Sketched symbol recognition using Latent-Dynamic Conditional Random Fields and distance-based clustering

In this paper we propose a two-stage method for recognizing sketched symbols that combine the use of a discriminative model, for labeling symbol strokes and a distance-based clustering algorithm, for grouping the labels belonging to the same symbol. In the first stage, we employ Latent-Dynamic Conditional Random Field (LDCRF), a discriminative model able to analyze the features of unsegmented sequences of strokes by taking into account spatio-temporal information, and to classify the symbol parts by considering contextual information. In the second stage, the labels obtained from LDCRF are grouped into symbol labels by using a distance-based clustering algorithm which takes into account the geometric relationships among strokes. The effectiveness of our method has been evaluated on the domain of electric circuit diagrams achieving accuracy values varying between 81.3% and 91.0%.     

JPEG2000上下文形成算法的研究与实现

在JPEG2000的EBCOT编码中,算术编码器需要使用上下文信息来编码相应的记号,上下文形成器是其重要基础.通过对位平面中的样本的条带扫描方式和记号的环境特征的详细分析,把记号和记号的上下文进行了合理的分类,这就为上下文形成算法的设计提供了理论根据.关于清理通道中的RLC上下文标志的形成,因为有关文献的论述并不清楚,所以有必要做出明确的解释,并给出了一个有效的算法,整个算法用Delphi实现,实验结果证明了其正确性.     

Dynamics of symbol systems

To implement diverse and partial flow of information in cognitive processes, we need a design method without explicit stipulation of domain/task-dependent information flow, together with a control scheme for guiding information processing to concern only important information depending on contexts. A computational architecture is proposed which is based on a first-order logic program with a dynamics. The declarative semantics of the logic program is defined by measuring the degree of violation in terms ofpotential energy, and a control scheme for both analog and symbol computation is derived from the resultant dynamics, which replaces domain/task-dependent procedures, hence avoiding intractable complexity in the system design. This inherent integration of the control scheme with the declarative semantics guarantees that inferences are naturally centered around relevant information in a context sensitive manner. The essence of inference mechanisms proposed so far, such as weighted abduction and marker passing, are also subsumed by this dynamical control. All this justifies further exploration for improving this sort of formalism to deal with large, real-world problems.     

基于SEDRIS的战场态势信息描述

为了应对现代化指挥作战中全面、快速地获得战场信息的需求,研究基于SEDRIS的战场态势信息描述技术,实现军队标号表达的战场态势信息的系统化表达。简单介绍SEDRIS技术和军队标号的概念,分析标号在态势信息表达中应关注的信息元素,建立描述框架,基于SEDRIS示例一个典型标号的简单信息表示。     

考虑外部环境变化的分阶段动态群决策方法

研究决策者权重部分未知的概率犹豫模糊分阶段动态群决策问题.针对外部环境的变化,结合符号距离测度,提出考虑外部环境变化的分阶段群决策方法.首先,基于元素的方差及个数差异定义概率犹豫模糊元的犹豫度公式,并在此基础上定义概率犹豫模糊元的符号距离公式.然后,根据外部环境的变化会导致每个时序阶段获得的信息存在差异的特点,构建动态决策模型以确定各个时序阶段的决策者权重,进而分阶段集结信息,形成决策过程方案链.最后,通过算例分析验证了所提出方法的有效性与合理性.     

Spectra of shape contexts: An application to symbol recognition

The pixel-level constraint (PLC) histograms are known for robustness and invariance in symbol recognition but limited in O(N³) complexity. This paper proves that matching two PLC histograms can approximately be solved as matching the power spectra of the corresponding shape contexts. As a result, spectra of shape contexts (SSC) inherit robustness and invariance from PLC while the computational cost can be reduced. Moreover, a maximum clique based scheme is proposed for outlier rejection. The theoretical and experimental validation justifies that SSC possesses the desired properties for symbol recognition, that is, robustness, invariance, and efficiency. It outperforms PLC in terms of robustness and time efficiency, and shape context in terms of rotation invariance.     

