基于PLC的电梯控制系统设计实例研究

可编程控制器（PLC）控制系统是目前电梯控制系统中使用最多的控制方式。文章以四层电梯为例,通过电梯拖动系统分析、建立I／O地址分配表、PLC程序编制,介绍了一种基于PLC的电梯控制系统设计方法。     

用IBAD方法合成ZrN/W纳米多层膜

本文利用高真空离子束辅助沉积系统（IBAD）在室温下制备具有纳米尺寸的ZrN／W多层膜，通过改变双靶的沉积时间，合成一系列的具有不同调制周期（3nm～10nm）的纳米多层膜。利用AES，XRD和纳米力学测试系统，表面形貌仪表征了薄膜的成分、结构和机械性能，分析了不同调制周期对薄膜结构与机械性能的影响。结果表明：多层膜的机械性能普遍优于两种个体材料的混合相；在调制周期为8．6nm时，显示出强的ZrN（111），W（110）织构和较弱的ZrN（220）峰，与其他条件下制备的样品比较，它具有较高的硬度（～26GPa），较高的弹性模量（-310GPa）和较强的膜基结合力（～80mN）。低角度XRD分析证明了薄膜的多层结构。     

离子束增强沉积形成梯度薄膜

在金属衬底（Ａｌ，钢，铝－碳纤维），Ｎｉ３Ａｌ）上用离子束增强沉积形成氮硅化物的梯度薄膜。在薄膜的一侧有很高的电阻（１０＾７Ω），而在另一侧电阻很低（１Ω），在绝缘层和导电层之间电阻呈梯度变化，对梯度薄膜组分，硬度，附着力，疲劳寿命，抗腐蚀能力和抗高经性能进行了测试和分析。     

组分梯度（Ba,Sr）TiO3薄膜的制备工艺研究

采用改进的溶胶．凝胶（sol-gel）法在si衬底上制备了组分梯度Ba1-xSrxTiO3（x=0，0．1，0．2，0．3，0．4）（简称BST）薄膜。探讨了不同退火温度对组分梯度BST薄膜晶化的影响，应用X射线衍射（XRD）及原子力显微镜（AFM）分析了薄膜的微观结构。结果表明组分梯度薄膜的最佳制备工艺为600℃预烧5min，700℃退火1．5h，此时薄膜具有完整的钙钛矿相，薄膜表面平整、无裂纹、无孔洞。比较了单组分和组分梯度BST薄膜的微观结构。XRD测试结果显示，组分梯度BST薄膜的衍射峰峰位介于底层和硕层单组分BST薄膜之间，且衍射峰明显宽化；AFM测试结果表明，组分梯度BST薄膜的晶粒明显大于单组分BST薄膜，表面均方根粗糙度（RMS）也大于单组分BST薄膜，这可能是由于组分梯度薄膜较高的预烧温度促进晶粒生长造成的。     

合肥光源真空控制系统

合肥光源（HLS）是第二代专用同步辐射光源，由200MeV直线加速器、输运线和800MeV电子储存环组成。真空控制系统是基于EPICS（Experimental Physicsand Industrial Control System）的分布式控制系统，3台10C分别控制储存环上的7台Varian真空规控制器、直线加速器上的15台溅射离子泵电源控制器和输运线上16台溅射离子泵的电源控制器。采用Channel Arciver实现了储存环真空度及直线输运线溅射离子泵离子流数据的采集、存档及检索的功能。利用开发的CGI程序，改善了数据检索的性能，并对合肥光源储存环真空管道的束流清洗过程进行了分析。     

基于模糊Smith控制的热收缩包装机机械节能研究

目的 为了更加高效地提高热收缩包装机在机械节能控制方面的稳定性,优化控制器的控制性能。方法 在充分研究ARM Cortex-M3核心控制器LPC1500的基础上,利用嵌入式环境进行热收缩包装机的机械节能控制器硬件的开发,包括A/D采集模块、信息采集模块以及驱动执行模块等,结合模糊Smith在反馈调节上的优点,提高节能控制性能,再建立机械节能控制的控制器的约束参量的数学模型,进行机械节能方面的深入研究。结果 实验测试结果表明,采用模糊Smith设计的预估器性能更加良好,热收缩包装机节能控制可靠性高,并且能够降低包装机在能量方面的消耗。结论 在热收缩包装机控制方面采用的策略具有优化节能效果,具有广阔的市场应用前景。     

我国工业自动化控制的发展进程

可编程控制器（PC）已被誉为70年代的一场工业革命。自从PC问世以来的短短期间内,给工业控制带来的以前做梦都想不到的非凡变化。使用PC的工业控制系统与传统的用继电器的工业控制系统相比,在操作、控制、效率和精度等各个方面都具有无法比拟的优点。虽然在工业控制系统中所使用的继电器控制设备不会被完全淘汰,但是由于PC的出现已经改变了工业控制设计者的设计思想。     

