电泳废水处理技术研究进展综述

电泳废水成分复杂,需要不同的工艺对其进行处理,使其满足相关的排放标准。针对目前国内电泳废水的处理情况,介绍了厌氧折流板反应器-序批式活性污泥法、铁碳微电解处理法、Fenton工艺处理法、膜处理法及絮凝-生化处理法,及相关的研究进展。探讨了不同处理技术的优缺点,为企业选择合适的废水处理方法提供技术参考,实现经济效益与环境效益的双丰收。     

C.I.颜料绿7重结晶颜料化工艺

对C.I.颜料绿7进行了溶剂法重结晶颜料化工艺研究,并考察了溶剂、温度及时间等条件对重结晶颜料粗品的影响.最佳工艺条件为:邻乙基苯甲酸作溶剂、溶剂与颜料比1∶1、反应温度100℃,时间7h,再经水解、过滤、洗涤、干燥处理.结果显示,该工艺得到的颜料与现有工艺GF311商品相比,水性应用着色力为111.04％,饱和度为+...     

印染废水处理技术研究进展

印染废水是一种有机物含量高,色度高,生化性能差的难降解废水.本文介绍了近几年来经工程实践证明较成熟、处理效果相对较理想的典型的印染废水处理技术,如物理处理法、化学处理法、生物化学处理法,探讨了印染废水处理的发展趋势.     

合成香料废水处理技术现状

现代废水处理技术按原理可分为物理处理法、化学处理法、生物化学处理法.对上述方法在合成香料废水处理中的应用进行了简要的介绍,并对近几年来的合成香料废水处理新技术的发展进行了探讨.     

医疗废水处理新技术与未来需求

医疗废水主要可以分为病原微生物废水、放射性废水和普通生活污水三类,其中含有大量细菌、病毒、各类药品、放射性物质以及油脂、有机溶剂等。针对医疗废水的3种类型进行分析,处理技术围绕消毒、放射性物质、普通有机污染物以及药品的去除展开,综述了生物处理法、化学处理法等传统处理工艺以及光-芬顿、电解等新型工艺对医疗废水处理的研究现状,分析各处理工艺的优缺点并进行对比,以期为提高医疗废水处理效果、降低处理成本提供理论依据和新的思路。     

C.I.颜料绿7苯甲酸颜料化工艺研究

用苯甲酸及其烷基衍生物对酞菁绿粗品进行颜料化,制备不含添加剂的C.I.颜料绿7颜料.考察了苯甲酸及其烷基衍生物不同组分处理效果,并进行优化.结果 表明,在温度100～105℃、苯甲酸/颜料质量比0.8、时间6h的最优化工艺条件下,C.I.颜料绿7商品收率约99％,苯甲酸回收率达95％,与现有工艺GF311商品相比,在水...     

工业印染废水处理技术综述

工业印染废水产量巨大,对环境造成了严重的影响。文章概述了工业印染废水的处理技术,主要包括物理法中的吸附和絮凝方法,化学法中的氧化、离子交换和电化学法,生物法中的好氧和厌氧及两种方法相结合的方法,为环保工作者提供印染废水处理方法的参考。     

重金属污水处理技术研究进展

随着现代工业的不断发展,重金属废水排放量与日俱增,重金属废水具有不可生物降解性,能直接或间接危害人类健康,因此必须对重金属废水处理达标后再排放。本文综述了近年来国内外常用的重金属废水处理技术,详细介绍了化学处理法、物理处理法和生物处理法等,分析并比较了这些技术的处理过程、优缺点和研究进展,并对今后环保技术的发展进行了展望分析。     

含甲醛废水处理技术的研究进展

含甲醛废水是一种有毒、难处理的工业废水,需进行脱毒净化处理,达标后才能排放。综述了含甲醛废水处理技术的研究进展,评述了生物处理法、氧化法、Formose聚合法、吹脱法、脲醛缩合法、亚硫酸氢钠亲核加成法等的优缺点,研究表明"强化预处理+生物处理"组合工艺将是含甲醛废水处理技术的发展趋势。介绍了博天环境集团研发的石灰-碱复合缩聚法处理含甲醛废水的中试流程,为其今后的工业处理奠定了基础。     