Shape recognition based on Kernel-edit distance

In this paper a kernel method for shape recognition is proposed. The approach is based on the edit distance between pairs of shapes after transforming them into symbol strings. The transformation of shapes into symbol strings is invariant to similarity transforms and can handle partial occlusions. Representation of shape contours uses the shape contexts and applies dynamic programming for finding the correspondence between points over shape contours. Corresponding points are then transformed into symbolic representation and the normalized edit distance computes the dissimilarity between pairs of strings in the database. Obtained distances are then transformed into suitable kernels which are classified using support vector machines. Experimental results over a variety of shape databases show that the proposed approach is suitable for shape recognition.     

固定背景下的随机波形提取模型

分析了当前对于从固定背景下的特征符号与背景符号相粘连的图表中提取信息所存在的问题，设计了适用于此类问题的方法模型。提出了一种在固定背景下通过背景符号检测和背景符号擦除来实现随机波形提取的方法。     

利用字符的冗余编码携带隐藏信息的文本数字水印技术

提供了一种以符号的冗余编码保留隐藏信息的隐藏数据通信技术,以及与该方法相关的数字水印嵌入、提取技术和载体文件的显示技术.介绍了将符号编码成数字代码的若干方法;隐藏通信的数据加载与分离方法;特定字体文件的设计方法;若干对携带水印信息的载体文件进行显示的方法.提出的文本数字水印技术具有水印容量大、视觉影响小、兼容性强等特点.     

面向GIS 表达与分析的气象符号绘制库设计与实现

针对目前地理信息系统(GIS)软件中对气象符号支持的不足,通过对气象领域中所涉 及的符号进行特征分析及其逻辑分类,构建了对应的几何空间数据模型,并采用不同的“样式”表 征具体的气象符号,以“几何对象+样式”的形式完成气象符号对象的构建。在此基础上,基于GDI+ 实现各种气象符号的矢量绘制,并封装形成可供直接调用气象矢量符号绘制库,为基于GIS 的气 象数据信息的表达和分析提供支撑。最后实例验证了本气象符号绘制库的正确性与实用性。     

Symbol emergence in robotics: a survey

Humans can learn a language through physical interaction with their environment and semiotic communication with other people. It is very important to obtain a computational understanding of how humans can form symbol systems and obtain semiotic skills through their autonomous mental development. Recently, many studies have been conducted regarding the construction of robotic systems and machine learning methods that can learn a language through embodied multimodal interaction with their environment and other systems. Understanding human?-social interactions and developing a robot that can smoothly communicate with human users in the long term require an understanding of the dynamics of symbol systems. The embodied cognition and social interaction of participants gradually alter a symbol system in a constructive manner. In this paper, we introduce a field of research called symbol emergence in robotics (SER). SER represents a constructive approach towards a symbol emergence system. The symbol emergence system is socially self-organized through both semiotic communications and physical interactions with autonomous cognitive developmental agents, i.e. humans and developmental robots. In this paper, specifically, we describe some state-of-art research topics concerning SER, such as multimodal categorization, word discovery, and double articulation analysis. They enable robots to discover words and their embodied meanings from raw sensory-motor information, including visual information, haptic information, auditory information, and acoustic speech signals, in a totally unsupervised manner. Finally, we suggest future directions for research in SER.     

产品的造型语言及其符号分析

造型因素作为传达各种信息的符号,构成了现代设计中的产品语言。本文从产品的造型语言角度对其符号进行分析,包括造型语言的符号构成,符号传达及其符号应用等内容。把握好造型语言的运用和符号的表现能实现产品与生活、产品与人做更加贴近、更富感情的对话。     

导向图形符号在VI设计中的运用

导向图形符号作为一种特殊的图形符号,与人们的生活、工作息息相关,已经广泛应用到了我们的日常生活中。它是与人类直接交流的信息载体。本文通过对其多方面内容的分析、探讨,研究导向图形符号在VI设计中运用所达到的效果以及应用前景。     

