Coupling conjugate heat transfer with in-cylinder combustion modeling for engine simulation

A conjugate formulation to predict heat conduction in the solid domain and spray combustion in the fluid domain was developed for multidimensional engine simulation. Heat transfer through the wall affects the combustion process in the cylinder and the thermal loading on the combustion chamber surface. To account for the temporal and spatial variations of temperature on the chamber surface, a fully coupled numerical procedure was developed to simulate in-cylinder flow and solid heat conduction simultaneously. Temperature fields in both the fluid and the solid domains were coupled by imposing equal heat flux and equal temperature at the fluid–solid interface. The formulation was first validated against analytical solutions. The formulation was then applied to simulate the in-cylinder combustion process and the solid heat conduction in a diesel engine under different operating conditions. Results show that the present model is able to predict unsteady and non-uniform temperature distributions on the chamber surface, which can fluctuate by nearly 100 K during combustion. The highest temperature on the piston surface occurs at the bowl edge along the spray axis. Predicted global engine parameters agree well with the experimental data. The present approach can be used to improve engine design for optimal combustion and reduced thermal loading.     

燃油的喷射雾化燃烧对柴油机缸内空气流动影响的研究

将柴油机缸内气体与全体燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行传热数值模拟的基础上得到缸内流动计算的壁面边界条件。利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD及ES-ICE,在进气压缩过程流动三维瞬态数值模拟基础上,对6110柴油机喷雾燃烧过程缸内三维非稳态流动进行数值模拟研究,着重分析燃油喷射、雾化、燃烧对缸内流动的影响。研究结果表明喷雾燃烧过程中燃油的喷射流动直接影响到缸内流场的总流型,在一定空间内完全打破缸内大的旋流流场。     

汽油机燃烧过程中气缸内对流换热的数值模拟

本文对Morel的汽油机缸内对流换热模型进行了改进,把一维模型应用于燃烧过程的计算,可以体现汽油机燃烧时缸内温度、组分浓度和湍流的空间变化对对流换热的影响,得到燃烧时对流换热量随时间的变化和在缸内的径向分布情况.计算实例表明,面积平均的对流换热系数远大于Woschni公式得到的计算值,缸内热流量的变化与火焰面的位置有密切关系.应用本文的数值模拟方法,还可以预测发动机的几个参数改变时,对流换热量的相应变化情况.     

Estimation of instantaneous local heat transfer coefficient in spark-ignition engines

Optimizing heat transfer for internal combustion engines requires application of advanced development tools. In addition to experimental method, numerical 3D-CFD calculations are needed in order to obtain an insight into the complex phenomenas in-cylinder processes. In this context, fluid flow and heat transfer inside a four-valve engine cylinder is modeled and effects of changing engine speed on dimensionless parameters, instantaneous local Nusselt number and Reynolds number near the surface of combustion chamber are studied. Based on the numerical simulation new correlations for instantaneous local heat transfer on the combustion chamber of SI engines are derived. Results for several engine speeds are compared for total heat transfer coefficient of the cylinder engine with available correlation proposed by experimental measurements and a close agreement is observed. It is found that the local value of heat transfer coefficient varies considerably in different parts of the cylinder, but it has equivalent trend with crank angle position.     

多孔介质发动机工作过程单区模型模拟

采用单区燃烧模型模拟多孔介质（PM）发动机的压缩、燃烧和膨胀过程。以热力学第一定律为基础,引入多孔介质换热模型,建立了多孔介质发动机的能量方程。计算了多种工况参数下PM发动机缸内温度、压强变化规律,分别讨论了压缩比、过量空气系数、多孔介质温度、多孔介质体换热系数等参数对多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的影响。将PM发动机与传统发动机加以比较,结果表明PM使缸内温度和压强的变化趋于平缓,这有利于混合气着火并可降低NO,排放。     

Numerical analysis of combustion and transient heat transfer processes in a two-stroke SI engine

A zero-dimensional model is presented to simulate the transient processes occurring within a two-stroke SI engine. A two zone combustion model, with a spherically expanding flame front originating from the spark location, is applied. The model is numerically solved using the network simulation model which allows coupling the combustion model with a heat transfer model where both radiant and convective heat contributions have been taken into account for the in-cylinder gases. The boundary conditions for this model are the convective heat transferred to the cooling medium. A gas mixture model has been used to obtain the influence of working fluid properties on combustion development.     

Magnetofluidics for manipulation of convective heat transfer

We report heat transfer manipulation and control in a magnetofluidic device. The device consists of a circular chamber with a heat source on top and is positioned next to a permanent magnet that creates a non-uniform magnetic field. Convective heat transfer was evaluated and compared for three cases: DI-water, ferrofluid, and ferrofluid under the magnetic field. Experimental results indicate enhancement of convective heat transfer with the use of diluted ferrofluid as the working fluid. However, we observed a reduction in outlet temperature and Nusselt number in the presence of a non-uniform magnetic field. In addition, we report a full simulation of transport phenomena in the system explaining the physics of this phenomenon. The simulation results agree with the experimental data, and show the same trends.     

