婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸与维生素E的添加量

婴儿配方乳粉(infant formula milk powder)是以牛乳和脱盐乳清粉(或脱盐乳清)为主要原料,经配料、均质、杀菌、浓缩、喷雾干燥制成的供六个月以内婴儿食用的母乳代用品。其主要营养成分接近母乳,因此又称为母乳化乳粉(humanized milk powder)。根据国家专业标准规定,婴儿配方乳粉中乳脂肪应占脂肪总量50%以上,亚油酸甘油酯(1inolin,以亚油酸计)含量应在1500mg/100g乳粉以上。本文拟从亚油酸在人体必需脂肪酸中的地位、亚油酸的生     

新型婴儿配方乳粉脂肪酸母乳化研究

通过参考母乳营养成分及脂肪酸模式、国家标准及中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量,进行新型婴儿配方奶粉的设计和生产;通过选用玉米油、大豆油和棕榈油进行油脂的复配,在满足婴儿配方乳粉脂肪质量分数的同时,从脂肪酸的角度上模拟母乳,使饱和与不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸与亚麻酸的质量分数及比例更加接近母乳。应用气相色谱-质谱联机对制得的新型婴儿配方乳粉进行脂肪酸组分的分析,并使用毛细管气相色谱法测定样品中的亚油酸质量分数,以检验饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸的比例,以及亚油酸与亚麻酸的质量分数和比例。最后确定了添加油脂比例为:大豆油6.0%,玉米油7.0%,棕榈油1.20%;不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸质量分数的59.352%,饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸质量分数的40.649%,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比例为1.4601,符合资料报道的1~1.5∶1的理想比例,亚油酸与亚麻酸的比值为10.2865,符合8~11∶1的理想比例,亚油酸质量分数为24.60 mg/g。     

我国市售婴儿配方乳粉油脂配料使用情况分析

目的:了解我国市售婴儿配方乳粉的油脂配料使用情况及脂肪酸提供情况,为提升婴儿配方乳粉的营养水平及制定产品相关标准提供参考。方法:多渠道收集婴儿配方乳粉标签信息,统计分析油脂配料的种类、组合、最高添加量构成比及标识含量,比较全脂乳产品与脱脂乳产品、牛乳基产品与羊乳基产品、高必需脂肪酸产品与全部产品间的差异。均数和率的比较分别采用t检验和卡方检验。结果:共纳入269个婴儿配方乳粉。配料表分析显示,85%的产品使用了4种及以上的油脂配料,葵花籽油和椰子油在全部产品中的添加率最高,分别为88%、76%。牛、羊乳基配方粉的油脂配料使用情况存在差异,牛乳基配方粉中脂肪、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸的标识含量略高于羊乳基配方粉(P<0.05)。脱脂乳配方粉中,棕榈油添加率为32%,显著高于全脂乳产品(P<0.05)。44例使用了棕榈油的产品中仅有4例强化了1,3-二油酸2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。结论:牛、羊乳基配方粉中的必需脂肪酸标识含量基本一致。现市售婴儿配方乳粉以多种油脂组合使用的方式,以尽可能模拟母乳脂肪酸模式,但有些油脂类原料使用的科学性还有待进一步研究。     

多价不饱和脂肪酸发醇条件的初步研究

研究被孢霉SD－95的摇瓶发酵特性，选出最优培养基配方。摇瓶发酵结果为，菌体得率28．5％，油脂得率12．4％，油脂含量43．6％，碘值122．8。油脂中多价不饱和脂肪酸组成为，亚油酸17．2％，r-亚麻酸7．7％，花生四烯酸0．5％，多价不饱和脂肪酸总量为25．3％；菌丝体经过冬化处理后，其多价不饱和脂肪酸组成为，亚油酸18．6％，r-亚麻酸8．1％，花生四烯酸0．7％，二十碳五烯酸50．4mg／1009油脂，多价不饱和脂肪酸总量27．5％。     

长链多不饱和脂肪酸对婴儿生长发育的重要作用

近年来,人体必需脂肪酸和长链多不饱和脂肪酸相继受到广泛关注。两种人体必需脂肪酸之一的亚油酸,其最低限量在我国婴儿配方乳粉国家标准中(GB10766)已有所规定,而γ-亚麻酸尚未被列入我国婴儿食品的国家标准之列。对于婴儿而言,其食物选择面比较窄,在母乳不足时能否从专用食品中摄取足量的必需脂肪酸,不仅直接关系着婴儿的能量代谢平衡和生长发育,还会直接影响长链多不饱和脂肪酸的合成。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉中磷质量分数的测定

