三维编织碳/环氧复合材料力学性能测试及破坏机制

通过宏观拉压试验, 研究了三维正交编织碳/环氧复合材料的拉伸和压缩力学性能。对试验过程进行了声发射分析, 对断口进行了扫描电镜观察分析, 给出了该类材料的拉伸和压缩破坏机制。结果表明: 三维正交编织碳/环氧复合材料有良好的拉伸和压缩力学性能; 三维正交编织复合材料在拉伸和压缩载荷作用下的断裂均为脆性断裂, 拉伸试验的主要破坏现象是纤维断裂拔出, 而压缩试验则是纤维剪切破坏; 通过声发射参数分析可以基本判定该类材料损伤过程中的损伤类型。     

Tensile properties and failure mechanisms of 3D woven GRP composites

Tensile tests were performed on glass reinforced polymer (GRP) composites with three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal, normal layered interlock, and offset layered interlock woven fibre architectures. The mechanical properties and failure mechanisms under tensile loading were similar for the three composites. Cracks formed at low strains within the resin-rich channels between the fibre tows and around the through-thickness binder yarns in the composites, although this damage did not alter the tensile properties. At higher applied tensile stresses the elastic modulus was reduced by 20–30% due to inelastic tow straightening and cracking around the most heavily crimped in-plane tows. Further softening occurred at higher strains by inelastic straightening of all the tows. Composite failure occurred within a localised region and the discrete tow rupture events that have caused tow lock-up and pullout mechanisms in other 3D woven composites were not observed.     

An experimental study of failure initiation and propagation in 2D woven composites under compression

Experimental research was conducted to investigate the compressive failure of orthogonal 2D woven composites. Damage initiation and the effect of weave architecture were studied using a Four Point Bending (FPB) test setup. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Digital Imaging (DI) observations show the individual failure of the load-aligned tows, which behave as structural elements at the internal reinforcement level. Weave architecture and internal geometry are seen to affect location and morphology of the damage initiation. Damage propagation and the effect of stacking were studied using a reduced Compact Compression (rCC) test setup. Optical micrographs show that stacking configuration can have a significant effect on the damage morphology. Additionally, results also suggest the effect of stacking is a function of the weave architecture and internal geometry.     

三维连体织物格栅夹芯材料力学特性实验研究

以三维连体织物格栅夹芯材料为研究对象, 研究其在平压、 剪切载荷作用下的力学特性与破坏模式, 并考察格栅分布密度、 厚度和泡沫填充等对力学性能的影响, 揭示纤维芯柱间的协同作用。结果表明: 三维连体织物格栅复合材料及其夹芯材料平压及剪切性能随芯柱纬向间距的增大而减小; 三维连体织物格栅夹芯材料芯柱之间的协同作用随着芯柱纬向间距的增大而逐渐增大; 大厚度三维连体织物格栅复合材料平压破坏模式主要为芯柱失稳, 最终芯柱断裂破坏, 剪切破坏模式为芯柱受剪根部断裂。     

Experimental study on the tension fatigue behavior and failure mechanism of 3D multi-axial warp knitted composites

An experimental study is described in this paper dealing with the tension–tension fatigue and failure mechanism of 3D MWK composites with different fiber architectures and material sizes. Macroscopic fracture morphology and SEM micrographs are examined to understand the fatigue damage and failure mechanism. The results show the fatigue properties and failure mechanism of composites can be affected significantly by the fiber architecture and material size. The fatigue life of material A(0°/0°/0°/0°) with small fiber orientation angle is significantly longer than that of material B(+45°/−45°/+45°/−45°). For material A, the fatigue properties of the long composite are better than that of the short one. It is 0° fiber bundles fracture under fatigue stress which cause the material failure and the long composite provides more space for the formation and propagation of local fatigue micro-cracks. However, for material B, the short composites have better fatigue properties. Moreover, the materials show typical ±45° zigzag fatigue fracture and obvious shear behavior. The fatigue cracks for the long composite can be spread more quickly along the fiber/matrix interface due to the fiber bundles realignment.     

