链状碳纳米管薄膜的制备及场发射特性研究

以镀有Ti层的Al2O3为衬底,在微波等离子体化学气相沉积系统中,以CH4和H2为反应气体,快速制备了链状碳纳米管薄膜(沉积时间仅1 min).通过SEM、TEM和Raman光谱观察了薄膜的表面形貌,分析了薄膜的微观结构.在高真空室中测试了薄膜场发射特性,其开启电场为0.81 V/μm,在3.15 V/μm 电场下,其场发射电流密度达到9 mA/cm2,发射稳定,是一种良好的电子发射体.     

微图形定向碳纳米管场发射阵列冷阴极的研究

本文介绍了一种微图形化碳纳米管场发射阵列冷阴极,每个图形的直径仅为1μm,构成一个发射单元。制作工艺如下：首先在硅（100）基片上沉积氮化钛缓冲层,然后采用曝光工艺获得直径为1μm的胶孔阵列,沉积催化剂铁,最后采用直流等离子体增强化学气相沉积（DC-PECVD）生长直立的碳纳米管。并对17500个发射单元的阵列阴极进行了表面形貌表征及场发射特性测试。结果表明,碳纳米管阵列阴极的一致性较好;最低开启电场为1 V/μm;电场为17 V/μm时,测得的电流密度已达到90 mA/cm^2;发射电流为550μA时,在2.5 h内的波动小于5.6%。     

碳纳米管和镓掺杂碳纳米管场发射性能研究

采用催化热解方法分别 制备出碳纳米管和镓掺杂碳纳米管, 并利用丝网印刷工艺将其制备成纳米管薄膜. 对此薄膜进行低场致电子发射测试表明, 碳纳米管和镓掺杂纳米管开启电场分别为2.22和1.0V/μm, 当外加电场为2.4V/μm, 碳纳米管发射电流密度为400μA/cm², 镓掺杂纳米管发射电流密度为4000μA/cm². 可见镓掺杂碳纳米管的场发射性能优于同样条件下未掺杂时的碳纳米管. 对镓掺杂纳米管场发射机理进行了探讨.     

表面镀钛对金刚石薄膜场发射特性的影响

利用等离子体化学气相（MWPCVD）沉积法在Si（100）面上沉积了金刚石薄膜,采用SEM、AFM、XRD、Raman、XPS等方法对薄膜的结构及表面形貌进行了分析。为提高薄膜的场发射性能,在金刚石表面溅射了金属Ti,对比金刚石薄膜、金刚石／金属Ti复合薄膜的场发射性能,结果表明,金刚石／金属Ti薄膜的发射电流密度更大,且随着电场的增加电流密度急剧增加,开启电场低,约为3V／μm,当电场为25V／μm时发射电流密度可达到1400mA／cm2,并在机理上进行了一些探索,对金刚石／金属复合结构薄膜的场发射性能研究有重要意义。     

直接在金属基片上生长超长宏观定向碳纳米管

在水辅助氧化作用下，直接在金属镍片上生长出宏观上定向生长的螺旋状碳纳米管，其长度达到7mm，直径在100-200nm，测试其场发射特性，开启场强为1．6V／μm，最大发射电流密度可达6mA／cm^2。     

铝基定向碳纳米管复合膜的场发射性能研究

研究了铝基定向碳纳米管复合膜的场发射性能,获得了开启场强为1.15V/μm、最大发射电流密度为1.25mA/cm2的铝基定向碳纳米管薄膜.F-N曲线呈线性关系证明电子发射确为场致发射.     

碳纳米管薄膜的制备及其场发射研究

为了克服用Fe（NO3）3、Mg（NO3）2体系催化剂自由生长出的碳纳米管缠绕程度较严重,分布不均匀的缺点,采用丝网印刷催化剂的方法将其印刷在石英、硅和钛三种不同的基底上,结果表明,在石英基底上,用CVD法制备的碳纳米管分布较均匀,有效地克服了团聚现象,并用其作为场发射的阴极进行场发射实验,实验表明,该阴极开启场为2．2V／μm,在电场强度为3．0V／μm下,阳极电流为46．6uA,场发射电流稳定,波动小于5％。该阴极可望应用于场致发射显示器、液晶显示的背光源、照明光源等器件。     

碳纳米管场发射阴极的制备及其场发射特性

采用电泳法将碳纳米管组装到电化学淀积的银台阵列上作为场发射阴极并研究了它的场发射特性.场发射特性测试结果表明:该阴极具有优异的场发射特性,开启电场为2.8V/μm,在应用电场为5.5V/μm时,发射电流密度达到1.7mA/cm2.具有优异的发射性能的原因可以归结到银台的边缘和银台类山状的表面增强了碳纳米管的场致电子发射.该阴极制备工艺简单、发射特性优异,且容易实现大面积制备,可以应用到大面积场发射显示器件中.     

大面积碳纳米管薄膜的低温制备与表征

采用研制的大体积射频等离子体红外加热化学气相沉积设备,在600℃的低温下,在5cm×5cm大的Ni片上生长出碳纳米管薄膜。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察显示,碳纳米管薄膜具有很好的均匀性,管径大约为70～90nm。随机地对样品的3个不同区域进行了场发射特性的测试,结果表明这种薄膜具有良好的场发射特性及一致性。开启电场约为2.4V/μm,在电场为6.6V/μm时的发射电流密度达到1635μA/cm2。实验结果表明在低温条件下,大面积生长场发射用碳纳米管薄膜是可行的。     

基于CVD直接生长法的碳纳米管场发射阴极

碳纳米管(CNT)场发射阴极具有启动快、分辨率高、寿命长、功耗小等优点,在多种真空电子设备与器件上,包括平板显示器、真空测量、微波管、X射线管等得到了应用。本文讨论了碳纳米管阴极的主要制备方法以及存在的问题,介绍了基于化学气相沉积法和阳极化工艺、在含催化金属基底直接制备碳纳米管冷阴极所具有强附着力特点,以及应用在X射线管等强流真空电子器件上的优势。文章介绍了在不锈钢基底直接生长CNT阴极的场发射性能,其开启电场为1.46 V/μm。与常规催化金属镀膜层上生长的CNT阴极相比,大电流发射与稳定性显著提高。金属基底阳极化工艺显著改善碳纳米管结构与场发射性能。直径2 cm的不锈钢基底上生长的CNT具有晶体性好、分布均匀等特点,场发射性能提高。在镍基底上生长的CNT阴极电流密度可以达到500 mA/cm~2以上。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...