为了准确测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的磷质量分数,从方法的最佳实验条件、精密度、稳定性、重现性及回收率方面做了研究,发现采用可见分光光度法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中的磷质量分数,重现性好,准确度高。建立了线性方程,方法的平均回收率为98.5%,RSD为0.39%。随机抽取市售的30批次婴幼儿配方乳粉进行检测,发现不同阶段的乳粉磷质量分数不同,幼儿配方乳粉较大婴儿配方乳粉婴儿配方乳粉,分别为(448±56)mg/g,(382±59)mg/g,(250±58)mg/g,不同品牌同一阶段的乳粉磷质量分数也存在较大差异。     

疆岳驴乳成分测定

连续3d采集12头疆岳驴共72头份驴乳和4份混合乳进行乳成分测定。结果表明。驴乳蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和灰分的含量分习1为1．35，1．16，6.52和0．35g／100g；8种人体必需氨基酸（未含色氨酸Trp）的含量占氨基酸总量的44％；人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量分别占脂肪酸总量的26．83％和3．6％；含多种矿物元素和维生素，其中Se含量迭80μg／kg，Vc含量达5．16mg／100g。驴乳的营养成分和人乳相近．可作为婴幼儿代乳品或代乳品基料，也适合于心脑血管病、“三高症”及肥胖症等患者饮用。     

婴幼儿配方食品和乳粉中DHA、EPA、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸(AA)的测定

建立了气相色谱法同时测定乳制品中DHA，EPA，亚油酸，亚麻酸和花生四烯酸AA含量的方法。采用色谱柱为脂肪酸型色谱柱DB-23，氢火焰离子化检测器。优化了色谱条件。结果表明，DHA，EPA，亚油酸，亚麻酸和花生四烯酸AA分离效果很好。DHA的最低检出限为0．02g／L，回收率为100．1％，变异系数（CV）为0．82％；EPA的最低检出限为0．01g／L，回收率为99．8％，变异系数为1．04％；亚油酸的最低检出限为0.01g／L，回收率为99．7％，变异系数为0．82％；亚麻酸的最低检出限为0．01g／L，回收率为99．7％，变异系数为0．96％；AA的最低检出限为0．01g／L，回收率为99．9％，变异系数为0．96％。     

助智奶粉的功能性研究

对奶粉中添加牛磺酸、锌和磷脂的功能性进行了研究。结果表明，添加后的奶粉能够增强小鼠的记忆能力。同时通过实验得出产品的配方：鲜牛奶60％，糊精粉10％，乳清粉10％，白砂糖10％，牛磺酸0．4％，磷脂0．5％(均为质量分数)，锌45mg／g。     

几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用研究

以几种常用植物油为主要研究对象,对植物油和牛乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成进行检测。依据国标对婴儿配方乳粉中脂肪含量的规定并参考母乳脂肪含量,对牛乳脂肪和植物油中的油酸、亚油酸、亚油酸与α-亚麻酸的比值、饱和脂肪酸的含量等进行了详细分析。根据这些脂肪酸的特点将植物油进行了分类,从脂肪酸含量入手对几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用进行了研究。     

Calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids deliver more essential fatty acids to the lactating dairy cow

Recent research has focused on the importance of supplying essential fatty acids to the lactating dairy cow. The addition of essential fatty acids, specifically linoleic and linolenic acid, to dairy cow diets has been investigated as a method to increase reproductive efficiency. Rumen bacteria, however, biohydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids. This is an important issue because it can also lead to milk fat depression when unsaturated fatty acids are fed. The formation of Ca salts has previously been shown to partially protect unsaturated fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate feed intake, milk production, and milk composition of cows fed Ca salts of palm fatty acids (CS) compared with those fed Ca salts of palm fatty acids with an increased content of PUFA (CS+PUFA). Nineteen lactating Holstein cows were used in a switchback experiment to determine any differences between CS and CS+PUFA on milk production and composition. This experiment consisted of 3 consecutive periods of 14 d. Treatments were formulated to provide 450 g/d (dry matter basis) of the Ca salt supplement and were mixed with the same basal ration. Milk weights and feed intakes were recorded daily for each cow. Milk samples were collected the last 2 d of each period and analyzed for milk composition and fatty acids. Dry matter intake [28.0 vs. 27.0 kg/d; standard error of the mean (SEM) = 0.4] and milk production (44.4 vs. 44.0 kg/d; SEM = 0.7) were not different between treatments for CS and CS+PUFA, respectively. Milk fat percentage (3.34 vs. 3.22%; SEM = 0.07) and milk protein percentage (2.78 vs. 2.80%; SEM = 0.01) were not different for CS- and CS+PUFA-fed cows. Feeding CS+PUFA reduced the concentration of palmitic acid in milk fat (28.3 vs. 26.8 wt%; SEM = 0.3). Supplementation of CS+PUFA increased the linoleic acid concentration (3.96 vs. 4.61 wt%; SEM = 0.1) of milk fat, indicating that linoleic acid was partially protected from rumen biohydrogenation. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid were also increased (0.44 vs. 0.52 wt%; SEM = 0.02) when cows consumed CS+PUFA, indicating that some biohydrogenation did occur. Supplementing CS+PUFA did not alter milk production, milk fat percentage, or dry matter intake when compared with CS. The CS+PUFA supplement supplied more linoleic acid to the small intestine for milk fat synthesis.     