基于PCI04嵌入式系统架构的测力机伺服控制器的研究与试验

本文介绍一种嵌入式测力机伺服控制器。该控制器采用PC104嵌入式系统架构，控制算法为比例积分（PI）算法。测力活塞位移、系统压力、砝码状态信号输入到控制器后，控制器得到了更多的系统信息。在应用软件中操作者可以方便地调整控制参数，实现智能化的伺服控制，改善控制系统的性能。     

福禄克推出增强型PPC4气体压力控制器／校准器——更宽的压力控制量程、更多新特性，最高压力达14MPa（2，000psi）

美国福禄克（FLUKE）公司DHI部门近13发布了具有重大改进的PPC4高精度数字压力控制器／校准器产品。PPC4是一款以气体为工作介质检测压力测量器具性能的高性能压力控制器／校准器。它具有多功能和易于使用的特点，可广泛应用于校准实验室和压力产品生产领域。     

基于DSP的多轴伺服控制器设计及其在灵巧手中的应用

讨论了一种采用电机控制专用DSP及FPGA设计的9轴电机伺服运动控制器。与采用通用DSP设计的多轴电机伺服运动控制器相比，该控制器具有较高的集成度和优良的性能价格比，便于降低机电系统的成本，减小机电系统体积，试验表明，该控制器性能稳定可靠，可满足多轴电机伺服运动控制的需要，已成功应用于16自由度多指灵巧手控制系统设计，该运动控制器在各类型机器人系统，以及数控机床等的控制系统设计上有广泛的应用前景。     

Ti-O/Ti-N复合薄膜的离子束合成及人工心脏瓣膜材料表面改性研究

采用离子束增强沉积（ＩＢＥＤ）等方法在热解碳、钛及钴合金等人工心脏瓣膜材料表面制备Ｔｉ－Ｏ、Ｔｉ－Ｎ及其复合薄膜。对薄膜的成分、结构进行了研究，测定了材料的电阻率，对薄膜材料的血液相容性和力学性能进行了系统的研究。结果表明：合成薄膜具有优于热解碳的血液相容性和力学性能，提出了材料的血液相容性机理模型。     

Antimicrobial silver-containing titanium oxide nanocomposite coatings by a reactive magnetron sputtering

A silver-containing titanium oxide nanocomposite layer was synthesized on a commercially-pure titanium (cp-Ti) substrate by a reactive pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. The oxygen partial pressure was controlled to improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties and to sustain the biocompatibility for the implantable devices. The films were analyzed by a series of techniques including FESEM, HR-XRD, and XPS. The film's mechanical properties were determined by a nano-indenter and scratch tester. Antibacterial activity was assessed by the silver ion release test and the plate-counting method used against Staphylococcus aureus. An agar diffusion test was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity in terms of the biocompatibility. Silver nanoparticles mainly existed at the surface region and these contributed to improved mechanical properties, such as increased hardness and a lower friction coefficient. Moreover, the relationship between silver ion release and the antibacterial activity of the films was explored. The results confirmed that the magnetron sputtered silver-containing titanium oxide nanocomposite coatings have good mechanical properties and are applicable as an efficient antibacterial layer with sustained biocompatibility.     

离子束增强沉积钛氧化物薄膜及其抗凝血性能研究

首次采用离子束增强沉积技术对钛基生物材料表面进行了Ｔｉ－Ｏ薄膜系统合成研究，获得了离子呸合成参数－薄膜成分，结构－表面物理性质－抗凝血性能的相互关系，合成的非晶Ｔｉ－Ｏ苤膜具有超过热解碳的优异的抗凝血性能。     

Amorphous transition metal carbides

Titanium carbide films were deposited by chemical vapor deposition from tris(2,2'-bipyridine)titanium. Other films of titanium carbide and niobium carbide were obtained by electron beam vaporization of the corresponding crystalline compound. X-ray and electron diffraction studies showed that the structure of the deposits ranged from microcrystalline to amorphous. The coatings were analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The results of these studies lead to an understanding of the formation and nature of the films. The objective is to modify the mechanical properties of brittle transition metal carbides.     

