Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in alcoholic drinks and the identification of their potential sources.

Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly those with a high molecular mass, have been classified as probably being carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The significance of the determination of PAHs is reflected by the special attention the European Union is paying to regulating their maximum allowed levels in various types of foodstuffs. Like tobacco and smoked meats, alcoholic drinks can also contain these carcinogenic chemicals, as the latter have been detected in the charred insides of barrels, some ingredients such as caramel or the smoke released during the drying of germinated barley in beer or whisky. This paper determined the contents of seven PAHs in alcoholic beverages of variable alcoholic strength that had been aged in charred barrels for different times (months, years). The aim was to elucidate the dependence of the formation of seven PAHs on the type of charring (traditional or convective) used and the charring intensity (light, medium or heavy). Based on the results, the way the tree raw material is toasted strongly influences PAH levels in alcoholic drinks; thus, traditional charring produces increased amounts of PAHs from the wood relative to convective toasting. The sum of the analysed PAH concentrations in the aged alcoholic beverages studied ranged from zero for a white wine to 172 ng l(-1) for a 'brandy de jerez solera'. The carcinogenic indicator benzo[a]pyrene was found at concentrations below 10 ng l(-1). These PAH concentrations in alcoholic beverages are very low relative to those in smoked and char-broiled foodstuffs. Any health hazards, however, can be minimized by using convective toasting to manufacture the barrels where the drinks are to be aged.     

食品中多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的研究进展

综述了多环芳烃及卤代多环芳烃的性质、毒性及国内外食品中的污染情况和研究现状,并对目前的分析测定方法进行了介绍,希望为我国开展食品领域内多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的研究提供参考。     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial roasted coffee beans

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CRY), benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a] pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo [g,h,i]perylene (BghiP)] in roasted coffee beans from Korean market. In this study, the method for sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction after saponification with potassium hydroxide (KOH), followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The external standard method was used for measurement, and regression coefficients ranged from 0.9938 to 0.9995. To determine how much of the analyte remained in the samples after sample preparation, 3-methylcholanthrene was spiked into the samples for a recovery study. The limits of detection and quantification of the 7 PAHs ranged from 0.016 to 0.497 and 0.054 to 1.656 μg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the 10 coffee samples ranged from 0.62±0.08 to 53.25±9.38 μg/kg. According to the results, the critically harmful PAH, BaP, was presented at levels harmless to humans.     

采用GC-MS测定涂层面料中16种多环芳烃的方法

针对纺织品中多环芳烃(PAHs)检测要求,建立了涂层面料经超声提取后液液萃取、固相萃取净化方法,采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)测定面料中PAHs含量,并详细考察了该方法的回收率和检出限。结果表明,该方法测定纺织品中PAHs最低检出限(LOD)为0.4～3.8μg/L,最低定量限(LOQ)为1.3～12.2μg/L,加标回收率74.0%～99.0%,相对标准偏差为0.89%～4.94%。检测结果表明,该方法准确,快速,简便可靠,能够满足纺织品及装饰材料中对16种PAHs的检测要求。     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

基于共价有机骨架-MSPE-HPLC-UV法测定多环芳烃

通过一种简易的方法制备磁性共价有机骨架材料(Fe_3O_4@COF-SCU1),用于磁性固相萃取(MSPE)大红袍茶汤中8种多环芳烃,并结合高效液相色谱—紫外(HPLC-UV)法对其进行定性定量分析。采用电子扫描显微镜、电子透射显微镜、X射线衍射、氮气等温吸附脱附、傅立叶变换红外光谱对Fe_3O_4@COF-SCU1进行表征。试验系统优化了Fe_3O_4@COF-SCU1组成、MSPE的吸附及洗脱条件,并建立多环芳烃的定性定量分析方法。在最佳操作条件下,8种多环芳烃均得到良好的线性关系,相关系数≥0.998 7。方法的检出限(LODs,S/N=3)和定量限(LOQs,S/N=10)分别为0.10～0.40,0.33～1.34ng/mL。用该方法对大红袍茶汤进行分析,加标回收率为74%～106%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.20%～8.50%。结果表明,Fe_3O_4@COF-SCU1可以简便快速地萃取分离痕量水平的多环芳烃。     

