Virtual cityscapes: recent advances in crowd modeling and traffic simulation

We survey our recent work on interactive modeling, generation, and control of large-scale crowds and traffic for simulating digital cities. These include multi-agent navigation, simulating large crowds with emerging behaviors as well as interactive simulation of traffic on large road networks. We also highlight their performance on different scenarios.     

人群应急疏散可视仿真研究进展和问题

人群应急疏散可视仿真是用智能体来模拟具有自主感知、情绪和行为能力的人群个体,并采用3维可视的方式来直观呈现人群应急疏散情景,可以为制定人群应急预案提供形象直观的分析方法。本文从人群仿真数据的来源、人群导航模型的构建、人群行为模型、人群情绪感染、人群渲染5个方面概述目前研究的进展,然后从仿真模型的可验证性、人群疏散导航模型的构建、人与环境的物理模型、动物逃生实验与仿真、疏散中的社会行为表现以及人群情绪的可视计算6个角度讨论需要进一步研究的问题。针对需要深入研究的问题,指出借助于紧急事件的视频监控分析和虚拟人群情景的用户调查,有助于完善人群仿真模型。结合物理模型,可以更准确地描述人群应急疏散场景。开展动物逃生实验分析,有助于完善人群运动导航算法。建立人群社会行为模型,可以更详细描述疏散中人群行为的多样性。构建基于多通道感知的人群情绪感染计算方法,可以详尽描述情绪感染的过程。人群应急疏散行为的可视仿真研究在城市的安全管理方面具有重要的应用前景,但其研究仍存在很多亟待解决的问题,综合地运用多学科知识,完善实验手段是进一步推动研究的关键所在。     

虚拟环境中大规模群体行为建模研究进展

虚拟环境中的大规模群体行为建模是虚拟现实技术的重要研究方向之一,它是提高虚拟环境沉浸感的重要支撑技术,在军方和民用领域具有重要的潜在应用价值。首先从社会学研究领域讨论了群体和群体行为的基本概念和相关理论,然后重点介绍了虚拟现实领域大规模群体行为建模的基本方法和国内外最新研究进展以及影视娱乐业中典型群体行为模型生成系统,最后在对相关研究成果分析的基础上指出了大规模群体行为建模存在的问题和今后重点关注的研究内容。     

A systolic parallel simulation system for dynamic traffic assignment: SPSS-DTA

This paper presents a new approach to solve dynamic traffic assignment problems. The approach employs a mixed method of real-time simulation and off-line optimization. The fundamental approach to the simulation is systolic parallel processing based on autonomous agent modeling. Agents continuously act on their own initiatives and access to database to get the status of the simulation world. In particular, existing models and algorithms were incorporated in designing the behavior of relevant agents such as car-following and headway distribution. Simulation is based on predetermined routes between centroids that are computed off-line by a conventional optimal path-finding algorithm such as the Frank-Wolf algorithm. Iterating the cycles of optimization and simulation, the proposed system will provide a practical and valuable traffic assignment. Gangnam-Gu district in Seoul, Korea is selected as the target area for the modeling. It is expected that real-time traffic assignment services can be provided on the Internet soon.     

Generating a multiplicity of policies for agent steering in crowd simulation

Pedestrian steering algorithms range from completely procedural to entirely data‐driven, but the former grossly generalize across possible human behaviors and suffer computationally, whereas the latter are limited by the burden of ever‐increasing data samples. Our approach seeks the balanced middle ground by deriving a collection of machine‐learned policies based on the behavior of a procedural steering algorithm through the decomposition of the space of possible steering scenarios into steering contexts. The resulting algorithm scales well in the number of contexts, the use of new data sets to create new policies, and in the number of controlled agents as the policies become a simple evaluation of the rules asserted by the machine‐learning process. We also explore the use of synthetic data from an “oracle algorithm” that serves as an as‐needed source of samples, which can be stochastically polled for effective coverage. We observe that our approach produces pedestrian steering similar to that of the oracle steering algorithm, but with a significant performance boost. Runtime was reduced from hours under the oracle algorithm with 10 agents to on the order of 10 frames per second (FPS) with 3000 agents. We also analyze the nature of collisions in such a framework with no explicit collision avoidance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Guidance path scheduling using particle swarm optimization in crowd simulation

