Improving the performances of ultrasonic motors using intermittent contact scheme

Most ultrasonic motors operate in intermittent contact scheme. Their stators drive the rotors (or sliders) when the stators contact the rotors, and the rotors (or sliders) move under an inertia force when the stators and the rotors are separated. The duty cycle of the contact and the “flight” manages motors’ output performance. To obtain a large output force or output velocity, this paper proposes a concept using the alternative work of a multistator or the multi-driving end of a single stator. The method can avoid larger noise, poor efficiency, and lifetime of motors. A novel linear ultrasonic motor using the alternative work of the multi-driving end of a single stator was fabricated and investigated experimentally. The traveling speed without load of the slider is 88 mm/s, and the maximum load is 0.32 N.     

行波超声电机定、转子接触状态试验分析

行波超声电机的接触模型是建立在定、转子是光滑接触表面的假设上,而实际中定、转子的接触面是粗糙的.针对这一问题,通过试验研究行波超声电机定子表面摩擦层在预压力下的变形规律;利用Polytec公司PSV-300F-B型高频扫描激光测振系统测试工作状态下的定子振动的频率、幅值和速度随预压力变化的规律;并利用电接触法测试定、转子的接触状态.试验结果表明,Ф60行波超声电机的预压力在100 N以上,此时摩擦层的变形量同自由定子(未加上转子)的振幅在同一个数量级上;在预压力下定子的振动幅值和速度大幅下降;工作中定、转子不会产生脱离.这说明传统的接触模型不能够正确地反映定、转子的接触状态.     

Principle and experimental verification of novel dual driving face rotary ultrasonic motor

Existing rotary ultrasonic motors operating in extreme environments cannot meet the requirements of good environmental adaptability and compact structure at same time,and existing ultrasonic motors with Langevin transducers show better environmental adaptability,but size of these motors are usually big due to the radial arrangement of the Langevin transducers.A novel dual driving face rotary ultrasonic motor is proposed,and its working principle is experimentally verified.The working principle of the novel ultrasonic motor is firstly proposed.The 5th in-plane flexural vibration travelling wave,excited by the Langevin transducers around the stator ring,is used to drive the rotors.Then the finite element method is used in the determination of dimensions of the prototype motor,and the confirmation of its working principle.After that,a laser Doppler vibrometer system is used for measuring the resonance frequency and vibration amplitude of the stator.At last,output characteristics of the prototype motor are measured,environmental adaptability is tested and performance for driving a metal ball is also investigated.At room temperature and 200 V(zero to peak) driving voltage,the motor’s no-load speed is 80 r/min,the stalling torque is 0.35 N·m and the maximum output power is 0.85 W.The response time of this motor is 0.96 ms at the room temperature,and it decreases or increases little in cold environment.A metal ball driven by the motor can rotate at 210 r/min with the driving voltage 300 V(zero to peak).Results indicate that the prototype motor has a large output torque and good environmental adaptability.A rotary ultrasonic motor owning compact structure and good environmental adaptability is proposed,and lays the foundations of ultrasonic motors’ applications in extreme environments.     

Bi-modes alternation stepping ultrasonic motors

Based on the principle of alternative operation of two bending vibration modes in an annular stator, this paper presents a standing-wave stepping ultrasonic motor characterized by no accumulative errors driven by an open-loop control circuitry. The driving forces are generated from the motions of projections on the stator in two modes. The positioning of the motor is achieved by the cooperation between the stator projections and rotor teeth, and the number of the rotors determines the stepping angle of the motor. Two-phase sinusoidal signals corresponding to the two modal frequencies drive the motor bi-direction stepping rotation via a switch unit. The prototype runs steadily without miss-step on trial. The single-step angle displacement of the motor is 2.5°. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006, 38(5): 600–604 [译自: 南京航空航天大学学报]     

超声电机多定子同步驱动技术的研究

研究多定子超声电机同步驱动技术,通过多定子同步驱动增加电机的驱动力(矩),解决目前单定子驱动电机输出功率不大的问题,并且以两个定子同步驱动为例,分别给出了采用分立元件、AVR以及DSP 3种器件设计驱动电路的方法,比较分析了各自的优缺点,并指出多定子同步驱动可有效提高电机运行的可靠性和稳定性,探讨了同步驱动技术今后的发展趋势。     