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China

Emission of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) priority pollutants from major sources in China were compiled. Geographical distribution and temporal change of the PAH emission, as well as emission profiles, are discussed. It was estimated that the total PAH emission in China was 25,300 tons in 2003. The emission profile featured a relatively higher portion of high molecular weight (HMW) species with carcinogenic potential due to large contributions of domestic coal and coking industry. Among various sources, biomass burning, domestic coal combustion, and coking industry contributed 60%, 20%, and 16% of the total emission, respectively. Total emission, emission density, emission intensity, and emission per capita showed geographical variations. In general, the southeastern provinces were characterized by higher emission density, while those in western and northern China featured higher emission intensity and population-normalized emission. Although energy consumption in China went up continuously during the past two decades, annual emission of PAHs fluctuated depending on the amount of domestic coal consumption, coke production, and the efficiency of energy utilization.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water by migration into polyethylene

Water was spiked with three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and filled into a steel diffusion chamber. Low-density polyethylene sheet combined of five polyethylene foils was used as a partition in the chamber. Depth of PAHs migration into the sheet was followed for 143 h, using high performance liquid chromatography with selective fluorimetric detection after extraction of PAHs from the foils peeled off. On the basis of the results obtained, the process of PAHs migration into PE was characterised as a one-dimensional diffusion into polyethylene bulk. The diffusion coefficients were calculated for individual compounds using the second Fick law. It was concluded that PAHs are primarily adsorbed on the polyethylene surface with subsequent migration into bulk polymer. Transportation of PAHs through the bulk can be described satisfactorily by Fickian laws of diffusion and is consistent with the theory of the depth adsorption of PAHs in polyethylene.     

同步荧光法测定散装白酒中的多环芳烃

建立了散装白酒中多环芳烃的同步荧光测定方法。通过皂化处理,优化了4种多环芳烃(PΑHs)化合物的测定条件。其多环芳烃(PΑHs)的回收率范围:84.88%～104.60%,相对标准偏差:0.51%～8.17%。该方法具有灵敏度高、准确度好、能同时测定多种PΑHs的优点,适合于散装白酒中多环芳烃的分析测定。     

Aqueous photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Photodegradation of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was studied in aerated pure water, solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid, and natural waters using polychromatic light (>290 nm). Quantum yields in pure water varied from 3.2 x 10(-5) to 9.2 x 10(-3). No obvious relationships were evident among the quantum yields and molecular properties. Photodegradation rate constants in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid or natural waters were largely unchanged compared to rate constants in pure water. Estimates of PAH photodegradation rates in natural waters can thus be obtained employing the quantum yields in pure water, PAH absorption, and solar irradiance. Calculated rate constants for photodegradation in surface waters during the summertime at mid-latitude varied from 3.2 x 10(-3) to 7.6 h(-1).     

食品中多环芳烃的研究进展

简述了近年来关于食品中多环芳烃的形成机理、分析方法及控制措施的研究进展,以期为解决食品中多环芳烃的污染问题提供依据。     

胶基型嚼烟中19种多环芳烃的气相色谱—串联质谱技术法测定

建立了一种应用气相色谱—串联质谱技术(GC-MS/MS)测定胶基型嚼烟中19种多环芳烃含量的方法,内标法定量,分别对样品预处理方式和串联质谱检测条件进行了优化。结果表明:①在优化的试验条件下,19种多环芳烃的检出限、定量限分别可达0.04～0.14,0.14～0.46ng/mL,线性相关系数达0.998以上;②高、中、低3个加标浓度样品回收率范围为92.26%～109.46%;③方法的日内精密度和日间精密度分别为0.77%～3.85%,1.57%～4.86%,均小于5.00%(n=6)。该方法灵敏度高、线性关系好,是胶基型嚼烟质量控制监控的有效手段之一。     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fat products by high pressure liquid chromatography

Summary The method previously described by Gertz [1] for the extraction of 3,4-benzopyrene in meat- and fishproducts has been adapted for butter, margarine, edible oils and fats and extended to other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): 1,2-benzopyrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene and 1,12-benzoperylene.The isolated PAH are determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns with detection by fluorimetry. Recoveries range from 76 to 85%. The detection limit varies between 0.10 and 0.90 ppb. By application of optimized analysis conditions the sensitivity can be increased to 0.01 ppb for each compound.

