A new neural network‐based model for hysteretic behavior of materials

Cyclic behavior of materials is complex and difficult to model. A combination of hardening rules in classical plasticity is one possibility for modeling this complex material behavior. Neural network (NN) constitutive models have been shown in the past to have the capability of modeling complex material behavior directly from the results of material tests. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for NN‐based modeling of the cyclic behavior of materials. The proposed NN material model uses new internal variables that facilitate the learning of the hysteretic behavior of materials. The same approach can also be used in modeling of the hysteretic behavior of structural systems or structural components under cyclic loadings. The proposed model is shown to be superior to the earlier versions of NN material models. Although the earlier versions of the NN material models were effective in capturing the multi‐axial material behavior, they were only tested under cyclic uni‐axial state of stress. The proposed NN material model is capable of learning the hysteretic behavior of materials under even non‐uniform stress state in multi‐dimensional stress space. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated through a series of examples using actual experimental data and simulated testing data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semi-empirical inelastic cross sections for electron transport in liquid water

Electron inelastic cross sections for water in the liquid phase are important for developing Monte Carlo codes that simulate the full degradation of any radiation beam in biological matter. The limited experimental information for condensed targets and the complexity of the background theory has led to largely heuristic semi-empirical models. The present work makes use of the dielectric formalism under the first Born approximation to develop inelastic cross sections for low-energy electron transport in liquid water. A Drude model was used to describe the energy-loss distribution at the dipole limit on the basis of optical data, while the impulse approximation and an empirical generalised-oscillator-strength provided the extension to finite momentum transfer. Born corrections established earlier for water vapour were applied at low impact energies. Core-electron transitions were treated by a binary model with exchange terms. Sum-rules were satisfied to within 1-2% while an 1-value of about 80 eV was obtained. A comparison with other studies is provided.     

A REVISED FORM FOR THE JOHNSON–COOK STRENGTH MODEL

Strength models play a key role in the numerical simulation of impact events. A revised form of the Johnson–Cook strength model is proposed in this paper. The revised model treats the sudden strengthening that many ductile metals exhibit at strain rates greater than 10⁴/s. Strain rates of this magnitude are generally considered to be beyond the capability of the split-Hopkinson pressure bar and so such abrupt strengthening behavior is often not observed and reported. A method to economically estimate all eight coefficients of the revised strength model using quasi-static tension data and Taylor impact test data reduced with a modified version of the EPIC finite element code is also described. Revised strength model coefficients were determined for: 7075-T6 aluminum, OFHC copper, wrought iron, and a high-strength steel (Astralloy-V^®). A good fit to the quasi-static tension data and Taylor impact test results was obtained for these four different metals. The behavior of the revised strength model at high strain rates also compared favorably with independent predictions from an analytical model calibrated with the Taylor impact data.     

A cyclic viscoplastic and creep damage model for lead free solder alloys

The reliability of microelectronic components under cyclic thermomechanical loading is an important problem especially for new leadfree solder alloys. To investigate the low cycle fatigue strength of solder joints, material models are required, that can describe the constitutive inelastic deformation and damage behavior of solder materials. Such models form the basis for advanced numerical analyses by the finite element method. In the present contribution an appropriate material model that combines the viscoplastic constitutive model of Chaboche-type with the damage law of A.C.F. Cocks for porous creep will be introduced. The algorithm is reported for an implementation as a user defined material subroutine into the FEM-code ABAQUS®. The necessary parameters of the material model are identified using results of miniaturized double lap-shear experiments and tensile tests for a Sn96Ag3Cu1 solder alloy at various temperatures. The comparison of experimental and numerical results shows a good agreement with respect to strain rate sensitivity, relaxation and damage behavior of the investigated solder material. Finally, some numerical applications to surface mounted microelectronic devices are presented.     

