Cyclic responses of three 2-story seismic concentrically braced frames

Abstract Three full scale two-story steel concentrically braced frames (CBFs) were tested at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taipei. The specimen is a single bay with the braces arranged in a two-story X-brace configuration. The main differences among the three tests are the brace types (hollow structural or wide-flange section) and the design criteria adopted for the gusset plate connections. Results of these three tests confirm that the two-story X-shape steel CBFs all have rather good energy dissipation characteristics up to a story drift of about 0.03 radians under the cyclically increasing lateral displacements. Severe brace local buckling and out-of-plane displacements were observed during each test. Tests confirm that both the 2t-linear and 8t-elliptical designs of the gusset plate connection provide satisfactory ductility for the steel CBF. Hollow structural section (HSS) braces fractured at a story drift smaller than that found using wide flange sections. The nonlinear fine element method (FEM) program ABAQUS was used to simulate the responses of the specimen. The base shear versus the story drift relationships obtained from the tests and the FEM analytical results are quite agreeable in various levels of lateral frame displacement. The analytical results confirm that the severe out-of-plane buckling of the braces can be accurately simulated. FEM analyses also illustrate that the steel moment resisting frame takes about 40% story shear when the inter-story drift is greater than 0.02 radians.     

钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑RC框架平面#br# 外力学性能试验研究

框架平面外方向的层间侧移在一定程度上影响框架中屈曲约束支撑抗震性能的发挥。为了研究框架平面外的层间侧移作用下,节点板加边肋和屈曲约束支撑端部加强对带屈曲约束支撑钢筋混凝土框架平面外方向力学性能的影响,对3榀安装了钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑的钢筋混凝土框架试件在平面外方向进行拟静力试验。研究了带钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑的钢筋混凝土框架平面外力学性能,节点板加边肋和BRB端部加强对其自身在平面外方向的受力与变形特征。结果表明：钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑对钢筋混凝土框架平面外方向的承载能力影响很小;框架平面外变形引起屈曲约束支撑轴向变形非常微小;在框架平面外层间位侧移作用下,带节点板的BRB呈“C”形的变形模式,节点板加边肋与屈曲约束支撑端部加强的设计能减小BRB轴力对其在平面外方向变形的影响。     

Steel concentrically braced frames using tubular structural sections as bracing members: Design,full-scale testing and numerical simulation

This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical studies carried out on two full-scale, one-bay, two-story steel concentrically braced frames. Square hollow and round hollow structural sections were used for the bracing components. The specimens were designed and detailed according to the 2005 AISC Seismic Provisions, and tested cyclically under displacement control but with a fixed lateral load distribution over height. Numerical computational models including the brace components, gusset plate details and frame members were implemented in OpenSees. Numerical simulations were then performed to investigate the cyclic behavior of brace components, brace failure mechanisms and overall system response. Satisfactory agreement was obtained in comparisons of experimental and numerical results. Premature failures observed suggest that beamto-gusset plate connections could be pinned to accommodate large rotational demands at this location without the need to form plastic hinges. Test results also showed that for the braced frames having the same configuration, designed for similar base shear capacities, and subjected to the same roof level displacement history, the braced frame specimen using round tubular sections as diagonal braces was able to sustain larger story drifts without brace fracture than the specimen employing square tubular sections. Fracture of the column base in the second specimen, although inconclusive from a single test, suggests more study is needed of design requirements for column to base plate connections where large variations of axial, bending and shear load are expected.     

低屈服点钢扣板连接的试验研究

同心支撑框架被广泛用于钢结构房屋的抗震设计中。在地震激励下,同心支撑框架的支撑会承受循环拉压荷载。由于支撑的屈曲,其抗压强度通常低于抗拉强度,这可能会降低支撑框架的抗震性能。该文对采用弱扣板强支撑的设计理念进行了验证。扣板选用低屈服点钢(LYP),从而使设计的扣板在支撑屈曲前发生屈服。低屈服点钢的屈服强度很低,但其延性很好。通过一系列试验验证循环荷载作用下低屈服点钢扣板的性能。研究发现,在低屈服点钢扣板上增加槽型约束(STR)可以大大提高其抗震性能。在拉压荷载作用下,有槽型约束的低屈服点钢扣板可以提供类似大小的强度。扣板的耗能能力同样得到提高。基于此研究成果,给出低屈服点钢扣板的一些设计建议。     

