Dry sliding wear behavior of as-cast ZE41A magnesium alloy

In present work, an attempt has been made to investigate the wear behavior of as-cast ZE41A magnesium alloy during dry sliding. The experiments were performed using pin-on-disc type wear apparatus against a EN32 steel counterface in a load range of 30–150 N, sliding velocity range of 0.5–2.5 m/s and at a constant sliding distance of 1500 m. Microstructural investigations on the worn surfaces were undertaken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) for determination of type of damage and nature of distortion at the surface. Wear mechanisms such as abrasion, oxidation, delamination, plastic deformation and melting were identified. Wear maps were drawn for the test result data. Mild wear, severe wear and ultra severe wear regimes were identified using wear transition map through microstructural observations.     

Dry sliding wear of an AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing

A magnesium AZ31 alloy was processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) for up to 8 passes to reduce the grain size to ~1.0 μm. Following ECAP, microhardness measurements were taken to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. Ball-on-disc dry sliding tests were conducted to compare the wear behaviour of the as-received alloy and the alloy processed by ECAP. The surface topography and volume loss were recorded for all samples. The results show that the fluctuations and average values of the coefficient of friction are improved after processing by ECAP. In addition, there is a decrease in the wear depth and volume loss with increasing numbers of ECAP passes. The ECAP-processed alloy has a higher wear resistance than the unprocessed alloy and it is a suitable candidate material for use in industrial applications.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金电滑动磨损行为研究

将经过480℃×2h时效处理和拉拔成型制得的Cu-0.40Cr-0.10Zr合金线材在自制电磨损试验机上进行电滑动磨损实验,并运用扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析等方法对Cu-Cr-Zr合金滑动磨损表面形貌及电磨损机理进行了观察和分析.结果表明,在不加载电流的情况下Cu-Cr-Zr合金的滑动磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;在载流条件下的磨损机制为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损以及电烧蚀磨损,并且随着电流强度的增大,粘着磨损和电烧蚀磨损的程度也越严重.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of spray deposited AlCuMn alloy and AlCuMn/SiCp composite

The dry sliding wear behavior of spray-deposited Al-Cu-Mn alloy and its composite reinforced with 13 vol.% SiC particles have been studied in the applied load of 5–400 N (corresponding normal stress is 0.1–8 MPa). It showed that SiC particle-reinforced AlCuMn composite produced by spray deposition process exhibited an improved wear resistance at the entire applied load range in comparison to the monolithic alloy. However, this improvement was not significant in the overall load range. With increasing the applied load, the wear rate of the composite and the monolithic alloy exhibited four different regions, therefore the wear was dominated by different wear mechanism. The former three regions all belonged to mild wear. The transition from mild to severe wear occurred at the similar critical load for both the composite and the monolithic alloy. For both the composite and the monolithic alloy, with increasing applied load, the dominant wear mechanism exhibited successively: oxidative mechanism, delamination mechanism, subsurface-cracking-assisted adhesive mechanism and adhesive mechanism.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of cast SiC-reinforced Al MMCs

Dry sliding block-on-ring wear tests were performed on a squeeze cast A390 Al alloy, a high pressure die cast 20%SiC–Al MMC, and a newly developed as-cast 50%SiC–Al MMC. The testing conditions spanned the transition that control the mild to severe wear for all materials. The results show that the sliding wear resistance increases as SiC particle volume fraction increases. The critical transition temperature, at which wear rates transit from mild to severe, also increases with increasing SiC content. Examination of the wear surfaces, the subsurface characteristics, and the wear debris indicate that a hard ‘mechanically alloyed’ layer, high in SiC content, forms on the sliding surface of the 50%SiC composite. This layer prevents the surface adhesion wear mechanisms active in the A390 alloy, and it inhibits delamination wear mechanisms that control the mild wear of the 20%SiC composite. As a result, mild wear of the 50%SiC composite occurs by an oxidation process. In the 20%SiC material, severe wear occurs as a consequence of material removal by a flow-related extrusion-like process. In contrast, the high SiC content prevents plasticity in the 50%SiC composite, which eventually is susceptible to severe wear at very high temperatures (≈450 °C) due to a near-brittle cracking processes.     

Dry sliding wear behaviour of zinc oxide reinforced magnesium matrix nano-composites

The main objective of the present work is to investigate the dry sliding wear behaviour of a magnesium matrix composite reinforced with zinc oxide nano-particles. Magnesium matrix composites have many applications, especially in the automotive and aerospace industries, due to their superior specific properties. A magnesium matrix composite with 0.5 vol.% ZnO nano-reinforcement was prepared using powder metallurgy and was hot extruded to eliminate pores. The wear behaviour of the Mg/ZnO nano-composite was investigated by conducting dry sliding tests as a function of wear with an oil-hardened non-shrinking (OHNS) steel disc as the counterpart on a pin-on-disc apparatus. Wear tests were conducted for normal loads of 5, 7.5 and 10 N at sliding velocities of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 m/s at room temperature. The variations of the friction coefficient and wear rate with the sliding distances (500 m, 1000 m and 1600 m) for different normal loads and sliding velocities were plotted and analysed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. The wear rate was found to increase with the load and sliding velocity.     