In this paper, we propose a method for using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to compute optimal guidance paths for various crowd densities in an agent‐based crowd simulation. The inputs of our system are guidance paths that provide hints for the movement directions of agents. Input guidance paths may not be located correctly (e.g., leading to congestion or high traveling cost); therefore, our method adjusts the guidance paths by using PSO. We consider several factors for evaluating the quality of a guidance path, including the average traveling time and interaction distance between agents. We apply our method in several examples. Experimental results show that our method can compute adaptive guidance paths for various crowd densities. Our system can simulate organized crowds that move in directions specified by the guidance paths. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Agent的空中交通系统建模与仿真研究

从系统特性、内在运行机制和外在行为表现等方面对空中交通系统进行了深入分析,提出基于离散事件和连续时间相结合的混合空中交通仿真模型。该模型采用Agent技术表现实现个体微观行为的仿真,集成个体微观行为构成系统宏观性能表现。构建了典型的空中交通系统的Agent模型：飞机Agent和管制员Agent。最后,通过一个起飞和落地的应用验证了基于Agent的空中交通混合仿真在模拟个体微观行为和系统宏观表现方面均具有较高的逼真度。     

基于多agent的军事物流系统仿真建模方法*

针对军事物流系统复杂性和不确定性的特点,提出了一种基于多agent的系统仿真建模方法。采用中间到两端的多层agents组织方式,引入agent分区概念对agent行为分别进行详细描述。在基于中间层agents逻辑模型的基础上抽象上层agents和下层agents。通过中间层各agent的活动映射而构造的下层agents负责特定的事务处理。中间层agents负责协调下层agents的信息传递,并与上层agents进行交互;上层agents负责协调中间层agents之间的交互。给出了系统模型的仿真实验方法,最后建立了基于多agent的军事物流仿真模型,并通过系统模型的仿真运行,对系统模型的正确性进行了检验。     

基于CUDA的大规模群体行为实时仿真并行实现及优化

群体仿真中个体从环境中查找相关对象时会导致较高的时间复杂度。要使大规模群体能够实时仿真,必须降低模型运算的时间复杂度或者提高计算平台的能力。通过对Biods模型为典型案例进行研究,提出一种基于统一计算架构(CUDA)的大规模群体行为实时仿真并行实现及优化的方法。实现中将个体与GPU逻辑线程一一对应,通过将仿真环境离散化来提高相关个体查找的效率,通过并行化基数排序法将个体信息组织成具有空间局部性的数组,提高图形处理器(GPU)内存带宽的利用率。通过实验验证了该方法将仿真个体的数量提升到CPU方法的约7.3倍。     

中观交通流建模与系统仿真研究综述*

在简要描述了宏微观交通流仿真的建模思路和仿真软件开发情况的基础上,重点对近四十年来中观交通流仿真建模的研究成果进行了总结和归类,并对不同中观仿真模型的优缺点进行了比较;最后指出了中观交通流建模与仿真的研究方向。     

新型伺服控制系统的建模仿真与分析

分析了伺服控制系统的工作原理,提出一种新型伺服控制系统建模方法。在Matlab/Simulink环境下采用模块化的方法构建了系统的仿真模型,系统采用双闭环控制,并对该模型进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,该系统具有良好的动态和静态特性,验证了该方法的有效性,为实际伺服控制系统的设计和调速提供了新的方法。     