A two scale damage concept applied to fatigue

The ductile type of damage is a phenomenon now well understood. Once the fully coupled set of constitutive equations is identified, Damage Mechanics is a powerful tool to predict failure. Brittle materials do not exhibit such a damageable macroscopic behavior. Nevertheless, they still fail. On the idea that damage is localized at the microscopic scale, a scale smaller than the mesoscopic one of the Representative Volume Element (RVE), we propose a three-dimensional failure modeling for monotonic as well as for fatigue loading. We develop a two scale model of what we shall call brittle damage: at the microscopic scale, micro-cracks or micro-voids exhibit a damageable plastic-like behavior with no effect on the global (mesoscopic) elastic behavior. Microscopic failure is assumed to coincide with the RVE failure. This model turns out to represent quite well physical phenomena related to high cycle fatigue such as the mean stress effect, the nonlinear accumulation of damage, initial strain hardening or damage effect and the nonproportional loading effect for bi-axial fatigue. The model has been implemented as a post-processor computer code. A simplified identification procedure for the determination of the material properties is given. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ABAQUS中混凝土本构模型用于模拟结构静力行为的比较研究

对大型通用有限元程序ABAQUS中的混凝土弥散开裂模型和塑性损伤模型进行了详细的介绍,包括单轴应力-应变关系、裂缝模型、屈服准则、流动法则和滞回规则等。然后对混凝土本构模型中影响结构构件静力行为的关键因素进行了详细的对比分析,并结合采用不同混凝土模型对钢筋混凝土构件和钢-混凝土组合结构构件的受力行为的模拟结果,指出了分析实际结构构件时不同混凝土材料本构模型的适用情况,可供研究设计参考。     

相位角加载条件下2A12铝合金多轴疲劳失效行为

采用SDN100/1000电液伺服拉扭复合疲劳试验机对2A12铝合金进行不同相位角加载条件下多轴疲劳试验研究,通过加载循环曲线和微观断口形貌分析失效机理,对不同损伤累积模型的预测效果进行评价,修正Manson损伤曲线模型以期达到更好的预测效果。结果表明:单级加载条件下,随相位角正弦值的增加疲劳寿命线性递减,当相位角为0°时,轴向硬化、软化交替出现,切向出现循环硬化,90°加载下轴向和切向单独作用效果明显;两级累积路径下,随一级加载周次的增加多轴疲劳寿命延长,0°加载阶段轴向和切向都出现循环硬化现象,两种路径下断口都呈现出多裂纹源特征,在裂纹源区附近观察到台阶状形貌,扩展区存在大量划痕和鳞片状花样;修正后的Manson损伤曲线模型预测误差均在15%以内。     

Meso-Scale Damage Simulation of 3D Braided Composites under Quasi-Static Axial Tension

The microstructure of 3D braided composites is composed of three phases: braiding yarn, matrix and interface. In this paper, a representative unit-cell (RUC) model including these three phases is established. Coupling with the periodical boundary condition, the damage behavior of 3D braided composites under quasi-static axial tension is simulated by using finite element method based on this RUC model. An anisotropic damage model based on Murakami damage theory is proposed to predict the damage evolution of yarns and matrix; a damage-friction combination interface constitutive model is adopted to predict the interface debonding behavior. A user material subroutine (VUMAT) involving these damage models is developed and implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. The whole process of damage evolution of 3D braided composites under quasi-static axial tension with typical braiding angles is simulated, and the damage mechanisms are revealed in detail in the simulation process. The tensile strength properties of the braided composites are predicted from the calculated stress-strain curves. Numerical results agree with the available experiment data and thus validates the proposed damage analysis model. The effects of certain material parameters on the predicted stress-strain responses are also discussed by numerical parameter study.     