粘胶纺液着色用还原染料的颜料化研究

本文以隐色体研磨氧化法对还原蓝RSN进行了颜料化处理,研究讨论分散剂种类、分散剂浓度以及研磨氧化时间等因素对还原蓝RSN颜料化后的粒径和分散性能的影响,同时还比较了不同染料浓度颜料化效果的差异.另外还对还原蓝RSN等染料以"超细颜料化"方式应用于粘胶纺液着色加工的可行性进行了探讨.     

The characterization of activated carbons with oxygen and nitrogen surface groups

The physicochemical properties and the surface chemical structure of the carbon materials obtained by the modification of the commercial activated carbon D43/1 (Carbo-Tech, Essen, Germany) were studied. The previously de-ashed activated carbon was subjected to the following modification procedures: high-temperature treatment (1000 K) under vacuum; oxidation with conc, nitric acid; and ammonia-treatment of annealed and oxidised carbons at high temperatures. The porous structure and the surface area of the five different carbon samples obtained were estimated by means of mercury porosimetry and from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption data. The thermogravimetric analysis and the quantitative determination of surface functional groups by selective neutralisation of bases and pH-metric titration were carried out. FTIR spectra (transmission) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (Cls, Ols and Nls) were obtained for all the carbon samples and compared with one another. The changes in the porosity and the chemical properties of the carbon surface caused by the modification were analysed. Some possible surface functional species, their structure and surface state are discussed.     

表面修饰纳米氧化铝的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外纳米氧化铝表面修饰的研究进展情况,按修饰机理区分为物理修饰和化学修饰方法,表面物理修饰方法包括吸附、包覆、辐照处理等,表面化学修饰方法包括偶联剂法、接枝法、接枝-包覆法等,文中对这些方法的特点、修饰机理以及修饰的效果进行简单介绍。     

Structure modification of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Various purification processes were applied to single-wall carbon nanotubes synthesized by metal catalyzed laser ablation. Structure modifications introduced by these processes were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. An apparent structure modification after purification was the increase of bundle size although breaking of nanotubes and a change of nanotube diameter distribution were also observed. More vigorous attacking of single-wall carbon nanotube structure was identified by a strong mixed-acid treatment.     

Sensitivity of single wall carbon nanotubes to oxidative processing: structural modification, intercalation and functionalisation

The effect of oxidation on modification of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through successive purification steps has been studied. The efficient elimination of metal impurities has been followed by induced coupled plasma spectroscopy. Upon acid treatment, Raman spectroscopy clearly proofed that HNO₃ molecules were intercalated into the bundles of SWCNTs. At the same time, SWCNTs also have suffered a high degree of degradation and defects were introduced. The subsequent thermal processes led to the removal of further defect carbon materials and to the almost complete de-intercalation of the HNO₃ molecules. Changes in the structure of the SWCNT bundles have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. While bundles tend to separate upon acid treatment, after the complete purification process, the remaining SWCNTs tend to form thick bundles again. The existence of functional groups in the raw single wall carbon nanotubes material and their modification and almost complete removal after the final annealing step has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms analysed according to Brunauer-Emmet-Teller showed important changes in the pore volume and surface area through the purification steps.     

A new structural model of glass-like carbon

The results of an experimental study of X-ray diffraction, diamagnetic susceptibility, thermoelectricity and electron emission are presented for glass-like carbons. They lead to a new model of glass-like carbon structure and its modification due to heat treatment. At the initial stage of pyrolysis the stacks of narrow graphite-like sheets are formed being surrounded by a chain-like matrix. The main factor determining such system behavior under heat treatment is mutual parallelism of layer borders and adjacent chains. The most important feature of the model is the destruction of chain-like fragments with simultaneous formation of interstitials above 2000°C. The proposed model is consistent with many other properties of the material.     

