氯化钾-硫酸铵法生产硫酸钾精制研究

为了解决氯化钾—硫酸铵法生产的硫酸钾产品纯度低的问题，对硫酸钾精制过程进行了研究。在理论指导下，根据正交设计试验结果，通过极差和方差分析，确定结晶温度、反应时间、配料比都显著影响硫酸钾的收率。同时得到精制过程的优化工艺条件；结晶温度40℃，反应时间90min,氯化钾与硫酸钾的配料质量比为0.15。实验结果为：硫酸钾的单次收率达到85.26%，循环总收率接近100%。     

硫酸铵与氯化钾生产硫酸钾的研究

研究了氨法脱硫副产的硫酸铵溶液直接与氯化钾进行复分解反应生成K2SO4结晶的工艺参数.离心分离K2SO4结晶,经干燥后制得合格的农用化肥硫酸钾产品.试验表明：反应时间3h、反应温度30℃、L/G为1.2,KCl与（NH4） S04质量比1.10条件下,采用硫酸铵与KCl定量配比投料能生产出硫酸钾合格品.     

Effect of source and nest size of N fertilizers and temperature on nitrification in a coarse textured, alkaline soil

Nitrification occurring in an alkaline sandy loam soil fertilized with urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) and ammonium chloride (AC) was studied in the laboratory at 20°C and 40°C for 30 days. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as nest of sizes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. Unfertilized control and soil mixed with 50 mg N kg^-1 were also included as treatments.Nitrification in all the fertilizer treatments decreased markedly with increasing nest size. At 20°C, differences among the three N sources were not significant at 5 days after incubation but marked differences appeared thereafter. All the N was nitrified by 30 days in case of fertilizers mixed into the soil. In nest placement, nitrification ranged from 30.1 to 75.5%, 28.3 to 74.6% and 35.3 to 88.7% for urea, AC and AS, respectively. When equal amounts of fertilizers were placed in a nest, nitrification occurred at a slower rate with urea than with AC and AS. Rates of nitrification were significantly higher at 40°C than at 20°C. At 20 days, nitrification from different nest sizes ranged from 8.4 to 64.9% and from 24.9 to 87.0% at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. The difference in nitrification at two temperatures were more pronounced at higher nest sizes than at smaller nest sizes. While nitrification with the three N sources decreased linearly with increase in N concentration (nest size) in soil at 40°C, it showed a quadratic relationship at 20°C. At equal N concentration, the highest rate of nitrification occurred with urea and the lowest with AC. At the same rate of applied N (50–2000 mg kg^-1), AC and AS increased electrical conductivity of soil by 1.3–9 times that of urea. Apparent mineral N recovery of applied N decreased with the increase in nest size.     

Obtaining granular NPK fertilizers from single superphosphate and urea

A laboratory study was conducted to elaborate methods for obtaining granular NPK fertilizers from mixtures of single superphosphate (SSP) with urea and potassium salts. Samples of products of various grades containing 32–39% fertilizer nutrients and some micronutrients (B, Cu, Co, Mo, Mn) were obtained and their characteristics determined. Instead of cured SSP the usage of a fresh den product was recommended to reduce environmental pollution. The best results were obtained by drying den superphosphate and neutralizing it with limestone before mixing it with other components. Granulation of mixtures should be carried out by the thermic method at 80–95°C, on account of the liquid phase from melting urea. The hardness of the granules obtained by this method, when stored in a dry room, remained satisfactory for 3 months.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Edgar Arumeel (1911–1993)     

氯化钾市场分析与展望

简介了氯化钾的用途和生产工艺,对近几年氯化钾的产需情况和市场价格走势进行了分析介绍,在此基础上对未来氯化钾市场前景进行了展望。     

氯化钾造粒及掺混肥生产

介绍了氯化钾造粒技术及掺混肥的生产工艺。在圆盘造粒机上采用无蒸汽法对粉状氯化钾造粒 ,加入占总重量 1 5%～ 2 0 %的粘结剂CH ,同时添加 0 .1 %的表面活性剂SAS ,所得颗粒氯化钾为球状 ,直径 1～ 4.75mm ,颗粒强度 1 8.0N/颗左右。通过对各种原料配伍性能的研究 ,确定了有关掺混肥的生产工艺。     

