L—苹果酸生产和应用

L—苹果酸是国内外近年发展迅速的食品添加剂品种,有光明的发展前景。本文介绍当前L—苹果酸的生产方法及其用途。     

烟草废料综合利用的新途径——烟草薄片

早在30年前,苏联已以工业生产的规模从马霍烟的废料中用蒸汽蒸馏法制取硫酸烟碱作为农药。从提取烟碱后的残渣中尚可提取柠檬酸、苹果酸等工业原料,可得烟碱4—5％,柠檬酸4—5％,苹果酸(结晶)0.5％,苹果酸及柠檬酸的混合浆1.5—2％,延胡索酸0.1—0.2％。烟碱经氧化成为烟酸,在医药上又有广泛的用途。将烟草的水抽提液用有机溶剂液萃取烟碱的方法比蒸馏法经济,设备也较简单,更适于从烟碱含量较低的废料中提取烟碱之用。     

苹果酸—乳酸发酵对刺梨酒香气的影响

目的：降酸并改善刺梨酒风味。方法：采用离子色谱法和顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-MS)分析刺梨酒苹果酸—乳酸发酵前后有机酸含量和挥发性成分的变化,并进行感官评定。结果：苹果酸—乳酸发酵使刺梨酒中苹果酸含量降低85.83%、乳酸含量升高87.75%;苹果酸—乳酸发酵后的刺梨酒中检测到114种挥发性物质,主要为酯类48种(12 011.60 μg/L)、醇类26种(1 409.50 μg/L)、酸类13种(2 490.60 μg/L)、烷烃类10种(749.70 μg/L),分别比苹果酸—乳酸发酵前提高了10.81%,15.49%,58.23%,22.90%;气味活度值分析和感官评价表明苹果酸—乳酸发酵能提高刺梨酒的乳香和果香、降低植物气味和酸涩度,总体评分提高。结论：苹果酸—乳酸发酵可丰富刺梨酒香气、有效降低酸度、提升口感平衡度。     

鲜榨果汁基因组DNA快速提取方法的建立及优化

目的 建立及优化鲜榨果汁基因组DNA快速提取方法。方法 本研究比较了植物 DNA 快速提取试剂盒法、棉签法、纤维素膜片法和滤纸片法 4 种方法提取 15 种鲜榨果汁基因组 DNA 的效果，并筛选不同的提取液和裂解液、优化裂解液中的盐酸胍浓度和果汁基因组提取时间。结果 滤纸片法采用DNA裂解液（6 mol/L盐酸胍、1%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、50 mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐、20 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸、21.3 mmol/L曲拉通-X-100；pH 6.4）、DNA漂洗液1（8 mol/L盐酸胍、50 mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐；pH 6.4）和DNA漂洗液2（10 mmol/L 三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐、100 mmol/L氯化钠；pH 8）即可在 5 min 内从鲜榨果汁中提取得到适用于聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction，PCR）的基因组 DNA。结论 本研究建立的滤纸片法不需要离心机等昂贵的仪器设备、操作简单、无刺激性气味、无环境条件限制，具有快速、价廉、环保等优点，为果汁基因组 DNA 快速提取与现场鉴定研究提供了参考。     

从酵母细胞壁提取β-1,3-D-葡聚糖的研究

分别采用酸法、碱法来提取酵母细胞壁中的β-1，3-D-葡聚糖。用紫外光谱法、纸层析法法和红外光谱法分析多糖成分。结果发现：经酸法（醋酸溶液浓度为0．5mol／L）提取的β-1，3-D-葡聚糖产品中除含有葡聚糖外，还含有一定量的甘露聚糖和蛋白质成分；而用碱法（氢氧化钠溶液浓度为1．0mol/L）提取时，产品为高纯度的β-1，3-D-葡聚糖。本文从其水解机理上探讨了产生上述两种不同结果的原因，指出碱法提取是从酵母中提取β-1，3-D-葡聚糖的高效方法。     