Concepts for a class of novel piezoelectric self-locking long-stroke actuators

The friction-type motor is the most common type in the field of piezoelectric motors. One limitation of friction-type motors is their inability to achieve high output push force or torque. Based on the theory of self-lock, a novel mechanism for the linear piezoelectric motor is proposed. On the basis of the proposed mechanism, three prototype models have been developed. The new motors transfer the force and displacement generated by a piezoelectric actuator to the output directly, whereas the friction-type motor transfers via the induced friction between the stator and the rotor. The achieved positioning precision is within 10 nm, while the push force is up to 1,176 N. The new motors can be applied in cases where both high positioning precision and heavy load are essential.     

用于精密定位平台的直线超声电机的异步并联

提出了直线超声电机异步并联的概念以提高精密定位平台驱动单元的位移分辨率、输出力及速度.基本原理是若干定子(或振子)在一个振动周期内交替驱动动子(或转子),使实际的驱动频率成倍提高,可以获得更好的输出性能.分析显示,提高定子与动子之间的接触频率可以提高输出力和速度,改善瞬态响应特性,并可避免同步并联方式下定子的相互干扰问...     

Investigation on a cylindrical ultrasonic micromotor

The relationship between the arrangement of ceramics and the force coefficient shows that the maximum excitation efficiency will be obtained when the ceramics are placed at the trough of the first bending mode of the stator. Therefore, a cylindrical ultrasonic micromotor with a novel stator is proposed. The prototype motor is 5 mm in diameter, 30 mm in length and 4.2 g in weight. The micromotor operates with the first bending mode at 53 kHz. Its maximum speed is 350 r/min when the drive voltage is 200 V and the stall torque reaches 2.5 mN · m. As this motor is suitable for miniaturization because of its simple structure, another cylindrical ultrasonic micromotor is developed. Piezoelectric ceramic tube is used as its stator. This micromtor is 2 mm in diameter, 7 mm in length and 0.258 g in weight. Its speed reaches 813 r/min when the drive voltage is 60 V at 75 kHz. The operation mechanism, structure and design method of these two motors are introduced. __________ Translated from Proceedings of the CSEE, 2006, 26(12): 128–133 [译自: 中国电机工程学报]     

基于扭振斜向贴片式应力型纵扭复合超声电机

设计了一种新型双转子应力型纵扭复合超声电机,并对该型电机的结构进行了设计; 提出了一种基于扭转振动斜向粘贴压电片方式,利用矩形压电陶瓷贴置在开有斜槽的圆形定子基体上的布局方案,用于激励出定子基体产生一阶扭转振动模态; 通过有限元软件计算出定子基体一阶扭振模态和定/转子整体的二阶纵振模态,并对两者模态的固有频率一致性进行设计。对设计的10 mm贴片式双转子应力型纵扭复合超声电机进行振动测试实验并选择其最佳的工作频率,实验结果验证该方案的可实施性。     

双足反向型直线超声电机的优化设计及性能仿真

为实现成对微部件反向同步动作的精密定位,设计了一种双足反向型直线超声电机。该电机以矩形板面内一阶纵振和二阶弯振模态为工作模态,通过三角形结构将激励振动放大并在驱动足位置形成椭圆运动,从而驱动两滑条实现反向直线输出。基于工作频率一致性要求进行了电机结构优化,采用谐响应分析验证了设计的可行性。建立定子滑条刚柔接触有限元模型,实现了电机输出性能的仿真。仿真结果说明该电机具有较好的稳定性,空载速度和输出推力分别达到120mm/s和30N。     

定子齿结构TRUM离散化动力学分析方法

基于目前行波型旋转超声电机定转子非线性接触动力学理论研究的复杂性,提出一种简易求解的界面离散化动力学分析方法。首先,着眼于定子齿的离散分布特性,化定转子齿面接触为离散点接触,在定子齿与转子的不同接触状态下,通过引入等效刚度的概念,对定子齿与转子间的轴向作用力进行求解,从而获得定转子的离散等效作用力,确立定转子的相对运动关系;然后,从离散接触点的三维运动特性出发,分析接触过程中的径向和周向摩擦力,从而研究输出机械特性和界面能耗;最后,通过仿真和实验,验证了该方法对接触界面动力学的准确描述。     

