传热过程,并对铸坯质量进行了相关的检测分析.通过本研究进一步明确了结晶器内钢液的温度场分布,及不同拉坯工艺对结晶器内钢液温度场变化的影响.结果表明:通过射钉实验并采用Fluent数值模拟软件建立凝固传热模型,可以有效分析水平连铸钢液的凝固传热过程,对改善钢水质量有积极作用.     

高拉速下凝固进程的试验测量与模型预测

 根据京唐高拉速试验特点,结合板坯连铸机设备和洁净钢连铸工艺特点和要求,建立连铸板坯凝固传热模型并结合射钉法测量综合预测了1.9～2.4 m/min高拉速条件下铸坯的凝固坯壳厚度和凝固终点位置。综合研究表明,结合射钉试验和数值模拟能更精确跟踪铸坯的凝固进程,为高拉速试验提供准确的凝固信息,并能为评价连铸机综合冷却能力、优化二冷制度和轻压下工艺提供合理的参考信息。     

A local analysis of solidification in horizontal continuous casting

Quasi-steady solidification near origin of strand. Analytical solution of heat diffusion equation in solid subject to boundary conditions at solidification front and at mould. Stability of solutions. Two-phase region (mushy-zone) in alloy casting.     

Efficient estimation of diffusion during dendritic solidification

A very efficient finite difference method has been developed to estimate the solute redistribution during solidification with diffusion in the solid. This method is validated by comparing our computed results to the results of an analytical solution derived by Kobayashi^[4] for the as-sumptions of a constant diffusion coefficient, a constant equilibrium partition ratio, and a par-abolic rate of the advancement of the solid/liquid interface. The flexibility of our method is demonstrated by applying it to the dendritic solidification of a Pb-15 wt pct Sn alloy, for which the equilibrium partition ratio and diffusion coefficient vary substantially during solidification. The fraction eutectic at the end of solidification is also obtained by estimating the fraction solid, in greater resolution, where the concentration of solute in the interdendritic liquid reaches the eutectic composition of the alloy. TURBO PASCAL is a trademark of Borland International, Scotts Valley, CA. IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY.     

连铸板坯凝固末端大压下改善铸坯内部质量

探讨了单对辊凝固末端大压下对连铸板坯内部质量的影响。研究中,分析检测了不同拉速条件下Q345D连铸坯低倍组织特征,并对铸坯中心疏松进行了定量测量。结果表明,采用大压下能够有效改善连铸坯的内部质量。拉速为0.70 m/min时,大压下15 mm相比轻压下时铸坯在宽度1/2位置、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积均明显降低。轻压下时铸坯宽度1/2、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积分别为1.73×10-7、2.68×10-7 cm3/g;大压下15 mm时铸坯宽度1/2、1/4位置处的中心疏松体积分别为5.33×10-8、-1.84×10-8cm3/g。轻压下、大压下15 mm时连铸坯中心碳偏析均较轻,但后者相对稍重,最大值分别为1.176、1.282;轻压下与大压下条件下,铸坯宽度1/4位置中心碳偏析均高于宽度1/2位置。特别地,大压下15 mm时,铸坯宽度1/2位置、1/4位置处,连铸坯中心靠外弧侧出现负偏析,最大负偏析值为0.916。     

Experimental investigation on solidification of GCr15 bearing steel by the simulated continuous casting

ABSTRACT

An experimental apparatus for simulation of continuous casting process of GCr15 bearing steel billet is established. With the apparatus, the billets of diameter 140?mm are casted in various superheats and cooling conditions. The solidification macrostructure, dendrite morphology, segregation and carbide are investigated. It is shown that melting superheats and cooling conditions remarkably influence the microstructure and solute segregation. It is found that the secondary dendrite arm spacing of the steel increases with the increase of the superheat temperature, and with decrease of the cooling rate. Lower superheat with higher cooling rate promotes the refining of the microstructure. Refining equiaxed grains structure in the centre of the billet leads to lower segregation of carbon. Furthermore, with increasing cooling rates, the spacing of the pearlite laminar is refined and the precipitation of proeutectic carbides is suppressed.     

The use of general purpose software in casting solidification simulation

Computer simulation of casting solidification has been developed to a degree that allows its use in industrial applications. This has been accomplished through the use of numerical techniques, the high speed digital computer, and development of procedures which eliminate previous assumptions of temperature-independent thermal properties, zero melt superheat, and intimate contact at all interfaces. However, for computer simulation to be a useful, economic tool, the manpower required to prepare a problem for the computer and to analyze the results must be minimized. These can be achieved by including in the programmatic goals of the project the use of generalized computer programs, simple data input, and easy-to-analyze computer output. One means of accomplishing this involves the use of general purpose heat transfer programs, preprocessing computer programs to aid in data input and color microfilm output. Such a procedure is described in this paper using a copper, flanged-barrel casting problem to demonstrate the versatility and ease-of-data analysis possible with this approach. This work was performed under the auspices of the USERDA.     