An assessment of granular urea/ammonium sulphate and urea/potassium nitrate fertilizers on nitrogen recovery by ryegrass

The comparative effects of ammonium sulphate (AS), potassium nitrate (KNO₃), urea (U) or combined 1:1 (w/w) U/KNO₃, U/AS granular products were investigated on dry matter (DM) yield and¹⁵N utilisation by perennial ryegrass grown under controlled environmental conditions.The DM yield and apparent N recovery with the single N sources was in the order KNO₃ > AS > U. The¹⁵N budget in shoots, roots and soil indicated that only 55% of the urea N was recovered at the end of the experiment compared with 87% and 86% for AS and KNO₃ respectively. The DM yield and apparent N recovery from the combined U/AS source was significantly higher than would be expected (P < 0.01) based on the proportions of each N source in the mixture. Differentially labelling the U and AS with¹⁵N indicated that AS enhanced the shoot % utilisation of urea by 38% (P < 0.001) whereas urea reduced the shoot % utilisation of AS by 14% (P < 0.01). These results indicate that an interaction occurred between U and AS when combined in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio in the same pellet.     

螺旋板换热器在硝酸钾与氯化铵生产中的应用

介绍在硝酸铵与氯化钾复分解法生产硝酸钾与氯化铵工业中,采用螺旋板换热器分别用于硝酸钾溶液冷却和氯化铵溶液冷却的设备选型、安装方式及工艺操作流程。生产实践表明,采用螺旋板换热器具有不结垢、传热系数高、能耗低、生产能力大、体积小和操作方便等优点。     

用天然石膏制备硫酸铵和氯化钙的工艺研究

以天然石膏和碳酸氢铵为原料进行复分解反应制备硫酸铵,副产碳酸钙粗品。考察了反应温度、反应时间、配料比、液固比等因素对硫酸钙转化率的影响,通过正交实验确定了复分解反应的最佳工艺条件。探讨副产物碳酸钙的回收利用方法,用盐酸处理碳酸钙粗品制备氯化钙,研究确定了工艺条件。整个生产过程无废渣排放,工艺简单清洁。通过本方法,可将天然石膏转化为具有更高价值的硫酸铵和氯化钙,研制的产品质量达到有关标准,应用前景广阔。     

氯化钾和硫酸铵生产硫酸钾的工艺

提出以硫酸铵和氯化钾为原料,复分解制取农用硫酸钾的工艺条件及工艺流程,并探讨生产中设备选择及腐蚀问题。     

Ammonia losses from ammonium-containing and -forming fertilizers after surface application at different rates on alkaline soils

The objective of this investigation was to compare the susceptibility of different ammonium containing and forming fertilizers to NH₃ losses and to determine the effect of application rates on NH₃ volatilization. Losses of NH₃ from five fertilizers, namely (NH₄)₂SO₄, CAN, urea, MAP and DAP were determined. The fertilizers were surface-applied to a sandy clay loam Arniston soil and a clayey Gelykvlakte soil of which the pH values were respectively 9.0 and 8.9. The application levels were equivalent to 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg N ha^–1. After a contact period of 3 days NH₃ losses were determined. Ammonia was lost from both soils under all treatments. More NH₃ was lost from the clayey Gelykvlakte soil compared with the sandy clay loam Arniston soil. Loss of NH₃ from the various fertilizers was ranked as follows: Urea > DAP > (NH₄)₂SO₄ > MAP > CAN. Ammonia losses increased with increasing application rates, but the proportion of N lost, decreased. Losses of NH₃ may be reduced by selective choice of fertilizer type and application rate.     