低分辨率约束下的态势显示问题研究

指挥信息系统或战争模拟系统设计中,战场态势系统容易出现军标重叠的显示问题,干扰指挥员对态势信息的正确判读。针对上述问题,提出了低分辨率约束的概念,分析了军标重叠现象产生的根本原因,研究了态势信息的混合属性数据聚类算法,设计了态势系统中大量军标的聚类显示方法和细节显示方法,最后通过实验验证了算法和显示方法。结果表明:在低分辨率约束下,通过对态势信息进行聚类和细节显示,能兼顾干净明晰和突出细节的显示效果,并为解决态势系统设计提供了新思路。     

GIS中地图符号设计系统的设计与实现

为了研制国产ＧＩＳ软件－－Ｇｅｏｓｔａｒ地图符号设计子系统。采用面向对象的方法,对符号分类组织,图象类设计、符号库结构、符号设计软件及空间信息符号化动态库等进行了设计与软件开发,所的研制的软件成功地对国家标准系列地图图式进行了设计,可满足实际生产的需要,介绍了符号设计子系统设计与开发过程中面向对象方法的应用与技术问题,研究表明,采用面向对象的方法来开发地图符号设计软件,技术思路正确,所开发的软件具有良好的封装性,便于维护和扩充。     

An experimental comparison of test and symbols for in-car reconfigurable displays

As cars become more sophisticated, there is a corresponding increase in the range of information which needs to be presented to drivers. This increased information load is beyond the scope of conventional technology; space requirements on the dashboard limit the number of displays, which can be employed. The study reported in this paper is based on the premise that centralized information presentation could be employed for in-car warming systems. Forty subjects were tested on a computer-based task, in which they had to rate the urgency of displayed information. The information was presented in one of four formats: symbols only, symbols plus title, symbols plus action, or symbol, title and action. Results show that the most effective type of display for urgency rating was symbol plus action, and that symbol, title and action produced the fastest reaction times. These results are considered in terms of previous research, and implications for the design of in-car warnings are discussed.     

A model based on linguistic 2-tuples for dealing with multigranularhierarchical linguistic contexts in multi-expert decision-making

In those problems that deal with multiple sources of linguistic information we can find problems defined in contexts where the linguistic assessments are assessed in linguistic term sets with different granularity of uncertainty and/or semantics (multigranular linguistic contexts). Different approaches have been developed to manage this type of contexts, that unify the multigranular linguistic information in an unique linguistic term set for an easy management of the information. This normalization process can produce a loss of information and hence a lack of precision in the final results. In this paper, we shall present a type of multigranular linguistic contexts we shall call linguistic hierarchies term sets, such that, when we deal with multigranular linguistic information assessed in these structures we can unify the information assessed in them without loss of information. To do so, we shall use the 2-tuple linguistic representation model. Afterwards we shall develop a linguistic decision model dealing with multigranular linguistic contexts and apply it to a multi-expert decision-making problem.     

Display size and distractor complexity effects on visual search

The proliferation of higher quality connected sensors is consistently increasing the amount of information available to operators, increasing the complexity of displayed information. Coupling this increase in information with larger, higher addressability displays may lead to increasingly complex visual search paradigms. The current research explored the effect of both display size and distractor symbol complexity on visual search efficiency across three different symbol set sizes. Overall, the results indicate a reduction in search efficiency as a function of both increased display size and distractor complexity, even for the high target densities employed within this study. Further, these variables can interact in target present conditions to influence search times.     

Configurable symbol synchronizers for software-defined radio applications

In many synchronous receivers, symbol timing synchronization is achieved through implementation of an analog phase locked loop (PLL). A phase detector and voltage-controlled oscillator drive a reference signal to be in phase with the received training sequence. Due to the quick phase convergence this option is attractive; however, limitations in pre-packaged hardware make this approach infeasible at times. Changes in the received symbol rate in software radio applications can further complicate the hardware implementation by requiring additional control signals to alter the frequency of the reference signal. This paper examines a configurable symbol synchronizer for software-defined radio (SDR) architecture with a predefined RF front end. In this scenario, we implement a typical method for digital phase locking and make it adaptable to different data rates. A pre-synchronization step is used to provide a reasonable initial estimate for the received symbol period for lower, over-sampled data rates. This decreases the synchronization time while maintaining a constant sampling period at the ADC. It also maintains the down-conversion stage at the receiver. The paper shows the feasibility of this architecture to support wide range of symbol rates.