双管式挫屈束制(屈曲约束)支撑之耐震行为与应用

挫屈束制(屈曲约束)支撑一般是由十字型或一字型钢板构成之核心单元加上钢管混凝土构成之束制(约束)单元所组成。由于单核心断面之挫屈束制支撑在与构架接合时每一端需使用八片续接板及两套的螺栓，造成接合部分较长且易发生挫屈(屈曲)，为了改善此种挫屈束制支撑与接合，相关研究已发展出以双T型核心配双钢管或双钢板核心配双钢管而组成之双钢管型挫屈束制支撑构件，并已成功地在台大完成一系列之试验，本研究进一步针对大尺寸之单层挫屈束制支撑构架进行试验。研究目的包括：(1)探讨支撑具不同核心长度比例构架之试验与解析行为；(2)研究挫屈束制支撑核心应变与楼层侧位移角之关系；(3)提供含挫屈束制支撑构架之分析与设计建议。由i组V型双钢板双钢管挫屈束制支撑构架之试验显示，支撑核心之极限应变可利用楼层的最大侧位移角需求，以简单的几何关系及支撑核心长度与工作点间长度之比值计算而得，试验结果亦显示，在构架产生最大侧位移角时支撑之核心拉应变会大于相邻支撑之核心压应变，显示两相邻支撑之轴拉力与轴压力在试体巾有互相平衡之趋势，而不会发生最大轴压力显著大于最大轴拉力的现象。     

Experimental study of low yield point steel gusset plate connections

Concentrically braced frames have been used widely in the seismic-resistant design of steel building structures. During earthquake excitation, the braces of the concentrically braced frame are subjected to recursive tensile and compressive forces. The compressive strength of the brace is usually less than its tensile strength because of the buckling of the brace, and this may degenerate the seismic resistance capacity of the braced frame. In this reported research, an alternative design concept that adopts the weak gusset plate-strong brace is examined. The gusset plate is designed to yield prior to the buckling of the brace. Low yield point (LYP) steel is selected for the gusset plate. The LYP steel possesses low yield strength and high elongation capacity. A series of experimental studies was carried out to examine the LYP steel gusset plates under cyclic loads. It is found that adding slot-type restrainers (STR) to the LYP steel gusset plate greatly enhances the seismic resistance of the gusset plate. The proposed LYP steel gusset plate with an STR is able to provide similar strengths under tensile and compressive loads. The energy dissipation capacity of the gusset plate is also increased substantially. Based on this study, suggestions are made for the design of LYP gusset plates.     

侧向支撑对腹板开洞钢拱平面外弹性屈曲的影响分析

腹板开洞钢拱通过设置侧向支撑可以阻止钢拱发生平面外弯扭屈曲,支撑刚度的大小会对钢拱屈曲临界荷载产生影响.采用有限元方法分析了不同荷载、拱脚条件、支撑类型和位置对钢拱平面外屈曲稳定的影响.研究表明：在刚性支撑情况下,钢拱屈曲临界荷载随支撑刚度增大而增大,铰支钢拱屈曲半波随支撑数量的增加而增加,当支撑数量为n时,会出现n＋1个屈曲半波.两种支撑类型共同工作时,在侧向刚度支撑足够的情况下,扭转支撑对钢拱平面外屈曲临界荷载的影响有限.当侧向支撑刚度达到临界支撑刚度时,其屈曲临界荷载不再随支撑刚度的增大而增大.     

Effect of gusset connection configurations on frame–gusset interaction in steel buckling‐restrained braced frame

Although buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are commonly applied in seismic buildings to mitigate structural damage, their performance was often limited by rupture of the corner gusset connections due to additional frame action. This issue may be resolved by alternative gusset connections to mitigate the frame–gusset interaction. In this study, commonly used procedures for design of the traditional gusset connection are reviewed, followed by a case study on the effect of frame action on the structural behavior of these gusset connections in steel frames with BRBs. Inspired by these analysis, two different strategies, aiming at releasing frame–gusset shear interaction using sliding gusset connection or reducing normal interaction using dual gusset plates, are tried to mitigate the frame action effects. Finite element analysis is conducted on steel frame subassemblages with/without BRBs to examine the effect of different gusset connections on the structural behavior of these framing systems. It shows that the sliding gusset connection shows beneficial effect in reducing the frame action, having much smaller stress responses on the gusset interfaces, as well as smaller shear force and plastic responses on the framing system. Thus, it becomes a promising gusset connection for improved seismic performance of the steel framing system with brace‐type dampers.     