Improvement of Progressive Damage Model to Predicting Crashworthy Composite Corrugated Plate

To predict the crashworthy composite corrugated plate, different single and stacked shell models are evaluated and compared, and a stacked shell progressive damage model combined with continuum damage mechanics is proposed and investigated. To simulate and predict the failure behavior, both of the intra- and inter- laminar failure behavior are considered. The tiebreak contact method, 1D spot weld element and cohesive element are adopted in stacked shell model, and a surface-based cohesive behavior is used to capture delamination in the proposed model. The impact load and failure behavior of purposed and conventional progressive damage models are demonstrated. Results show that the single shell could simulate the impact load curve without the delamination simulation ability. The general stacked shell model could simulate the interlaminar failure behavior. The improved stacked shell model with continuum damage mechanics and cohesive element not only agree well with the impact load, but also capture the fiber, matrix debonding, and interlaminar failure of composite structure.     

Modeling of progressive damage in aligned and randomly oriented discontinuous fiber polymer matrix composites

Damage constitutive models based on micromechanical formulation and a combination of micromechanical and macromechanical damage criterions are presented to predict progressive damage in aligned and random fiber-reinforced composites. Progressive interfacial fiber debonding models are considered in accordance with a statistical function to describe the varying probability of fiber debonding. Based on an effective elastoplastic constitutive damage model for aligned fiber-reinforced composites, micromechanical damage constitutive models for two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) random fiber-reinforced composites are developed. The constitutive relations and overall yield function for aligned fiber orientations are averaged over all orientations to obtain the constitutive relations and overall yield function of 2D and 3D, random fiber-reinforced composites. Finally, the present damage models are implemented numerically and compared with experimental data to show the progressive damage behavior of random fiber-reinforced composites. Furthermore, the damage models will be implemented into a finite element program to illustrate the dynamic inelastic behavior and progressive crushing in composite structures under impact loading.     

Constitutive modeling for ductile metals behavior incorporating strain rate, temperature and damage mechanics

One the most serious limitation to an extensive use of computational techniques in simulating and predicting structures and components behavior under dynamic loading is given by the inadequacy of constitutive models to fairly represent failure process. In this paper a new constitutive model for ductile metals has been developed using the innovative solid state equation proposed by Milella (1998) and the non-linear damage model proposed by Bonora (1997). These two models are physically based and require a very limited number of constants that can be experimentally identified according to the procedures given by the authors. The implementation of the model in commercial finite element code is simple and cost effective with respect to similar nucleation and growth (NAG) models with the additional feature that hydrostatic pressure effect on ductile damage is correctly taken into account.     

Evaluation of directional mesh bias in concrete fracture simulations using continuum damage models

In the present comparative study, we investigate the influence of directional mesh bias on the results of failure simulations performed with isotropic and anisotropic damage models. Several fracture tests leading to curved crack trajectories are simulated on different meshes. The isotropic damage model with a realistic biaxial strength envelope for concrete is highly sensitive to the mesh orientation, even for fine meshes. The sensitivity is reduced if the definition of the damage-driving variable (equivalent strain) is based on the modified von Mises criterion, but the corresponding biaxial strength envelope is not realistic for concrete. The anisotropic damage models used in this study capture reasonably well arbitrary crack trajectories even if the biaxial strength envelope remains close to typical experimental data. Their superior performance can be at least partially attributed to their ability to capture dilatancy under shear, which is revealed by a comparative analysis of the behavior of individual models under shear with restricted or free volume expansion.     

单晶硅材料的1064nm Nd:YAG脉冲激光损伤特性研究

作为微电子和光电子系统中普遍使用的一种结构材料,单晶硅一直是人们研究的焦点.长期以来,人们对其电学性质进行了非常深入细致的研究,却疏于对其抗击强激光辐照特性的研究.随着激光通讯和光电对抗技术的发展,对光学材料的激光破坏特性和加固技术进行研究的需求也显得越来越迫切.本文主要对单晶硅的抗激光损伤特性进行研究,研究了单晶硅材料在1064nm Nd:YAG激光自由脉冲输出模式和单脉冲输出模式作用下的损伤特性,通过对两种激光作用下单晶硅损伤形貌的分析,在热效应与热力耦合模型的基础上,对单晶硅的激光损伤机制进行了探索.     