The prediction of the combustion and heat transfer performance of a refinery heater

Predictions have been obtained for the flow, combustion, and heat transfer within a refinery process heater. The flow and combustion in the highly three-dimensional geometry are handled by a numerical solution technique and physical modeling which have an estab;ished two-dimensional predictive history. The radiation transfer is handled by the more recent and very flexible “discrete transfer” technique. Special grids and computational procedures are employed in the interests of computational economy, with the burner region and the main combustion chamber region being handled in separate subcodes. The predictions of the wall heat transfer distribution are compared with measurements and the agreement is remarkably good.     

Numerical studies on heat coupling and configuration optimization in an industrial hydrogen production reformer

Steam methane reforming furnaces are the most important devices in the hydrogen production industry. The highly endothermic reaction system requires reaction tubes in the furnace to have a large heat transfer area and to be operated under high temperature and pressure conditions. In order to enhance heat transfer efficiency and protect reaction tubes, the controlling and optimization of the furnace structure have increasingly received more and more research attention. As known from the furnace structure, it is essential to couple the exothermic combustion with the endothermic reforming reactions due to the highly interactive nature of the two processes. Thus, in this paper, the combustion process in the furnace was numerically studied by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the combustion chamber, coupled with methane steam reforming reaction inside the reaction tubes, defined by a plug flow model. A set of combustion models were compared for the furnace chamber and a plug flow reaction model was employed for reforming reaction tubes, and then a heat coupling process was established. The predicted flue gas temperature distribution showed that the heat transfer in the furnace was not uniform, resulting in hot spots and heat losses on the tube wall. Therefore, structure optimization schemes were proposed. Optimization on arrangements of the tubes and the nozzles promoted the uniform distribution of flue-gas temperature and then improved heat transfer efficiency, thereby enhancing performance of the steam reforming process.     

Heat transfer in HCCI multi-zone modeling: Validation of a new wall heat flux correlation under motoring conditions

The present study focuses on the development and a preliminary validation of a heat transfer model for the estimation of wall heat flux in HCCI engines via multi-zone modeling. The multi-zone model describes heat flow between zones and to the combustion chamber wall. Mass, species and enthalpy transfer, which affect the temperature field within the combustion chamber, are also considered between zones, accounting for the convective heat transfer terms. The multi-zone heat transfer model presented herein has been developed for HCCI combustion simulation and although it has been used in the past, its validation was based on cylinder pressure data under firing conditions. In the present study a more accurate validation of the model is conducted. This is achieved by comparing the multi-zone model heat loss rate predictions to the corresponding predictions of a validated CFD code. The cases examined correspond to actual motoring cases, against which the CFD code has been validated in a previous work. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is presented, to assess the effect of the zone configuration, i.e. zone thickness and number, on the predicted heat loss rate and temperature profiles. In addition, a comparison is made between the results obtained from the proposed heat flux correlation and one in which the temperature gradient at the wall is approximated via finite differences.     

CFD modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow inside a pent-roof type combustion chamber using dynamic model

A numerical work has been performed to analyze the heat transfer and fluid flow in a pent-roof type combustion chamber. Dynamic mesh model was used to simulation piston intake stroke. Revolution of piston (1000 ≤ n ≤ 5000) is the main governing parameter on heat and fluid flow. k–ε turbulence model was used to predict the flow in the cylinder of a non-compressing fluid. They were solved with finite volume method and FLUENT 12.0 commercial code. Velocity profiles, temperature distribution, pressure distribution and velocity vectors are presented. It is found that the inclined surface of pent-roof type of combustion chamber reduces the swirl effect and it can be a control parameter for heat and fluid flow.     

Study of dimethyl ether homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion process using a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model

A multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is adopted to investigate the Dimethyl Ether (DME) Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion and emissions processes. A reduced chemical mechanism is coupled with a CFD code in the multi-dimensional CFD model. The pressure profiles predicted by the multi-dimensional CFD model are more accurate than the single-zone model, because the wall heat transfer and in-cylinder turbulence flow are considered. During the combustion process the in-cylinder temperature distribution undergoes a process from inhomogeneity to homogeneity. Both low and high temperature reactions don't occur simultaneously throughout the cylinder. The low temperature reactions are initiated near the piston surface and squish region, and the high temperature reactions are initiated in the combustion chamber core zone and squish region. Emission analysis indicates that unburned fuel and CH₂O account for the majority of unburned hydrocarbon (HC). The unburned fuel, CH₂O and CO emission mainly resides in the bottom, middle and upper part of the piston-ring crevice region, respectively. With the decrease of DME equivalence ratio, unburned fuel and CO increases. However, when the DME equivalence ratio is too small, CO emission decreases.     