Application of AZ4903 to production of stator windings

To satisfy the needs of the high deep-width ratio and thickness of a planar micromotor’s stator windings, a process method to produce an electromagnetic planar micromotor with AZ4903 is proposed. Optimum relationships, such as the desired rotation speed vs. thickness of the coating process, and the temperature vs. time of pre-baking, are obtained. The appropriate time of lithography and development are also achieved. The thickness of the produced windings is 40 μm with ideal perpendicularity. Finally, stators and rotors are fabricated. The rotation speed and pull-out torque of the micromotor are tested. The experiment proved that the micromotor worked with a steady speed and a low ripple of pull-out torque. __________ Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech) 2005, 45(8): 1062–1065 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

悬浮式球转子压电作动器的设计及实验研究

针对机械转子式陀螺仪对支承和高转速的特定要求,设计出一种兰杰文振子和压电圆盘复合驱动的定子,从而在定子振动输出面获得足够振幅的行波运动,实现对球转子的超声近场非接触支承和高速驱动。对圆盘定子进行了结构动力学设计,使其工作频率与兰杰文振子频率基本一致。样机模态实验表明复合定子频率一致性较好。通过悬浮高度和转速测试发现,转子悬浮稳定,转速与驱动频率有关,在200 V激励电压下的共振频率附近可获得最大转速3 880  r/min。     

基于虚拟仪器的直线超声电机机械特性测试

针对直线超声电机机械特性测试问题,建立了基于虚拟仪器的直线超声电机机械特性测试系统。设计了力与速度测试系统,为测试的直线电机提供加载,配置的压力传感器与直线型光电编码器分别用于电机输出力与速度的测量,利用虚拟仪器技术搭建了测试硬件平台。利用虚拟仪器编程语言LabVIEW对各个模块进行软件设计,以实现各自的功能。利用该系统对杆式直线超声电机和双变幅杆V形直线超声电机的机械特性进行了测试,测试结果证实该测试系统的可行性,为直线超声电机机械特性测试提供了所必需的条件。     

Role of Head Parameters on Head-Disc Interface

The effect of a nanoslider's crown, camber, twist and suspension load are parametrically studied and compared from a tribological standpoint. In this paper, stiction, friction, and contact start-slop (hereafter CSS) were performed on a modified disc drive equipped with a special strain gauge. For convex (positive crowned and cambered) sliders, up to five to six times reduction in rest stiction can be easily attained compared to flat sliders. This also applies to drives which have been turned off and turned on after one week.

Flat sliders with much of the air bearing surfaces etched away are, also studied. The patterned sliders did not reduce stiction when tested on a lightly textured disc coated with a lube system consisting of mobile and bonded phases.

The normal suspension force and weight of the slider when bonded together determine the apparent slider contact between the disc surface asperities. The reduction in contact area from six to four grams suspension load on the asperities is about 24 percent.

The effect of convex slider improves the disc durability during CSS. It is believed the geometry allows the convex-shaped magnetic slider to take off from the disc surface sooner than flat ones. That was observed by Lee and Bolasna. The concave slider will reduce stiction also because of smaller contact area. However, its inability to take off early results in catastrophic disc wear. Once in flight, the sliders are insensitive to the convex or concave effect.     