连铸板坯凝固传热过程的计算机模拟

建立了板坯连铸的凝固传热数学模型，充分考虑了弧形铸坯的几何特点，采用有限单元法求解控制方程。通过变参数φ来考虑铸坯内钢水和两相糊状区的导热系数，计算了参数φ、结晶热通量、拉速和二冷强度对铸坯表面温度和坯壳厚度的影响。结果表明，模型的准确性得到提高，拉速对固液界面有明显影响，二冷强度对铸坯表面温度影响非常大。     

铝合金铸件定向凝固过程的数值模拟

为了研究铝合金定向凝固组织的变化规律,采用有限元软件ProCAST对Al Si Cu合金定向凝固过程进行模拟,分析了不同浇注温度和抽拉速率对铸件定向凝固过程中的温度梯度、固液界面前沿、糊状区宽度、枝晶生长速率和二次枝晶臂间距的影响。结果表明,当浇注温度越高时,温度梯度越大,而固液界面前沿下凹越小,糊状区宽度也越窄,从而越有利于顺序凝固的发生;随着抽拉速率的增大,枝晶生长速率先增大后减小,当抽拉速率为200 μm/s时,最大生长速度达到0.093 mm/s,铸件凝固组织最佳;当抽拉速率大于300或小于200 μm/s时,都会导致枝晶生长速率缓慢,枝晶生长不平稳,二次枝晶臂粗大。对模拟得到较优的工艺参数进行试验验证,可以制备出具有较好力学性能的铸件。     

High-speed temperature measurements during rapid solidification of iron-silicon ribbons,produced by planar flow casting

In order to investigate the melt undercooling and the non-equilibrium solidification of crystalline Fe 5 wt.% Si melt spun ribbons, produced by planar flow casting (PFC), high speed temperature measurements and appropriate process simulations have been performed. Using a rotating fibre optical system with a fast response double pyrometer, the temperature radiation of the solidifying ribbon during the casting process has been recorded with a measuring frequency of 50 kHz. The obtained cooling curves have been interpreted by computer simulations. It is shown that with increasing wheel temperature the overall cooling becomes more efficient. This is caused by an improved wetting behaviour of the melt-wheel system and an increase in the heat transfer coefficient at the interface of the solidifying ribbon and the wheel from 6 · 10⁴ to about 2 · 10⁵ W/(m²K). The solidification of 100 to 200 μm thick ribbons takes place in a time interval of 2 to 5 ms. The average growth rate varies between 10 and 60 mm/s. The high cooling rate results in a fine dendritic solidification morphology with diminishing microsegregations.     

莱钢连铸20CrMnTiH钢非金属夹杂物研究

利用大样电解法、LEO-1450型能谱分析仪和NEOPHOT-32型金相显微镜对连铸生产的20CrMnTiH钢中非金属夹杂物的种类、含量、来源、形状、尺寸及分布等进行了研究。结果表明,精炼前夹杂物数量多,颗粒较大,类型主要为硅钙、硅锰酸盐等;中间包中主要为硅酸盐类型的球形和玻璃状夹杂物;铸坯中主要为硅铝酸盐球形夹杂物。经LF精炼后,非金属夹杂物去除率可达99％以上。     

基于无网格伽辽金法的连铸坯凝固计算方法

为考察无网格方法求解铸坯凝固过程的可行性,本文依据移动最小二乘和变分原理,推导并建立了基于无网格伽辽金法的结晶器内铸坯凝固过程二维非稳态传热/凝固数学模型。以小方坯凝固过程为对象,分别采用节点均匀布置、加密布置、随机布置方式,模拟分析了小方坯凝固过程的温度场变化,并将计算结果与参考解、有限元法数值解进行了对比,结果证实无网格伽辽金法在计算精度、自适应性、网格依赖性等方面均优于有限元法。研究结果为无网格方法应用于连铸过程的传热、凝固以及应力/应变行为的数值计算提供参考。      

薄带连铸亚快速凝固过程热模拟技术开发

利用自主开发的薄带连铸亚快速凝固工艺过程热模拟试验装备,实现了薄带连铸亚快速凝固工艺过程的模拟,得到钢水—基体界面传热曲线和铸带样品.在模拟的亚快速凝固条件的冷却速度(二次枝晶臂间距)、铸态凝固组织、室温微观组织、界面传热等特征参数上与薄带连铸工业化产线具有物理本质上的相似性.该热模拟技术仅需钢水量5～10 kg,可实现薄带连铸新钢种的开发、可浇铸性研究、工艺参数优化、表面质量及力学性能研究等工作,在大大降低研发试验成本的同时,大大缩短产品研发周期,提升研发效率.相比较其他技术,该热模拟技术经过三代发展已日臻成熟,检测手段齐全、控制精度高、功能丰富,配置不同模块,还可用于板坯、薄板坯、方坯、圆坯等连铸过程的热模拟试验研究.     

连铸初始凝固区域传热研究进展

连铸初始凝固阶段的传热决定了初始凝固坯壳的形成,讨论了初始凝固坯壳的两大形成机理,探讨了初始凝固阶段的传热行为,分析了连铸中各种因素对初始凝固阶段传热的影响,进一步解释了电磁连铸技术对初始凝固传热的改善.