Comparative investigation of the surface properties of commercial titanium dental implants. Part I: chemical composition

The surfaces of five commercially available titanium implants (Brånemark Nobel Biocare, 3i ICE, 3i OSSEOTITE, ITI-TPS, and ITI-SLA) were compared by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. All five implant types were screw-shaped and fabricated from commercially pure (cp) titanium, but their surface properties differed both as regards surface morphology and surface chemical composition. The macro- and microstructure of the implant surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces chemical composition was determined using the surface-sensitive analytical techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion spectrometry. Surface topographies were found to reflect the type of mechanical/chemical fabrication procedures applied by the manufacturers. The titanium oxide (passive) layer thickness was similar (5–6 nm) and typical for oxide films grown at or near room temperature. A variety of elements and chemical compounds not related to the metal composition were found on some implant types. They ranged from inorganic material such as sodium chloride to specific organic compounds believed to be due to contamination during fabrication or storage. The experimental findings are believed to make a contribution to a better understanding of the interplay between industrial fabrication procedure and physico-chemical implant surface properties.     

Microstructure and properties of nc-TiC/a-C∶H films deposited by radio frequency reactive sputtering

Abstract

Amorphous carbon films containing titanium carbide (nc-TiC/a-C∶H) were deposited onto n-type silicon (100) by radio frequency reactive sputtering titanium target in an Ar–CH₄ mixed atmosphere. The composition and microstructure of the films were characterised by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emitted SEM, XRD and Raman spectra. The mechanical and tribological properties of the films were measured by a nanoindentation tester and a ball-on-disc UMT–2MT tribometer. By adjusting the CH₄ flowrate, Ti content in the films could be controlled, and a transition in structures of the films from loose polymer-like to glassy and dense nanostructure was observed. The density of coatings was improved by the introduction of TiC nanocrystalline particles. The mechanical and lubricious properties were different accordingly.     

低熔纯钛用体瓷的研制及其性能研究

采用硼硅酸盐玻璃体系制备低熔钛专用体瓷,研究了体瓷组成与热膨胀系数的关系,并采用XRD和细胞毒性实验分别研究了钛体瓷的晶相组成和生物相容性。结果表明,钛体瓷为不含晶体的均质玻璃体,其热膨胀系数随SiO2含量的增加而减小;通过对比两种配方的烧结温度与力学性能,最终确定体瓷配方和烧结工艺:自制钛体瓷的烧结温度为760℃,抗弯强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度分别为(85±4.07)MPa、(1.44±0.04)MPa/m1/2和(3904±21.71)MPa/mm2,硬度稍高于天然牙釉质。XRD结果表明自制钛体瓷为不含晶体的均质玻璃体;细胞毒性为0级,对细胞无抑制作用,可望进一步应用于临床修复。     

原位自生Ti-B-Si-C系复合材料的制备和性能

以Ti粉、B4C粉和SiC粉为原料,用真空热压烧结工艺制备了原位自生颗粒增强的Ti-B-Si-C系钛基复合材料,研究了复合材料的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,使用的初始粉末不同,原位自生颗粒的组成不同,复合材料的性能也有明显的差别。     

Effect of composition on mechanical behaviour of diamond-like carbon coatings modified with titanium

In this study, diamond-like carbon (DLC) films modified with titanium were deposited by plasma decomposition of metallorganic precursor, titanium isopropoxide in CH₄/H₂/Ar gas atmosphere. The obtained films were composed of amorphous titanium oxide and nanocrystalline titanium carbide, embedded in an amorphous hydrogenated (a-C:H) matrix. The TiC/TiO₂ ratio in the DLC matrix was found to be dependent on the deposition parameters. The dependence of the films chemical composition on gas mixture and substrate temperature was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, whereas the crystallinity of TiC nanoparticles and their dimension were evaluated by X-ray diffraction. The size of TiC crystallites varied from 10 to 35 nm, depending on the process parameters. The intrinsic hardness of 10-13 GPa, elastic modulus of 170-200 GPa and hardness-to-modulus ratio of obtained coatings were measured by the nanoindentation technique. Obtained results demonstrated a correlation of mechanical properties with the chemical composition and the ratio of amorphous/crystalline phases in the films. In particular, the formation of nanocrystalline TiC with atomic concentration not exceeding 10% and with grain size between 10 nm and 15 nm resulted in significantly enhanced mechanical properties of composite material in comparison with ordinary DLC films.     

Synthesis, structure and properties of superhard nanostructured films deposited by the C60 ion beam

In this work, we present results on study of DLC, nanocomposite and nanocrystal nanographite films synthesized utilizing mass-separated beam of C60-ions with energy in range from 2 to 6 keV (energy dispersions approximately 1 keV) and at Ts in the range of RT - 873 K. The dependence of the structure, mechanical and electrical properties from the ion energy and substrate temperature was revealed. We demonstrate a possibility to control the orientation of the base planes in the nanographite grains during the film growth. The dependence of mechanical properties of the films from the orientation of the base planes was defined. It is discussed a mechanisms of oriented growth for nanocrystal graphite. Possible applications of the textured nanocomposite and nanographite films are nanodevices, thin-filmed lithium batteries and field-emitter arrays.