2D and 3D imaging of fatigue failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites

A detailed investigation of the failure mechanisms for angle-interlocked (AI) and modified layer-to-layer (MLL) three dimensional (3D) woven composites under tension–tension (T–T) fatigue loading has been conducted using surface optical microscopy, cross-sectional SEM imaging, and non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (CT). X-ray microCT has revealed how cracks including surface matrix cracks, transverse matrix cracks, fibre/matrix interfacial debonding or delamination develop, and has delineated the complex 3D morphology of these cracks in relation to fibre architecture. For both weaves examined, transverse cracks soon become uniformly distributed in the weft yarns. A higher crack density was found in the AI composite than the MLL composite. Transverse cracking initiates in the fibre rich regions of weft yarns rather than the resin rich regions. Delaminations in the failed MLL specimen were more extensive than the AI specimen. It is suggested that for the MLL composite that debonding between the binder yarns and surrounding material is the predominant damage mechanism.     

三维正交机织复合材料的动态压缩性能

本文作者利用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对玻璃纤维三维正交机织复合材料进行了高应变率下面外、面内方向的压缩试验,并在万能试验机下进行了相应的准静态压缩。获得3 个高应变率及准静态下的应力-应变曲线,观察了试样的破坏形貌。结果表明：玻纤三维正交机织复合材料是应变率敏感材料,最大应力、压缩模量随着应变率的增大而增大。三维正交结构使复合材料体现出各向异性：面外的最大应力、失效应变比面内大;面内的压缩模量大于面外,且压缩模量对于应变率的变化比面外方向敏感;经纬向相比,纬向的最大应力大于经向。     

结构参数对碳/树脂3D机织复合材料拉伸性能的影响

通过一系列的实验比较和分析研究, 客观评价了4 种不同结构碳/ 树脂3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的拉伸性能。实验结果表明, 4 种3D 机织复合材料沿经向和纬向的负荷-位移曲线具有双线性, 初始模量高于二次模量; 3D 机织复合材料的拉伸曲线无屈服点, 是脆性材料; 3D 机织复合材料的力学性能优良,可同时在经向和纬向获得很高的拉伸性能; 加入衬经纱可以大大提高经向的拉伸强度和模量, 加大纬纱密度可以大大提高纬向的拉伸强度和模量; 4 种不同结构3D 机织复合材料中以带衬经和衬纬的复合材料拉伸性能为最佳。      

三维C/C复合材料的压缩性能及破坏机制

采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜观察和力学性能测定的方法,研究了三维C/C复合材料微观结构形貌,以及材料x向、y向和z 向的压缩性能。结果表明,材料内部缺陷明显,纤维束/基体界面结合较弱,材料z向压缩强度和破坏应变均大于x向和y向,压缩应力-应变曲线开始阶段近似线性,随着载荷的增加,曲线表现出明显的非线性特征。从宏观上考察了材料的压缩破坏机制,材料x向、y向和z向破坏模式均为剪切型破坏,纤维/基体界面结合强度对破坏模式影响明显。     

三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料动态力学性能的实验和理论研究

通过实验系统研究了三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料厚度方向和面内方向的动、 静态压缩力学性能。结果表明, 动、 静态压缩载荷作用下该材料响应表现出明显的各向异性、 非线性和应变率敏感性。针对三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料高速变形过程中不同形式的内部缺陷和微损伤的演化, 提出了一个依赖应变、 应变率的宏观损伤量, 建立了一种含损伤的非线性黏弹性本构模型。采用数据处理方法拟合了其本构方程材料参数, 在加载过程中, 模型计算值与实验结果吻合较好。     

Experimental determination of the mode I delamination fracture and fatigue properties of thin 3D woven composites