制取新型粘结剂的试验研究

用硫酸与尿素反应的生成物作为氯化铵造粒的新型粘结剂。通过测定不同硫酸与尿素配比、不同浓度硫酸、不同反应温度制得的新型粘结剂的黏度,初步确定了制备新型粘结剂的工艺技术参数。在实验室条件下,用新型粘结剂对氯化铵造粒,能够得到质量达标的颗粒氯化铵产品。     

Comparative studies on the usefulness of ammonium sulphate and urea as fertilizers for lowland rice

In a pot experiment it was established that NH₄ volatilization losses were larger with urea than with ammonium sulphate used as a basal fertilizer for lowland rice. The difference arose from the pH-increasing effect of urea in the floodwater. This rise in pH promoted the growth of algae which in turn were responsible for large diurnal fluctuations in the pH of the floodwater thus enhancing the loss of NH₃ during daytime. Ammonium sulphate lowered the pH of the water which suppressed the growth of algae.Once the rice canopy had closed, the algal population declined and the diurnal pH fluctuations largely disappeared. Urea as a topdressing was found to be less liable to give rise to NH₃ volatilization than when added as basal dressing. The highest N recovery was obtained with ammonium sulphate used as basal dressing and urea as topdressing. Working a basal dressing into the soil improves the fertilizer-N recovery of urea-N, but not of ammonium sulphate-N, the latter being already high without soil incorporation.     

Correction of lime-induced chlorosis by application of iron and potassium sulphates

The effects of: iron sulphate in an acid urea medium, potassium sulphate, three mixtures of potassium sulphate with iron sulphate, a mixture of potassium chloride with iron sulphate, ammonium sulphate with nitrification inhibitor (DCD) plus iron sulphate and, finally, sequestrene, in correcting iron chlorosis in peanuts (Arachis hypogea) on a soil containing 65% CaCO₃, pH 7.6, known to induce chlorosis, were tested in pot experiments. The potassium sulphate-iron sulphate mixtures were as effective as sequestrene or more so in correcting chlorosis. The potassium chloride mixture and the ammonium sulphate-DCD-iron sulphate mixture were less effective, the latter probably because of ammoium toxicity. Iron sulphate or potassium sulphate alone had no effect. The effective correction of iron chlorosis requires simultaneous application of iron and potassium sulphates.     

Fate of nitrogen applied in different fertilizers to the surface of a calcareous soil in Syria

¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate or¹⁵N-labelled urea were each applied in solutionat a rate of 30 kg N ha^-1 to the surface of 20soil cores (52 mm internal diameter × 100 mm deep)located on a field experiment at the ICARDA station,Tel Hadya, Syria. Recovery of ¹⁵N-label in theammonium, nitrate, organic and/or urea-N pools in thesoil was measured on days 0, 1, 2, 5 and 13 afterapplication. Total recovery of ¹⁵N was initially100%, but by day 13 after application it had declinedto 51% with urea and 73% with ammonium sulphate.Ammonium nitrate labelled either as ammonium or asnitrate was also applied to the soil surface of 8other cores at the same time. ¹⁵N recovery in thefour soil N pools was measured only on day 12 afterapplication. Total recovery of ¹⁵N-label was 75%with labelled ammonium and 57% with labelled nitrate.Volatilization of ammonia from this calcareous soil(pH 8.1) is one probable mechanism of N loss fromammonium and urea fertilizers: with nitrate bothleaching beyond the base of the core (i.e. 100 mm) and denitrification were responsible for Nlosses. These large losses of N immediately afterapplication have implications for fertilizermanagement practices.     

Long-term greenhouse evaluation of partially acidulated phosphate rock fertilizers

The agronomic effectiveness (yield and P uptake) of twelve granular, partially acidulated phosphate rock fertilizers (PAPR) and two finely ground, unacidulated phosphate rocks (PR) were compared to that of a single superphosphate in a long-term greenhouse experiment with lucerne (Medicago sativa L., cv. CUF101), grown in a low P sorbing, moderately acid, sandy loam soil of moderate P status (Paleustaf). The PAPRs were prepared from two unreactive PRs (Christmas Is. A grade and Duchess rock from Queensland) and acidulated at two rates (25% and 50% on a H₂SO₄ to single superphosphate basis) with either H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄. Additional products included H₂SO₄ PAPRs cogranulated with elemental S (10% w/w).Superphosphate was consistently superior to all PRs and PAPRs in agronomic effectiveness throughout this two-year study. The most effective of the PAPRs were those that were 50% acidulated with H₂SO₄ and cogranulated with elemental S; this type of fertilizer from both rocks was approximately 2/3 as effective as superphosphate when relative agronomic effectiveness indices (RAE) were calculated from cumulative yields. The increase in agronomic effectiveness relative to superphosphate (RAE value) by the partial acidulation of the PR could be attributed to its effect of increasing the P solubility in the PAPR. A curvilinear relationship existed between the RAE values of PRs and PAPRs, measured from cumulative yield or P uptake data, and the percentage of the total P in each fertilizer that was in a soluble (water + citrate soluble) form. Cogranulation with elemental S (10% w/w) significantly displaced this relationship upwards by increasing the RAE of H₂SO₄ PAPRs by more than 50%. The maximum cumulative recovery of applied P by lucerne tops after five bulked harvests (fifteen consecutive harvests) was 61.5%, which occurred at the low application rate of superphosphate. The decline in the substitution value of PRs for superphosphate, that occurred with increasing P rates tended to be offset both by increasing the level of acidulation and by cogranulating the PAPR with elemental S.     