斜动子与塔形定子构成的单驱双动超声电机

针对两相超声电机对模态频率一致性要求高及单相超声电机难于实现双向运动等问题,提出了一种单相驱动双向运动斜动子塔形直线超声电机。动子相对于塔形定子倾斜安装,利用塔形定子的面内对称模态或面内弯曲模态为工作模态,通过切换工作模态改变定子驱动足运动轨迹相对于动子的倾斜方向,实现动子正、反向运动。在分析电机工作原理及设计原则的基础上,推导了电机运行的导轨倾角适用范围,对设计制作的原理样机进行了模态实验和机械特性测试。实验表明,在导轨倾斜角为35°,激励电压为500 V,预压为力4.5 N的条件下,面内对称振动模态工作时的最大空载速度为79 mm/s,最大输出力为0.5 N;面内弯曲模态工作时的最大空载速度为756 mm/s,最大输出力为0.8 N。     

大力矩应力型纵扭复合超声电机

研究了一种双转子应力型纵扭复合型超声电机,对该电机进行了结构设计,提出了纵振压电陶瓷片全部放置在定子端面上的结构,同时深入分析了电机的工作机理。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS详细分析了影响定子1阶扭振模态和电机整体2阶纵振模态的结构参数,并提出了针对应力型纵扭复合超声电机的模态频率一致性的设计方法。对研制出的Φ20 mm双转子应力型纵扭复合超声电机样机进行了振动特性以及使用不同预压力弹簧时的负载特性实验研究,结果表明:电机的纵振特性与施加在转子上的预压力有关;使用非线性预压力弹簧时,电机输出负载特性较好,其中Φ20 mm样机的堵转力矩达到了1.28 N.m。     

Influence of force load on the stability of ultrasonic longitudinal–torsional composite drilling system

This study aimed to investigate the problems of system detuning, amplitude attenuation, and even vibration stop after the load was applied to the acoustic system during ultrasonic-assisted vibration processing. In the theoretical part, the overall theoretical model of the ultrasonic longitudinal–torsional composite drilling system (ULTCDS), including the longitudinal–torsional composite horn, transducer, and load was established based on the four-terminal network, combined with the longitudinal and torsional vibration equations of the variable cross-section rod. Also, the influence of the load on the input impedance and output amplitude of the acoustic system was preliminarily analyzed. In the simulation part, the static and dynamic drilling force was simulated by the pre-stressed modal and transient dynamic analyses, and the influence of the force load on the resonant frequency and output amplitude of the system was further explored. In the experiment part, the static force loading test and the ultrasonic drilling test of titanium alloy were designed. The micro-morphology of drilling holes under different processing parameters was observed, and the influence of force load on the system characteristics and stability was explored. The results showed that when the system was subjected to a force load greater than 400 N, the system current and frequency were greatly offset, the electromechanical conversion efficiency reduced, and the amplitude was attenuated to below the amplitude at empty load. In the ultrasonic-assisted drilling of titanium alloy processing, the acoustic system undergoes an obvious detuning phenomenon and the drilling quality is attenuated when the current increased by more than 60% and the frequency changed by more than 350 Hz, affecting the stability of the system and the ultrasonic-assisted processing effect.     

超声波马达的真空和温度特性研究

研究了超声波马达在非常状态下的驱动行为,选取了5种工程塑料作为转子摩擦材料,利用真空试验机和自制的与其相匹配的超声波马达模拟试验台,采用对比试验方法,研究了接触预紧力、真空度和环境温度等对行波型超声波马达的驱动特性的影响。结果表明,随着预紧力和真空度的增加,马达的堵转力矩增加而空载转速下降;随着环境温度的增加马达的空载转速下降。运用声学理论分析了真空度对接触状态的影响,得出声悬浮作用使定子和转子的动态接触力减小的结论。在真空状态下,超声波马达的堵转力矩比常态下提高的主要原因是声悬浮作用降低引起定子和转子的动态接触力增加所致。     

电磁型平面微电机及其制作工艺

为得到一种尺寸小、输出力矩大、转速高的直流可调速微电机,提出了一种利用微机械加工工艺制作微电机的方法。定子和转子都做成平面结构,定子线圈采用了平面型、无槽式集中绕组;线圈之间采用了三相星形连接方式,采用了微机械LIGA工艺和硅微机械加工工艺;转子采用钕铁硼永磁材料,进行轴向充磁,成辐射状间隔分布。装配时转子分布于定子两侧,不但减小了电机尺寸,还有利于定子的散热。把装配完毕的微电机接通三相半控控制电路对其转速和力矩进行了测试,测试结果表明,电机运转平稳,输出力矩大。