Dry sliding wear of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites

Abstract

Al–4 wt-%Cu alloy and composites reinforced with 10 and 20 vol.-% of TiB₂ particles were prepared by powder metallurgy followed by hot isostatic pressing. The dry sliding wear behaviour of specimens of these materials was investigated. Pin-on-disc measurements showed that the wear resistance of Al–4Cu alloy can be improved dramatically by the addition of 20 vol.-%TiB₂ particles. This was due to the high hardness of the TiB₂ particles, and to strong particle–matrix bonding. The wear data were found to correlate with SEM observations.     

Influence of calcium on ignition-proof mechanism of AM50 magnesium alloy

Journal of Materials Science - In order to improve the ignition proof of AM50 magnesium alloy, 1wt% Ca was added to AM50 magnesium alloy to prepare investigated alloy. The ignition temperature,...     

Dislocation movements during creep in a die-cast AM50 magnesium alloy

Tensile creep tests were combined with detailed transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the dislocation movements during creep of the die-cast AM50 magnesium alloy. TEM observations indicate that dislocations are introduced within the primary α-Mg grain interior in the die-casting process, which consist of both the basal and non-basal segments. The non-basal segments of dislocations, having smoother curvature in as die-cast state, partially exhibit steps parallel to the basal plane during high temperature exposure. The basal segments of dislocations are able to bow out and glide on the basal planes under the influence of a stress, and the non-basal segments and/or jogs follow the basal segments with the help of climb during creep.     

The sliding wear behavior of TiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites

The AZ91 metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with 5, 10 and 15 wt.% TiC particulates are fabricated by TiC_p–Al master alloy process combined with mechanical stirring. The effects of TiC particulate content, applied load and wearing time on the sliding wear behaviors of the composites were investigated using MM-200 wear testing apparatus. The results show that the wear resistance and friction coefficient of the composites increased and decreased with increase of the TiC particulate content, respectively. The wear volume loss and friction coefficient of the reinforced composites as well as the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy increased with increase of applied load or wearing time, but the increase rates of the reinforced composites in two performance is lower than those of the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy. Furthermore, the sliding wear behavior of the composites and the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy is characterized by ploughing, adhesion and oxidation abrasion.     

Grain refinement of AM60B magnesium alloy by SiC particles

AM60B alloy has been refined by SiC particles and the corresponding refining mechanism has been mainly discussed. The results indicate that the addition of 0.2 wt% SiC particles in form of mixture with Mg powder decreases the grain size from 317 μm of the not refined alloy to 46 μm. The decrease of β phase and formation of Mg₂Si and Al₄C₃ phases well demonstrate that the reactions of 3SiC + 4Al = Al₄C₃ + 3Si and 2Si + Mg = Mg₂Si occur during refining treatment. In addition, the crystal nuclei are composed of two kinds of elements, Al and C. All of these imply that the formed Al₄C₃ particles are the actual heterogeneous nucleation substrates.     

Dry sliding wear behaviour of a conventional and recycled high pressure die cast magnesium alloys

The dry sliding wear behaviour of a conventional and a recycled magnesium alloy produced by high pressure die casting was assessed by ball-on-disc tests under three different loads at a constant sliding velocity. The recycled alloy showed a lower friction coefficient and a lower wear rate when compared to the conventional alloy. A higher hardness and a relatively higher volume fraction of β-phase with a denser distribution near the surface were the reasons for the improved wear behaviour.     

合金元素对AM60B镁合金性能的影响

为提高镁合金的力学性能,将元素Sr和稀土元素Y、Nd加入到AM60B中.采用X光荧光和X射线衍射对合金的化学成分和物相组成进行了分析,研究了合金元素对AM60B镁合金力学性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜对合金试样的断口表面进行了观察,对其断裂行为进行了探讨.研究结果表明,Sr和稀土元素Y、Nd使AM60B镁合金的力学性能得到改善,含Sr和稀土元素Nd的AM60B镁合金的断裂强度和延伸率最高,分别达到224.57 MPa和9.25%,比AM60B镁合金分别提高了32%和38%,合金的屈服强度也得到改善.稀土元素Y和Nd的加入,使AM60B镁合金表现出较大的塑性变形能力.     