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Zur Bestimmung von polycyclischen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in fetthaltigen Produkten durch Hochdruck-Flüssig-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Die von Gertz [1] beschriebene Methode für die Extraktion von 3,4-Benzpyren in Fleisch- und Fischprodukten wurde für Butter, Margarine und andere eßbare Öle und Fette modifiziert und ausgedehnt auf die Bestimmung anderer polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAH): 1,2-Benzpyren, 1,2,3,4-Dibenzanthracen, 1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracen und 1,12-Benzoperylen.Die isolierten Stoffe (PAH) wurden durch Hochdruck-Flüssig-Chromatographie unter Verwendung von Umkehrphasen-Säulen und einem Fluorimeter bestimmt. Die Wiederfindungsrate lag zwischen 76 und 85% und die Nachweisgrenze bei 0.10 bis 0.90 ppb. Durch die Anwendung von optimalen analytischen Bedingungen kann die Empfindlichkeit bis zu 0.01 ppb für jede einzelne Verbindung angehoben werden.

     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fishery products from different smoking kilns

The levels of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined by an HPLC method with fluorescence and UV detection and by a GC/MS technique in smoked fishery products from modern smoking kilns with external smoke generation and from traditional smoking kilns. The average benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration of all 35 samples from commercial smoking kilns with external smoke generation was 0.1 g/kg (wet weight) and the sum of the carcinogenic compounds determined in the study, i.e. benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene did not exceed 4.5 g/kg (wet weight). The BaP levels of the 27 smoked fish samples from traditional kilns ranged from 0.2 g/kg to 4.1 g/kg, with a mean value of 1.2 g BaP/kg. The average concentration of the sum of the carcinogenic compounds was 9.0 g/kg. Large variations were found in the content of the non-carcinogenic PAHs phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene in all samples from both types of smoking kilns.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Italian commercial milk samples is reported. The study was carried out on lactating (cow and goat) and plant (rice, soya, oat) milk. The quantitative determination involved liquid–liquid extraction of PAHs, a pre-concentration and determination by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. The recovery of analytes was in the range of 70–115%. The precision of the method was found to be between 6% and 24%. The detection limit ranged from 0.66 to 33.3 µg l^–1 corresponding to 0.03–1.66 µg kg^–1 milk (wet weight), at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, depending on the compound. By this procedure, the levels of more volatile PAHs (two to three aromatic rings) were confirmed in 34 commercial milk and three plant milk samples, whereas benzo[a]pyrene was found only in five pasteurised milk samples at a mean concentration of 0.17 µg kg^–1 milk. These results provide evidence that PAH levels are influenced by heat treatments and skimming processes of milk production.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定醇食品模拟物中 16种多环芳烃

目的 建立固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定醇食品模拟液中16种多环芳烃的分析方法。方法 优化了萃取方式、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸时间和振荡速率等萃取条件, 样品采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)总离子流和选择离子模式进行定性定量测定。结果 16种多环芳烃在0.01~10 ?g/L范围内线性良好, R2大于0.99。在0.1、0.5、1.0 μg/L 3个添加水平下, 16种多环芳烃的平均回收率为76.52%?119.8%, 相对标准偏差为0.99%?15.93%。结论 该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确度好, 能够满足醇食品模拟物中多环芳烃化合物的检测要求。     

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked cheese

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in smoked cheeses of different origin was studied. The samples were subjected to an initial extraction of fat and an alkaline treatment, extracted with cyclohexane, cleaned up by means of solid-phase extraction tubes, and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operating in selective ion-monitoring mode (SIM). The results revealed the presence of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the exterior zone of the samples, some of them with methyl groups. In all cases, the concentrations of compounds of low molecular weight were much higher than those of high molecular weight. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with varying degrees of carcinogenicity were identified, including benzo(a)pyrene in concentrations, which, although they did not exceed the limit established for this compound in the rind of ripened cheeses, do exceed the limit of 0.03 microg/kg fixed for other foods smoked with smoke flavorings. Significant differences in the number and concentration of PAH in smoked cheese also were observed from rind to interior, the rind being the most contaminated zone.