Developing a software toolkit for urban traffic modeling

ATLAS is a modeling language that permits a static view of a city section to be defined for simulating traffic in closed areas. We propose a methodology that is focused on the user while being able to improve the software development activities. The models are formally specified, avoiding a high number of errors in the application, thus reducing the problem solving time. Streets are characterized by their traffic direction, number of lanes, etc. Once the urban section is outlined, the traffic flow is automatically set up. Specialized behavior is included to model traffic lights, trucks, traffic signs, railways, etc. The basic idea is to provide a mapping into DEVS and Cell‐DEVS models that can be easily executed with a simulation tool. As the modelers can focus on the problem to solve, development times for the simulators can be dramatically reduced. A front‐end system allows the user to draw city sections (and then parse the drawing to create a valid ATLAS file), and an output subsystem permitting cars to be shown with realistic 3D graphics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人群疏散虚拟现实模拟系统——Guarder

人群疏散的虚拟现实模拟就是利用虚拟现实技术,在计算机生成空间中建立公共设施和人群的三维模型,设定各种可能发生的安全危机和相应的疏散预案,模拟并三维地展示人群疏散场景;通过对模拟结果进行统计分析,可以验证人群疏散应急预案的合理性和有效性.介绍了人群疏散模拟虚拟现实系统Guarder设计的核心思想,提出了技术框架,详细阐述了其中的复杂环境语义表示、群体运动仿真等关键技术,并给出了应用实例,最后列举了几个前沿研究问题.     

Crowd Simulation and Its Applications: Recent Advances

This article surveys the state-of-the-art crowd simulation techniques and their selected applications, with its focus on our recent research advances in this rapidly growing research field. We first give a categorized overview on the mainstream methodologies of crowd simulation. Then, we describe our recent research advances on crowd evacuation,pedestrian crowds, crowd formation, traffic simulation, and swarm simulation. Finally, we offer our viewpoints on open crowd simulation research challenges and point out potential future directions in this field.     

基于电梯交通流概率仿真模型的空闲交通模式电梯调度方法

首先建立电梯交通流概率仿真模型,然后利用该模型进行空闲交通模式下的电梯调度。该电梯调度方法有效地避免了电梯“空驶现象”,并大大降低了方法的复杂性。在仿真实验中,通过与其它空闲交通模式电梯调度方法的比较,可验证本方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于RBF神经网络的网络流量建模及预测

随着计算机网络的迅速发展,目前的网络规模极为庞大和复杂,网络流量预测对于网络管理具有至关重要的意义。根据实际网络中测量的大量网络流量数据,建立了一个基于RBF神经网络的流量模型,给出了RBF神经网络的结构设计及基于正交最小二乘的学习算法,并基于该流量模型对网络流量进行预测。仿真结果表明,该模型具有较高的预测效果,相对于传统线性模型及BP神经网络模型具有更高的预测精度和良好的自适应性。     

Risk assessment in work environments: modeling and simulation

The paper proposes a characterization of risks and a service‐oriented prototype to face risky situations in work environments, such as in industrial plants or building construction areas. A risk is the overture of emergencies that produce human and/or material damages. Therefore, it is particularly critical to identify and manage risks to avoid their evolution into emergencies. In this paper, we outline the technological features of a risk environment and propose a risk model and a service‐based simulation prototype aimed to improve safety in work environments. We discuss engineering issues concerning risk modeling and management. Furthermore, we propose a risk management system solution and its related implemented prototype composed of services able to detect and also to prevent the occurrence of risk conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交通流多格点预估格子模型与数值仿真

考虑驾驶员对多格点交通流量预估效应,建立了新的交通流多格点预估格子模型。通过线性稳定性分析获得了改进模型的稳定性条件。通过非线性分析得到了扭结—反扭结密度波解,得到了交通流相空间的三个区域:稳定区域、亚稳定区域和不稳定区域。数值仿真验证了考虑驾驶员对多格点的预估效应,能够进一步提高交通流的稳定性。     

交通事故信息分析与责任认定系统建模研究

交通事故信息分析和事故责任认定是交通管理工作的重要内容之一,将交通事故信息分析放入人、车、路等交通大环境中考虑,以数据仓库为基础,采用联机分析、数据挖掘、知识发现等新一代信息分析手段和计算智能技术,构建了一个实用高效的交通事故信息智能分析与责任认定系统,并阐述了系统各主要组成部分功能及其关键技术与实现方法。系统正应用于我国南方某省的交通管理部门。