High cycle fatigue mechanisms in a cast AM60B magnesium alloy

ABSTRACT We examine micromechanisms of fatigue crack initiation and growth in a cast AM60B magnesium alloy by relating dendrite cell size and porosity under different strain amplitudes in high cycle fatigue conditions. Fatigue cracks formed at casting pores within the specimen and near the surface, depending on the relative pore sizes. When the pore that initiated the fatigue crack decreased from approximately 110 µm to 80 µm, the fatigue life increased two times. After initiation, the fatigue cracks grew through two distinct stages before final overload specimen failure. At low maximum crack tip driving forces (K_max < 2.3 MPa√m), the fatigue crack propagated preferentially through the α‐Mg dendrite cells. At high maximum crack tip driving forces (K_max > 2.3 MPa√m), the fatigue crack propagated primarily through the β‐Al₁₂Mg₁₇ particle laden interdendritic regions. Based on these observations, any proposed mechanism‐based fatigue model for cast Mg alloys must incorporate the change in growth mechanisms for different applied maximum stress intensity factors, in addition to the effect of pore size on the propensity to form a fatigue crack.     

Dry rolling/sliding wear of nanostructured pearlite

The dry rolling–sliding wear behaviour of pearlite that has an interlamellar spacing of just 85 nm has been characterised. Its wear resistance is found to be comparable to that of much harder bainitic steels. Microstructural observations indicate that there is substantial plastic deformation of both ferrite and cementite components of pearlite in the vicinity of the wear surface. Plasticity is not expected from Hertzian analysis that assumes a smooth contact surface. Instead, it is likely to be a consequence of exaggerated stresses due to surface roughness. The material remains ductile to shear strains in the order of 4. Diffraction data indicate that the coherent domain size is reduced to about half the interlamellar spacing and that some of the cementite may dissolve and contribute to the expansion of the lattice parameter of ferrite.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of heat treated hybrid metal matrix composite using Taguchi techniques

Dry sliding wear behavior of zinc based alloy and composite reinforced with SiCp (9 wt%) and Gr (3 wt%) fabricated by stir casting method was investigated. Heat treatment (HT) and aging of the specimen were carried out, followed by water quenching. Wear behavior was evaluated using pin on disc apparatus. Taguchi technique was used to estimate the parameters affecting the wear significantly. The effect of HT was that it reduced the microcracks, residual stresses and improved the distribution of microconstituents. The influence of various parameters like applied load, sliding speed and sliding distance on wear behavior was investigated by means and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further, correlation between the parameters was determined by multiple linear regression equation for each response. It was observed that the applied load significantly influenced the wear volume loss (WVL), followed by sliding speed implying that increase in either applied load or sliding speed increases the WVL. Whereas for composites, sliding distance showed a negative influence on wear indicating that increase in sliding distance reduces WVL due to the presence of reinforcements. The wear mechanism of the worn out specimen was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis shows that the formation and retention of ceramic mixed mechanical layer (CMML) plays a major role in the dry sliding wear resistance.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of stir cast aluminium base short steel fiber reinforced composites

Dry sliding wears behavior of die cast aluminium alloy composites reinforced with copper-coated short steel fibers were investigated using a pin-on-disk wear-testing machine. The composites were prepared by liquid metal route using vortex method. The weight percentage of copper-coated steel fibers was varied from 2.5 to 10. The density and hardness of the composite increased linearly with increasing wt% of steel fibers. The wear rate decreased by 40% with addition of 10% weight percentage of fibers. A linear dependence of wear rate on fiber content and hardness of MMC is observed. The unreinforced aluminium and composites containing upto 5-wt% of fibers exhibited a sliding distance dependent transition from severe to mild wear. However, composites containing 10-wt% fiber showed only mild wear for all sliding distance. It was also observed that with increase in the fiber content to 10-wt% the coefficient of friction decreased by 22%. The duration of occurrence of the severe wear regime and the wear rate decreased with increasing fiber content. For the composite the wear rate in the mild wear regime decreased with increase in fiber content reaching a minimum. From the analysis of wear data and detail examination of (a) wear surface and (b) wear debris two modes of wear have been identified to be operative, in these materials. These are (i) adhesive wear in the case of unreinforced matrix and in MMC with low wt% (upto 5-wt%) fibers (ii) abrasive wear in case of MMC with high wt% of fibers.     

Mechanical behavior and wear characteristics of fine grained ZE41 magnesium alloy

ZE41 magnesium alloy was successfully produced by friction stir processing and grain refinement was achieved from a starting size of 107 μm±6.7 μm to 3.5 μm±1.5 μm. MgZn intermetallic which was appeared as network like structure at the grain boundaries before friction stir processing was greatly affected due to the severe plastic deformation and broken as small particles as observed from the microstructural studies. Higher hardness (≈30 %) was measured for the fine grained ZE41 magnesium alloy compared with the base alloy due to the grain refinement. From the tensile tests, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength was significantly increased at the cost of decreased ductility reflected in lower strain for the fine grained ZE41 compared with the base alloy. Wear studies showed higher coefficient of friction and lower mass loss for the grain refined ZE41 magnesium alloy. From the results, it can be understood that the grain refinement achieved by friction stir processing has a profound influence on enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of ZE41 magnesium alloy.