紫斑牡丹籽油提取工艺的优化及脂肪酸组成的研究

以紫斑牡丹籽为原料,运用单因素和响应面中心组合设计实验（Central Composite Design,CCD）,对紫斑牡丹籽油的化学提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,紫斑牡丹籽油的最佳提取时间为5.2 h、料液比1∶6.2 g/m L、温度（52±1）℃,在此条件下紫斑牡丹籽出油率可达31.36%。最佳工艺所得紫斑牡丹籽油经GC-MS分析显示共检测出18种脂肪酸,主要含有亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸,其中亚麻酸占其总脂肪酸含量的65.23%。紫斑牡丹籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量占其脂肪酸总量的96.62%,饱和脂肪酸占其脂肪酸总量的3.38%。紫斑牡丹籽仁出油率高,不饱和脂肪酸较高,脂肪酸组成及其含量符合我国健康食用油标准。      

Capillary gas chromatography analysis of Ethiopian mustard to determine variability of fatty acid composition

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is an oil crop grown in Ethiopia. However, the oil is considered low quality, as it contains long chain monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly erucic acid. High erucic acid content is beneficial for the polymer industry, whereas low erucic acid is recommended for food purposes. Both linoleic and linolenic acids are essential fatty acids; however, less than 3% linolenic acid is preferred for oil stability. The objectives of this study were to determine fatty acid composition of Ethiopian mustard to determine the range of genetic diversity for these traits. The genotypes were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (CGC). Twenty‐six fatty acids were identified. In all accessions, the predominant fatty acids were erucic, linoleic, α‐linolenic and oleic, followed by gadoleic and palmitic. To a lesser extent stearic, vaccinic, nervonic and behenic acids were found in all accessions. Significant correlations were found between palmitic acid and stearic acid (positive), between erucic acid and palmitic, stearic, vaccinic, oleic, linoleic and α‐linolenic acids (negative) and eicosenoic acid (positive). Selection and hybridization techniques can be applied to modify the oil content of Ethiopian mustard, considering the variability observed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

气相色谱-质谱法定性定量测定糜子中的脂肪酸

采用气相色谱-质谱法对糜子中脂肪酸进行定性、定量分析。结果共鉴定出14 种脂肪酸,相对含量为96.9%,其中不饱和脂肪酸8 种（64.533%）,主要有亚油酸（12.371%）、油酸（44.157%）、亚麻酸（1.173%）等。可见糜子中脂肪酸主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,是优质脂肪酸。通过回归方程计算得出：糜子中棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量分别为100.261、165.309、23.402、52.181、17.516 mg/100 g。通过与其他杂粮进行比较,结果表明糜子和小米、高粱、小麦、燕麦、水稻一样均含有硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸等,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,富含亚油酸和亚麻酸;本研究可为糜子品质的进一步开发和研究提供理论依据。     

不同产地‘凤丹’牡丹籽油主要脂肪酸成分分析

开展我国不同产地牡丹种子的脂肪酸成分评价,对于筛选油用牡丹最佳种植地和研究其道地性具有重要意义。对7 个产地的牡丹品种‘凤丹’的籽油进行提取,使用气相色谱-质谱法分析其脂肪酸成分,并采用内标法对其主要脂肪酸进行定量分析。结果表明：牡丹籽油中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,依次为亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸。不同产地‘凤丹’籽的籽油中主要脂肪酸的总含量差异显著,主要脂肪酸总含量为77.33～97.38 g/100 g粗提油,彬县‘凤丹’籽油中主要脂肪酸的总含量最高;不同产地的‘凤丹’籽油中单体脂肪酸的含量差异显著,彬县和凤县‘凤丹’籽油中亚麻酸含量分别为38.25 g/100 g和37.50 g/100 g粗提油,显著高于铜陵等地区;而旬阳‘凤丹’籽油中亚油酸的含量（30.62 g/100 g粗提油）显著高于其他地区。主要脂肪酸含量相关性分析表明,亚油酸含量与其他脂肪酸含量呈负相关,亚麻酸、油酸含量与总脂肪酸含量呈显著相关性。因此,在今后牡丹籽油的生产方面,要综合考虑不同地区之间的油品质差异性。     