碘化钾催化合成2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵的研究

以环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)和三甲胺(TMA)为原料,碘化钾为催化剂,在乙醇介质中常温下合成了高活性醚化剂2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)。采用正交实验法考察了反应温度、物料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间对产品收率的影响。GTA最佳合成工艺条件为:n(EPIC)∶n(TMA)∶n(KI)=1∶0.3∶0.02,反应温度20℃,总反应时间4 h,在此优化条件下收率可达87.1%。     

Plant response to the management of fluid and solid N fertilizers applied to furrow-irrigated corn

The use of fluid fertilizers has increased in recent years. Plant response to field management practices of fluid and solid N fertilizers in furrow-irrigated field studies has not been well-documented. This research studied the response of corn (Zea mays L.) to several field management practices of fluid and solid N fertilizers applied at several rates. Corn grown with sidedressed applications of the fluid fertilizers, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and 18-0-0+7Ca, generally had higher grain yields, higher yield efficiencies, higher ear populations, larger seed size, more kernels per ear, and a higher ear leaf N concentration than corn grown with preplant broadcast treatments of urea, ammonium nitrate (AN), and UAN. In 1988, corn grown with 280 kg N ha^–1 of AN applied preplant broadcast had a lower grain yield, yield efficiency, kernels per ear, and ear leaf N concentration, while ear population and kernel size were unchanged, in comparison to split applications of UAN at 224 kg N ha^–1. In 1989, corn grown with three split applications of UAN at 280 kg N ha^–1 had a higher grain yield and produced more kernels per ear without affecting yield efficiency, ear population, kernel size, or ear leaf N concentration compared with treatments at the 224 kg N ha^–1 rate. Use of split, side-dressed N management practices in furrow-irrigated corn should eliminate the need to use excessive N rates while maintaining grain yields and other plant responses, resulting in more efficient N use than traditionally achieved.     

The effect of N,P and KCl fertilizers on grain yield and Cd concentration of malting barley

A three-year field study, conducted on two Orthic Black Chernozemic soils, investigated the effects of application of N, P and KCl fertilizers on grain yield and Cd concentration of two cultivars of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare). Soil levels of N and P were good predictors of the likelihood of a yield response to fertilizer applications, while increases in yield with potassium chloride (KCl) application occurred in spite of high levels of soil K. Additions of ammonium nitrate increased Cd concentration in malting barley when soil nitrate levels were low, with increased Cd concentrations in the grain generally being associated with increasing crop yields. Applications of monoammonium phosphate or KCl tended to increase concentrations of Cd in malting barley, with the significance of the effect varying from year to year. Response of Cd concentration in the grain to P and KCl application was not related to levels of these nutrients in the soil. As the N and K fertilizer used in the study did not contain significant quantities of Cd, the increase in Cd concentration in the grain with fertilizer application was not solely a result of Cd addition as a fertilizer contaminant. The fertilizer salts may increase Cd concentration in the soil solution, increasing availability for crop uptake. Increased crop yield associated with N application may also increase Cd accumulation through increased root interception and enhanced mass flow.     

氯化钾盐水中铁含量的分析

介绍了采用邻菲啰啉分光光度法与ICP等离子发射光谱仪法分析氯化钾盐水中铁含量的方法。