A new damage model for composite laminates

Aircraft composite structures must have high stiffness and strength with low weight, which can guarantee the increase of the pay-load for airplanes without losing airworthiness. However, the mechanical behavior of composite laminates is very complex due the inherent anisotropy and heterogeneity. Many researchers have developed different failure progressive analyses and damage models in order to predict the complex failure mechanisms. This work presents a damage model and progressive failure analysis that requires simple experimental tests and that achieves good accuracy. Firstly, the paper explains damage initiation and propagation criteria and a procedure to identify the material parameters. In the second stage, the model was implemented as a UMAT (User Material Subroutine), which is linked to finite element software, ABAQUS™, in order to predict the composite structures behavior. Afterwards, some case studies, mainly off-axis coupons under tensile or compression loads, with different types of stacking sequence were analyzed using the proposed material model. Finally, the computational results were compared to the experimental results, verifying the capability of the damage model in order to predict the composite structure behavior.     

Photoluminescence studies of CdTe films and junctions

Device quality CdTe films and junctions have been studied using low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The behavior of the PL was studied as a function of the measurement temperature and excitation intensity. The CdTe films and junctions were prepared under various deposition conditions to determine the effect of film deposition and solar cell fabrication parameters, such as the effect of oxygen, and chloride treatment. A PL band located at 1.232 eV has been attributed to the presence of oxygen. This band is present only in as-deposited samples excited at the CdTe surface. Samples annealed in the presence of CdCl₂ exhibit a single PL band located at 1.42 eV. A model explaining the behavior of these bands is presented.     

循环荷载作用下的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型及数值实现

该文建立了一种描述混凝土在循环荷载作用下复杂力学行为的弹塑性损伤模型。该模型借助四参数等效应变将复杂的多轴问题转换至单轴等效应变空间中求解,考虑了混凝土卸载过程中的刚度退化现象及不可逆变形。同时针对等效应变的非负特性,提出了拉压转换处理方法,从而在求解损伤变量时无需区分拉损伤和压损伤。该文提出的弹塑性损伤模型数学形式简洁,且实现过程不依赖于四参数模型,实现方法普遍适用于各类混凝土等效应变模型,通过模拟单轴循环荷载试验和Koyna大坝动态损伤过程,验证了该文模型的正确性与可靠性。     

On anisotropic finite deformation plasticity Part II. A two-component model

Summary The anisotropic plastic behavior of materials during finite deformation is partly due to the development of different types of textures or substructures. In order to describe phenomenologically this behavior, a two-component model of finite plasticity is proposed based on the scale invariance approach earlier advanced by Aifantis and co-workers. Each component follows its own evolution and rotation rules to account for the different textures occurring during the deformation process. A direct extension of this framework to consider viscoplastic effects is also developed. The model is applied to simulate the anisotropic deformation behavior of materials under tension, compression and torsion. The results are compared with available experimental data and related predictions of polycrystalline plasticity models. It is shown that the present continuum model has the advantages of both accuracy and simplicity as compared to polycrystalline calculations.     

A computational approach for prediction of the damage evolution and crushing behavior of chopped random fiber composites

A computational model is developed, by implementing the damage models previously proposed by authors into a finite element code, for simulating the damage evolution and crushing behavior of chopped random fiber composites. Material damages induced by fiber debonding and crack nucleation and growth are considered. Systematic computational algorithms are developed to combine the damage models into the constitutive relation. Based on the implemented computational model, a range of simulations are carried out to probe the behavior of the composites and to validate the proposed methodology. Numerical examples show that the present computational model is capable of modeling progressive deterioration of effective stiffness and softening behavior after the peak load. Crushing behavior of composite tube is also simulated, which shows the applicability of the proposed computational model for crashworthiness simulations.