直喷式柴油机缸内热辐射多区(多维)模型的研究

以准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型和碳粒生成预测了模型为基础,建立了缸内空间辐射多区（多维）模型,并以Ｇ４１３５直喷式柴油机为研究对象,用蒙特卡洛（Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ）法计算和分析了燃烧室壁面辐射热量的分布,结果表明,热流量分布规律和数值与柴油机缸内燃烧过程,有关试验结果相符。     

Numerical study of heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in noble gases atmosphere in compression ignition engine

The high energy content of hydrogen and zero carbon emission from hydrogen combustion is very important for compression ignition engine development. Hydrogen requires a very high auto-ignition temperature, which encourages replacing nitrogen with noble gases with higher specific heat ratio during compression process. In noble gases-hydrogen combustion, higher combustion temperature potentially leading to a higher heat loss. This paper aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases on heat distribution and heat transfer on the cylinder wall. Converge CFD software was used to simulate a Yanmar NF19SK direct injection compression ignition engine. The local heat flux was measured at different locations of cylinder wall and piston head. The heat transfer of hydrogen combustion in various noble gases at different intake temperatures was studied using the numerical approach. As a result, hydrogen combustion in light noble gases such as helium produces faster combustion progress and higher heat temperature. The hydrogen combustion that experienced detonation, which happened in neon at 340 K and argon at 380 K, recorded a very high local heat flux at the cylinder head and piston due to the rapid combustion, which should be avoided in the engine operation. At a higher intake temperature, the rate of heat transfer on the cylinder wall is increased. In conclusion, helium was found as the best working gas for controlling combustion and heat transfer. Overall, the heat transfer data gained in this paper can be used to construct the future engine hydrogen in noble gases.     

Numerical simulation of mixed convective heat transfer of a molten salt in a square tube with a thermally conductive wall

熔盐因具有传热能力强、工作温度高、使用温度广、系统压力低、经济适用等优点,成为太阳能热发电系统蓄热工质的理想选择。熔盐在实际应用中会因加热过程的非均匀性产生存在于固体表面和流体间的温差,造成流体工质中的密度梯度,因此出现重力导致的浮升力效应,其叠加到主流流动方向上即形成混合对流。管壁导热会对熔盐混合对流传热过程产生一定的影响。本文对熔盐在水平方管内非均匀加热条件下的单面加热的混合对流过程进行了数值模拟研究,在考虑壁厚的情况下研究了方管单面加热熔盐混合对流传热特性,分析了无量纲参数间的变化关系,并将结果与流型判定图和经典关联式进行对比。结果表明,非均匀加热时,浮升力效应会造成随流动距离增加主流核心区域的形状发生改变,且更加靠近加热壁面。Nu数随Re数、Ri数的增大而增大,局部Nu_x数随流动距离的深入先减小后增大。与忽略管壁导热数值模拟结果相比,主流核心区形状更加均匀,局部Nu_x更高且回升位置更加提前,流动特性和传热特性基本保持一致。     

燃烧室部件耦合系统过渡工况传热全仿真模拟研究

内燃机的起动、停车、加载等运行工况发生急剧变化（过渡工况）过程中,其燃烧室部位外于强烈地被加热或被冷却状态。这种热冲击增加了部件的动态疲劳热应力,给内燃机的可靠性带来严重恶果,是导致燃烧室部位破裂的主要原因之一。燃烧室部件的传热研究是热负荷计算和评定的基础,对内燃机的可靠性设计具有重要意义。作对燃烧室部件活塞组气缸套耦合系统在过渡工况下的耦合传热关系进行了较深入的研究,建立了描述这一传热过程的数学模型;并利用该模型,模拟了125风冷柴油机在各种过渡工况下的传热情况。     

The influence of thermal stratification on hydrogen fuel flow and heat transfer in cooling channel with combining fin and dimple

The rockets engines combustion chamber wall suffers from high single-side heating and small cooling channel size, and this can cause serious cross-section thermal stratification and local heat transfer deterioration problem, leading to the decreasing of the flow and heat transfer efficiency and thermal protection problem. In this paper, to effectively reduce this non-uniform distribution phenomenon to enhance the flow heat transfer capacity, a new vortex generator with combing fin and dimple is proposed. The CFD software is used to numerically solve this problem and analyzed the influence of thermal stratification on hydrogen fuel flow and heat transfer. The investigation results indicate that for Re_in = 42000, Nu of new dimple and fin structure improves about 94%, and the maximum heat temperature decreases 15.4% than smooth channel, while the friction factor is about 2.6 times smooth channel. The temperature non-uniform index decreases the 12.24% than smooth channel. Comparing with smooth and dimple structure, the new structure effectively reduced the thermal stratification phenomenon to improve the hydrogen fuel flow and heat transfer performance, thus the overheated structure is better protected.     

螺旋套管换热器传热特性研究

根据螺旋套管换热器的结构特点及传热特性,建立了水一水蒸气的流动与传热的三维几何模型.利用Fluem时不同工况下的螺旋套管进行了数值模拟,得出了湍流状态下螺旋套管内流体的温度场、速度场和压力场;利用搭建的螺旋套管换热器试验台,得出多种工况下的传热系数,为螺旋套管换热器的设计计算提供了依据.同时将试验结果和数值模拟结果进行...     

内燃机缸内积炭及进气涡流强度对局部瞬态传热的影响

通过实验研究了内燃机缸内积炭及进气涡流强度对局部瞬态传热的影响，并测量了气缸盖鼻梁区和活塞燃烧室表面的瞬态热流，结果表明燃烧室受热表面积炭层的存在对工质与燃烧室各零件间的瞬态传热表现出强的闭塞作用。