The mode I delamination fracture toughness and fatigue strength of thin-section three-dimensional (3D) woven composite materials is experimentally determined. The non-crimp 3D orthogonally woven carbon–epoxy composites were thin (2 mm) and consequently their through-thickness z-binder yarns were inclined at a very steep angle (about 70°) from the orthogonal direction. The steep z-binder angle has a marked effect on the delamination toughening and fatigue strengthening mechanisms. Experimental testing revealed that the fracture toughness and fatigue resistance increased progressively with the volume content of z-binders. However, the steep angle caused the z-binder yarns bridging the delamination crack to deform and fail in shear and through-thickness tension, rather than in-plane tension which usually occurs in thick 3D woven composites. Mode I pull-off tests on a single woven z-binder yarn embedded within the composite revealed that the crack bridging traction load, strain energy absorption and failure mechanism were strongly affected by the steep angle.     

多层多向层联三维机织复合材料的拉伸性能

设计制备了3种不同结构的多层多向层联三维机织复合材料(M3DAWC),利用非接触式全场应变测量系统和SEM对其拉伸性能进行了研究。研究表明,织物结构对M3DAWC的宏观力学行为有重要的影响,沿0°方向拉伸,破坏模式随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,从齐口破坏演变为斜向纱的抽拔失效,沿90°方向拉伸,破坏模式基本一致,表现为斜向纱的抽拔和滑脱。同时,斜向纱体积分数对M3DAWC的拉伸强度和拉伸模量也有显著影响,沿0°方向拉伸,随着斜向纱体积分数的增加,拉伸强度和拉伸模量逐渐减小,沿90°方向拉伸则表现出相反的变化规律。      

三维间隔连体织物复合材料力学性能

三维间隔连体织物复合材料是由纤维连续织造呈空芯结构的三维间隔连体编织物作增强体的新型轻质夹层结构 , 具有整体性、 轻质、 可设计、 低成本等特点。本文中对三维间隔连体织物复合材料增强体的结构特征进行了分析 , 考察了材料在平压、 剪切和三点弯曲载荷作用下的力学特性及破坏模式 , 并分析了织物结构参数对复合材料平压、 剪切、 三点弯曲性能的影响。结果表明 : 随芯柱高度的增加 , 材料的压缩强度和剪切强度降低 ,弯曲刚度增加; 随芯柱密度的增加 , 材料的压缩强度、 剪切强度和弯曲刚度都有大幅度的提高 , 且纬向剪切强度和弯曲刚度都大于经向。研究结果为该类材料的结构优化设计和性能分析奠定了重要基础。     

Effect of manufacturing defects on mechanical properties and failure features of 3D orthogonal woven C/C composites

For high performance 3D orthogonal textile Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites, a key issue is the manufacturing defects, such as micro-cracks and voids. Defects can be substantial perturbations of the ideal architecture of the materials which trigger the failure mechanisms and compromise strength. This study presents comprehensive investigations, including experimental mechanical tests, micron-resolution computed tomography (μCT) detection and finite element modeling of the defects in the C/C composite. Virtual C/C specimens with void defects were constructed based on μCT data and a new progressive damage model for the composite was proposed. According to the numerical approach, effects of voids on mechanical performance of the C/C composite were investigated. Failure predictions of the C/C virtual specimens under different void fraction and location were presented. Numerical simulation results showed that voids in fiber yarns had the greatest influences on performance of the C/C composite, especially on tensile strength.     

三维角联锁机织铝基复合材料面内拉伸力学行为与失效机制

针对真空压力浸渗法制备的三维角联锁机织铝基复合材料,采用细观力学有限元模拟与试验结合的方法研究了其面内拉伸变形损伤与断裂力学行为。结果表明:复合材料拉伸应力-应变曲线的计算与试验结果吻合较好,经(纬)向拉伸初始弹性模量、极限强度和断裂应变的计算误差分别为3.96%(1.11%)、1.40%(6.86%)和?5.49%(3.73%);经向拉伸载荷作用下,经纱界面及其邻近基体合金先后发生损伤,随拉伸应变增加损伤累积和交互作用依次引发界面、基体和纬纱失效,变形后期经纱的断裂最终导致复合材料经向拉伸失效;纬向拉伸变形前期,经纱界面和经纬纱之间薄弱的基体合金相继产生损伤和失效现象,经纱在变形中期即出现横向破坏,起主要承载作用的纬纱轴向断裂是纬向拉伸的主要失效机制,由于三维角联锁机织体中纬纱体分远低于经纱,复合材料纬向拉伸模量和强度分别仅为经向的81.8%和56.5%。      