Stability of hexagonal modification of fullerite C60

Stability of the hcp modification of fullerite C₆₀ under heating, compression, and mechanical grinding was studied. It was established that uniaxial load and mechanical grinding caused transition of the hcp modification into more stable fcc modification, while no transition was observed upon heating or hydrostatic pressure. The results were discussed in terms of the theory of the deformation of solids.     

Effect of different oxidation treatments on the chemical structure and properties of commercial coal tar pitch

Different oxidation treatment was used for the increase of the softening point of a commercial coal tar pitch. H₂SO₄, HNO₃, H₂O₂ and air are selected as treatment reagents. These preliminary investigations show that the oxidation treatment of commercial coal tar pitch with different reagents at 160 °C and heat treatment to 250 °C causes considerable changes in the chemical composition of obtained pitches. This leads to increase of TI and QI fraction, and results in considerable increase in the softening point of the pitches. The yield of modified pitches is considerable in the case of treatment with H₂SO₄, H₂O₂, and HNO₃ and lesser in the case of air blowing. The data obtained also indicate some differences in the composition and softening point of pitches obtained after modification with different reagents. These differences could influence the applicability of the obtained pitches in the various areas of carbon material production.     

Surface modification of a granular activated carbon by citric acid for enhancement of copper adsorption

In this study, citric acid was used to modify a commercially available activated carbon to improve copper ion adsorption from aqueous solutions. The carbon was modified with 1.0 M citric acid, followed by an optional step of reaction with 1.0 M sodium hydroxide. It was found that the surface modification reduced the specific surface area by 34% and point of zero charge (pH_pzc) of the carbon by 0.5 units. Equilibrium results showed that citric acid modification increased the adsorption capacity to 14.92 mg Cu/g, which was 140% higher than the unmodified carbon. Higher initial solution pH resulted in higher copper adsorption. The chemical surface modification adversely affected the copper adsorption rate. Adsorption kinetic mechanisms were investigated with an intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that the modification did not change both external diffusion and intraparticle diffusion.     

Structural defects created on natural graphite surface by slight treatment of oxygen plasma: – STM observations –

The creation of structural defects on natural graphite surfaces by slight treatment of oxygen plasma was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at nanoscopic scale. Most of the defects were vacancies with the depth of one or two layers, while the mean number of defects per μm² of graphite surface and the mean area of defects increased with the increase in input power, time and temperature of the irradiation. After very slight treatment at room temperature, single carbon atom vacancies were obtained on graphite surfaces with a percentage more than 50%, though some large vacancies were formed. After slight irradiation at a high temperature (400°C), an agglomeration of defects occurred (the mean area increases whereas the defect density decreases), while the defects once formed were difficult to be annealed by heating at high temperatures up to 400°C in vacuum. The present work showed the possibility to control the modification of natural graphite surfaces for further applications by changing the condition of oxygen plasma treatment.     

Effect of thermal and oxidative treatments of activated carbon on its surface structure and suitability as a support for barium-promoted ruthenium in ammonia synthesis catalysts

The effect of heat-treating a typical activated carbon at 1600-2500 °C on its structural and textural properties was investigated by gas sorption and X-ray diffraction. Particular attention was paid to the recovery of the surface area and porosity of thermally treated carbons by means of oxidation treatments. It was found that the thermal modification of activated carbon could eliminate carbon impurities, bring about different degrees of graphitization, and improve the resistance of the carbon support to undergo methanation under ammonia synthesis conditions, but the surface area and porosity decreased dramatically. Oxidative treatment partially recovered the surface area and porosity. The higher the thermal treatment temperature, the greater the stability of the carbon support, and the more difficult the recovery of the surface area and porosity becomes. A series of unpromoted ruthenium/carbon catalysts showed that the highly developed texture of the carbon support resulted in a significant increase in Ru dispersion. The ammonia synthesis activity of a Ba-promoted Ru catalyst was greatly improved by using activated carbon C1900ox as a support, which was heated at 1900 °C in an inert atmosphere and then subjected to oxidation treatment.