三波长分光光度法快速测定青苹果中的苹果酸

为建立快速测定青苹果中苹果酸的三波长分光光度法,利用孔雀石绿能在弱酸性的Tris—盐酸缓冲溶液中与苹果酸反应,在可见光区生成具有3个明显正吸收峰(分别位于568,644,424nm波长处)的绿色离子缔合物,对用三波长法测定苹果酸进行了研究,并考察了适宜的反应条件及吸收光谱特征。结果表明,用三波长叠加法测定,表观摩尔吸光系数(κ)为5.88×10~4 L/(mol·cm),苹果酸的质量浓度在0.008~1.900 mg/L时服从朗伯—比尔定律,定量限为0.003 2g/100g,样品加标回收率为98.23%~102.9%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~2.4%。该法可用于青苹果中苹果酸的测定。     

杜马斯燃烧法测定大豆水溶性蛋白含量的方法研究

通过优化大豆水溶性蛋白的提取条件,采用杜马斯燃烧定氮法,建立了一种大豆水溶性蛋白的测定方法,并探讨了杜马斯燃烧定氮仪的试验条件。结果表明,最佳试验条件为:20℃恒温振荡提取,提取时固液比1∶30,提取次数2次,提取时间40 min;提取液蒸发、干燥时吸取量3～4 m L,电热板温度150℃;杜马斯燃烧定氮仪氧气流速300 m L/min,氧气因子1. 4 m L/mg。在最佳试验条件下,本方法的试验精密度符合GB/T 27404—2008“检测方法确认过程中实验室变异系数(CV)”的技术要求,与现行凯氏定氮法的测定结果无显著性差异(P=0. 89)。本方法属于环境友好型化学分析方法,可以满足大豆水溶性蛋白的无污染、快速、准确检测工作。     

婴幼儿辅食营养补充品中叶酸的测定方法

采用微生物法、固相萃取—高效液相色谱法和直接氨水提取—高效液相色谱法3种方法分别对婴幼儿辅食营养补充品中叶酸进行检测,选出最为准确、快速的方法。结果表明:采用pH 6.3的甲醇—0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾(体积比为5:95)作为流动相,控制叶酸在6.5 min出峰的氨水提取—高效液相色谱法,其标准曲线相关系数为0.999 8,检出限为0.019 0 mg/L。与另外两种方法相比,该方法具有简便、快速、灵敏、重现性好等优点,为建立婴幼儿辅食营养补充剂中叶酸含量的测定方法提供了理论依据。     

直接发酵法与酶转化法生产L—苹果酸的比较

对目前国内正在研究及已经中试或小批量生产Ｌ－苹果酸的酶转化法和直接发酵法在菌种积累Ｌ－苹果酸的机理，生产原料及成本估算，生产工艺，产品纯度及存在的问题做了分析对比。利用山芋粉或工业淀粉为原料直接发酵生产Ｌ－苹果酸的工艺路线，由于生产成本低，产酸较高，发酵液中含延胡索酸少，可利用国内现有的发酵设备，具有较强的竞争力，今后将在我国的Ｌ－苹果酸生产中占有举足轻重的地位。     

割罐法发酵聚苹果酸的工艺优化

目的:提高聚苹果酸产量,简化工艺,降低成本。方法:通过正交试验确定了优化种子培养基成分及比例。通过摇瓶试验,确定曲拉通的添加时间和添加量。在5 L小罐上进行转速、通气量和pH的单因素试验。通过5 L发酵罐的割罐试验,在葡萄糖浓度低于10 g/L时,将发酵液排出2 L,再将2 L灭过菌的不同浓度的发酵培养基补入发酵罐中继续发酵,确定割罐法的最佳补料成分。结果:得到5 L小罐的最佳转速500 r/min、通气量5.5 L/min、pH控制在4.5。发酵24 h后,加入0.4 mmol/L曲拉通,一批次所得聚苹果酸的总量达到318 g。在处理好的发酵液中加入10%的甲醇,去除杂质普鲁兰后,再继续加入4倍体积的甲醇,得到聚苹果酸沉淀,得率为80.52%。结论:采用上述方法每升发酵液的聚苹果酸产量提高了46.8%,单一批次的发酵时间增加了40 h,产聚苹果酸总量是原来的2.25倍。降低了发酵成本,简化了后提取的工艺,为聚苹果酸的进一步产业化奠定了基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the