双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑框架小震参数分析

为了弥补常规屈曲约束支撑在多遇地震作用下处于弹性状态,不能发挥消能减震作用的不足,提出了一种将金属套管阻尼器与屈曲约束支撑组合形成的双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑,经试验验证其具有良好、稳定的小震及中大震下的滞回特性。在小震作用下,金属套管阻尼器屈服消能,屈曲约束芯板保持弹性承载。借助有限元软件ETABS建立了一系列双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑框架模型,通过改变支撑与框架刚度比、阻尼器与芯板的轴向刚度关系以及套管阻尼器的屈服比例,对各模型进行小震作用下的动力弹塑性分析,将各模型基底剪力和最大层间位移角与相应的常规屈曲约束支撑框架的分析结果进行对比。结果表明:双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑与支撑芯板的轴向弹性刚度比取2左右,阻尼器屈服比例取0.3左右时,可取得较好的减震效果; 双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑的参数取值改变,对降低结构地震响应的影响趋势不因支撑与框架刚度比不同而改变; 当支撑刚度贡献较大时,相较常规屈曲约束支撑,双阶屈服屈曲约束支撑的设置能降低结构的层间位移角,若要同时降低基底剪力,阻尼器屈服比例不宜高于0.3。     

耦合框架平面外变形钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑#br# 钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

为了研究双向地震作用下屈曲约束支撑（Buckling-restrained brace,BRB）钢筋混凝土框架平面内抗震性能以及BRB与钢筋混凝土框架在平面外方向的相互作用,考虑框架平面外变形、节点板平面外刚度和屈曲约束支撑外伸段平面外刚度的影响,对4个钢板装配式屈曲约束支撑钢筋混凝土框架及1个钢筋混凝土空框架进行了平面内拟静力试验研究。研究结果表明：①耦合框架平面外变形的BRB钢筋混凝土框架和无框架平面外变形的BRB钢筋混凝土框架平面内层间剪力与层间位移滞回曲线饱满稳定,具有良好的抗震性能;②框架平面外变形在一定程度上减小了钢板装配式BRB钢筋混凝土框架平面内初始水平刚度和承载力,增大了钢板装配式BRB和节点板平面外变形量;③节点板面外刚度的提高增加了框架节点平面外作用力;④钢板装配式BRB面外刚度的增加能减小自身平面外变形,减小其对钢筋混凝土框架平面外作用力。     

低延性中心支撑钢框架结构振动台试验

中心支撑钢框架结构是一种典型的双重抗侧力体系，强震作用下支撑失效会引起结构承载力和刚度的折减，支撑失效后，结构剩余部分作为储备体系能够继续承担地震作用。为深入了解低延性中心支撑钢框架结构在地震作用下的非线性反应，研究在支撑失效后结构储备体系的抗震性能，开展了3层中心支撑钢框架结构模型的振动台试验。模型结构为3榀2跨结构，中间榀布置一跨低延性人字形中心支撑(截面宽厚比超出我国规范限值)，模型长度缩尺比为1∶6.5，分别采用硬土、软土场地的地震波单向激励，峰值加速度逐级增加。结构在7度罕遇地震作用下发生底层支撑失效，储备体系避开了硬土场地地震波的卓越周期，加载至超过9度罕遇地震后依然未出现明显损伤。储备体系对软土场地地震波(宁河波)更为敏感，在8度罕遇地震作用下濒临倒塌。结构2、3层支撑始终未发生屈曲和破坏。研究结果表明，当储备体系设计合理时，低延性中心支撑钢框架结构具有良好的抗震性能和抗倒塌能力。     

Experimental study of low-yield-point steel plate shear wall under in-plane load

This paper describes the study of the low-yield-point (LYP) steel plate shear walls under in-plane load. In the LYP steel plate shear wall system, LYP steel was selected for the steel plate wall while the boundary frame was constructed by the high strength structural steel. A series of experimental studies examined the inelastic shear buckling behavior of the LYP steel plate wall under monotonic in-plane load. The effects of width-to-thickness ratio on the shear buckling of LYP steel plates were examined. The stiffness, strength, deformation, and energy dissipation characteristics were investigated by performing cyclic loading tests on the multistorey LYP steel plate shear walls. Excellent deformation and energy dissipation capacity were obtained for all specimens tested. The LYP steel plate shear wall system is able to exceed 5% of storey drift angle under lateral force.     