2.5D机织复合材料的渐进损伤与失效模拟

为了研究典型2.5D机织复合材料的压缩性能,开展了复合材料单胞结构的经向和纬向压缩实验,并通过对材料编织结构的细观表征,建立了细观尺度的单胞有限元模型来模拟压缩载荷下单胞内部的变形及渐进失效过程.结果 表明,2.5D机织复合材料在受压时表现出明显的非线性力学响应,材料沿经向的压缩模量和强度均高于纬向;经向压缩时材料的主...     

Review: 3D woven honeycomb composites

Journal of Materials Science - Honeycomb is considered an excellent structural material because of its high strength and shear rigidity, excellent energy absorbing property, high impact strength,...     

三维编织复合材料热物理性能实验

针对不同编织工艺参数的三维四向编织复合材料,进行了热环境下的热物理性能实验研究,获得了热环境下三维四向编织复合材料的热物理性能变化规律及其分布特征,分析了环境温度和编织角对材料的热膨胀系数(CTE)、热传导系数(CTC)、比热(SH)以及热扩散率(TD)的影响,得到了一些重要结论。这些结果为三维编织复合材料的热物理性能数值分析以及进一步研究材料的热力耦合行为奠定了实验基础。     

Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part I. Experimental investigation

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven CFRP composite panels. The 3D composite panels are preformed using Torayca T-300 (3K) carbon fiber, and then infused with the Epicote 828 epoxy resin. The nominal proportions of the stuffer yarn, the filler yarn and the warp weaver (or z yarn) are 1:1.2:0.2, respectively, and the overall fiber volume fraction is 43%. The 3D fiber architectures are measured and visualized in a micrograph form. Quasi-static tensile coupon tests are carried out to measure the in-plane Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, tensile failure strengths and failure strains in both stuffer and filler yarn directions. Test results reveal that the average Young's modulus in the filler yarn direction is higher than that in the stuffer yarn direction, and the average failure strain in the filler yarn direction is lower than that in the stuffer yarn direction. The average failure strength in the filler yarn direction is slightly higher than that in the stuffer yarn direction. The fracture surfaces are studied using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the failure mechanism are then discussed. It is noted by studying the fracture surface that the fracture surface is always perpendicular to the loading direction. The crack causes the z yarn/matrix interface to debond. Also, the fracture of specimen cut along the x- (or stuffer yarn) direction causes filler yarn/matrix interface to debond and stuffer yarn to break, and the fracture of specimen cut along the y- (or filler yarn) direction causes stuffer yarn/matrix interface to debond and filler yarn to break. The testing results are then used to validate the developed models in Parts II and III of these series papers. In Part II, simplified analytical and finite element models are proposed to predict the mechanical property and failure strengths for the 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. In Part III, a curved beam model resting on an elastic foundation is presented to predict the tensile strength in the filler direction, and then to investigate the effect of some geometrical parameters on the tensile failure strength in the filler yarn direction.     

三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构复合材料的基本力学特性

将三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构平压、剪切和三点弯曲载荷作用下的力学特性与三维间隔连体织物复合材料、传统泡沫夹层结构复合材料进行了对比分析,在此基础上,考察了芯柱高度、泡沫密度对复合材料平压、剪切、三点弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构复合材料承受平压载荷时,芯柱和泡沫存在协同效应;平压载荷作用下主要发生芯柱断裂破坏;随着芯柱高度增加,平压、剪切强度均减小;随着泡沫密度增加,平压强度近似呈指数增长。