牡丹籽油的理化指标和脂肪酸成分分析

用索氏提取法获得牡丹籽油,经皂化、甲酯化后用毛细管GC-MS法对其脂肪酸成分进行分析,面积归一化法计算相对含量,同时按国家标准对牡丹籽油的理化指标进行了检测.结果表明,牡丹籽油中共有17种脂肪酸成分,主要为亚麻酸、油酸、亚油酸等,不饱和脂肪酸占83.05%,饱和脂肪酸占14.33%;牡丹籽油的酸值(KOH)为1.784 mg/g,碘值(I)为176.2 g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)为194.4 mg/g,相对密度0.930 7.说明牡丹籽是一种良好的油料资源,适宜开发利用.     

产妇玉米调和油的调配工艺优化

目的:为获得能够满足孕妇对必需脂肪酸需求的产妇玉米调和油的最佳配比及调配工艺。方法:本文以玉米油和亚麻油为原料,气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)检测了玉米油和亚麻油中的脂肪酸含量,并利用数学模型计算和正交实验设计,对脂肪酸配比和调配因素进行了优化。结果:获得产妇玉米调和油最佳配比关系为:玉米油占80%,亚麻油占20%,其中共有5种脂肪酸,分别为棕榈酸(3.24±0.06) g/100 g、油酸(21.03±0.36) g/100 g、亚油酸(41.52±0.31) g/100 g、亚麻酸(9.93±0.19) g/100 g和花生酸(0.79±0.02) g/100 g;通过单因素及正交实验结果优化出最佳调配工艺:调配时间为20 min,调配温度为30 ℃,转速为75 r/min,此时测得的碘值是(110.84±1.64) g/100 g,过氧化值是(1.876±0.037) mmol/kg。结论:该调配比例可以更好地满足孕妇对ω-3脂肪酸需求,调配工艺简便快捷,可为今后大规模生产提供一定理论依据。     

Influence of rations with various linoleic acid contents on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in blood platelets of rats

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the fatty-acid composition of phospholipids in platelets of Wistar-Kioto rats which received semisynthetic rations with varying content of linoleic acid, 1 week prenatally and 18 weeks postnatally. In ration I the level of 18:2n6 was lower than 0.1 cal%, ration II contained 9.0 cal%, and ration III -- 16.0 cal%. Ration III, as compared to ration II, induced an increase in the content of linoleic fatty acids, arachidonic fatty acid content being unchanged. Ration I, as compared to ration II induced a decrease in linoleic fatty acid content, and an increase in the content of oleic and linolenic fatty acids attended by the appearance of appreciable amounts of 20:3n9 and 20:5n3. Long-term linoleic acid deficiency induced no changes in the unsaturation degree of fatty acids in platelet phospholipids of rats given ration I. This is an evidence of high reserve possibilities of the mechanisms regulating fatty acid metabolism in the mammals.     

三种微藻油脂肪酸组成和理化性质分析

对3种海水微藻油含量、脂肪酸组成和油脂的理化性质进行分析。结果表明:盐藻油、螺旋藻油和小球藻油含量分别为17.69%、6.36%和11.64%,棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸是杜氏盐藻油和小球藻油的主要脂肪酸组分,而螺旋藻油主要含有棕榈酸、亚油酸和γ-亚麻酸;盐藻、螺旋藻和小球藻油均具有较高的C/H值,3种盐藻油的C/H值分别为7.35、7.32和7.58;3种微藻油酸值分别为盐藻油12.64mg KOH/g、螺旋藻油17.65mg KOH/g和小球藻油9.8mg KOH/g;热值分别为盐藻油36.07MJ/kg、螺旋藻油37.01MJ/kg和小球藻油35.00MJ/kg;3种微藻油酸值和黏度均较高,流动性较差。     

破壁方式对微藻油脂提取物中脂肪酸的影响

本实验研究了超声波处理、挤压膨化、反复冻融、高压均质四种破壁方式对微藻油脂提取率及油脂中脂肪酸的影响,探寻最佳破壁方法.研究表明:采用混合溶剂正己烷∶乙醇=10∶3提取微藻油脂,超声辅助破壁、高压均质破壁、挤压膨化破壁、反复冻融破壁后提油的油脂得率分别26.19％±0.25％、22.46％±0.17％、25.56％±0...