有平面外支撑的工形截面圆弧钢拱弹性稳定性能及支撑刚度设计

采用有限元特征值屈曲数值方法，对平面外支撑工形截面圆弧拱弹性屈曲荷载及其刚度取值进行研究。在考虑各种荷载条件与拱脚条件下，研究了支撑刚度，约束类型、数量以及作用位置对钢拱平面外屈曲性能的影响，对于设置等间距侧向支撑的情况，给出了侧向支撑弹性门槛刚度的拟合式，并提出了支撑点间拱段不发生平面外弹性失稳的条件。研究结果表明：平面外支撑越靠近拱顶，其防止平面外失稳的工作效率越高；设置侧向支撑的钢拱屈曲时，随着支撑刚度的增大其屈曲半波数逐渐增加，而仅在拱顶设置扭转约束时始终呈现1个半波失稳模式；从均匀受压圆弧拱的情况获得的等间距侧向支撑门槛刚度，应用在其他组合荷载作用下，同样可以获得足够的支承刚度；当工形截面钢拱的支撑点间拱段长度满足所提出的要求时，钢拱平面外失稳不先于平面内反对称整体失稳。     

Numerical analysis of the nonlinear performance of concentrically braced frames under cyclic loading

Concentrically braced frames (CBFs) are widely used as lateral-load resisting system in steel structures. This study examines the effects of different parameters especially those associated with connections, on the behavior of CBFs. A single bay, singlestory frame is used to evaluate the interaction between structural members. Nonlinear analyses using a detailed inelastic finiteelement model (FEM) are carried out to study the behavior of frames subjected to cyclic loading. Models are designed based on seismic codes and analyzed to evaluate the performance of both SCBFs and OCBFs. The equivalent plastic strain concept is used to determine the ductility capacity and to predict fracture and failure in these models. Results show that the seismic performance of CBFs, which are designed according to current provisions can be improved by configuring the details of gusset plate connections in a way that inelastic demands are balanced in middle of brace and gusset plate corners.     

Compressive behavior of central gusset plate connections for a buckling-restrained braced frame

Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are used as lateral-load resisting systems in seismic design. The braces in BRBFs are connected to beams and columns by gusset plate connections, and can yield in both tension and compression instead of buckling. Although tests of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) have demonstrated their ability to withstand significant inelastic axial deformation, large-scale BRBF tests have exhibited central gusset plate buckling before BRBs develop the ultimate compressive strength. To extend and better understand the experimental work, this paper presents an analytical study of the compressive behavior for BRBF central gusset plate connections using the finite element computer program ABAQUS. A model of a previously tested BRBF is conducted to predict experimental buckling load of the central gusset plate and verify the accuracy of a simple model of a central gusset plate connection including a beam and part of the BRB. The out-of-plane deformation of the central gusset plate resembles the buckled shape of a gusset plate with low bending rigidity provided by the BRB end. The experimental buckling load of the central gusset plate cannot be predicted based on the AISC-LRFD approach with an effective column length factor of 1.2. Therefore, a parametric study on the compressive strength of BRBF central gusset plate connections is conducted with various gusset plate dimensions and free-edge stiffeners. An inelastic plate buckling equation together with coefficient charts is proposed to predict ultimate load. For gusset plates with sufficient free-edge stiffener rigidity, the yield load can be developed and increased to the post-yield strength level. A required free-edge stiffener size is also recommended for BRBF central gusset plates to develop compressive yield load.     

壁挂式冷弯型钢结构双层组合墙体抗震性能试验研究

为研究壁挂式连接冷弯型钢结构中双层组合墙体的抗震性能，对4个足尺双层墙体试件进行了水平低周往复试验，考虑了刚性斜撑、方钢管端柱加强、下部两层墙体抗侧刚度比等因素对墙体抗震性能的影响。结果表明：增设刚性斜撑墙体中V形刚性斜撑与墙面板蒙皮作用同时发挥抗侧作用，提高了墙体的受剪承载力及弹性抗侧刚度，但延性降低；采用方钢管截面端柱可避免端柱发生压屈破坏，其对墙体的抗侧刚度及受剪承载力提高幅度较小，但可以改善墙体的延性及变形性能；当底层与二层墙体抗侧刚度比大于1时，墙体属于弯曲型破坏。建议在多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构住宅抗震设计中，对底层墙体设置刚性斜撑、采用方钢管加强端柱以提高墙体受剪承载力及端柱抗压屈能力。     

壁挂式冷弯型钢结构双层组合墙体抗震性能试验研究

为研究壁挂式连接冷弯型钢结构中双层组合墙体的抗震性能,对4个足尺双层墙体试件进行了水平低周往复试验,考虑了刚性斜撑、方钢管端柱加强、下部两层墙体抗侧刚度比等因素对墙体抗震性能的影响.结果表明:增设刚性斜撑墙体中V形刚性斜撑与墙面板蒙皮作用同时发挥抗侧作用,提高了墙体的受剪承载力及弹性抗侧刚度,但延性降低;采用方钢管截面...     

新型墙板内置无黏结支撑钢框架滞回性能试验研究

通过墙板内置无黏结支撑钢框架结构的拟静力试验研究,考察了墙板内置支撑的构造、支撑与钢框架的连接、梁柱节点形式与节点区加强方式等对其滞回性能的影响。试验表明,总体上,采用组合墙板和组装墙板的两种新型墙板内置支撑均具有良好的延性,墙板无破坏时支撑的轴向累积非弹性变形能力均满足要求。钢板支撑端部焊接加劲肋后再与钢框架直接焊接连接是可行的,梁柱节点刚接时加强梁端的构造使钢框架和支撑均有稳定的受力性能。梁柱铰接节点因承受面内弯矩而使角钢出现裂纹并受拉断裂。支撑和钢框架分别在层间侧移角约1/355和1/75时进入屈服。总体上,梁柱铰接和刚接的结构在破坏前骨架曲线分别呈双折线和三折线。梁柱刚接的结构中,钢梁翼缘在侧移角约1/50时出现局部屈曲,并在随后更大幅值加载下出现裂纹和受拉断裂。试件最终因局部钢构件的断裂而破坏,破坏时侧移角远大于1/50,破坏前结构的滞回性能较稳定。     

强震下BRBF结构弹塑性静力分析

为考察BRBF结构的层间位移与层剪力的对应关系及塑性铰分布情况,文中以BRBF为研究对象,以屈曲约束支撑的水平力分担率β以及框架强度CB等主要研究参数建立6个模型,通过二阶非线性计算程序,对模型进行弹塑性静力分析。结果表明:屈曲约束支撑的水平力分担率30%～60%的模型的层间变形中低层集中,屈曲约束支撑的水平力分担率90%的模型的层间变形低层集中;模型的层间集中变形以及塑性铰分布情况不受框架强度影响。     

不同屈曲约束形式的钢板剪力墙往复剪切性能试验

为研究不同冷弯薄壁型钢屈曲约束形式的钢板剪力墙的往复剪切性能,剥离框架对钢板剪力墙结构抗侧力的贡献,单独对3个不同屈曲约束形式的钢板剪力墙结构试件和1个纯钢板剪力墙结构试件进行了拟静力试验研究,并通过试验与理论分析揭示了不同屈曲约束形式的钢板剪力墙在往复剪切作用下的力学性能与失效机理。结果表明:冷弯薄壁型钢对钢板剪力墙的面外变形具有较好的约束作用,显著提高了钢板剪力墙的耗能能力、延性和承载力; 竖向屈曲约束构造形式对钢板剪力墙的耗能能力提高效果最好,其次是水平约束形式,最差是45°斜向约束形式; 对于带45°斜向约束的试件而言,由于约束形式非轴向对称,其承载力在推、拉方向上表现出明显的差异,即在拉力带垂直于冷弯薄壁型钢约束时,其承载力更高。