硫酸尾气氨洗法工业化技术开发

硫酸尾气氨洗法技术即在氨洗塔的吸收段采用氨水吸收硫酸尾气中的SO_2,该技术应用在600 kt/a和800 kt/a硫酸装置上可减排SO_2量为2 596.81 t/a,副产硫酸铵溶液量为5 360 t/a[折100%(NH_4)_2SO_4计],且硫酸尾气中SO_2浓度大大低于国家排放标准要求的限值400 mg/m~3。该技术投资费用和运行成本较低,吨酸增加运行费用仅为4.04元。     

两次转化两次冷凝湿法制酸技术的应用

介绍了20 kt/a硫化氢酸性气体湿法制酸装置的技术特点、工艺流程及设备选型等。"2+1"两次转化两次冷凝新技术进转化器φ(SO_2)提高到6.5%,转化率达到99.9%,生产w(H_2SO_4)93%硫酸,排放尾气中ρ(SO_2)按基准氧浓折算后为228 mg/m~3,低于GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》中排放限值400 mg/m3。     

启事

<正>因业务发展需要,某公司在距离昆明市100公里筹建1套40 kt/a烟气制酸装置。拟采用BOT方式诚邀合作伙伴,公司提供φ(SO_2) 7%～10%火法冶炼烟气,折合w(H_2SO_4) 100%浓硫酸产能为40 kt/a,当地硫酸价格平均400元/t。该项目不到2年即可收回投资。     

高浓度SO2转化技术在铜冶炼烟气制酸中的运用

山东阳谷祥光铜业有限公司400 kt/a阴极铜(一期200 kt/a)工程的硫酸转化系统采用了奥托昆普技术公司的LURECTM高浓度SO2转化技术.该技术采用巧妙的工艺设计,能够直接处理φ(SO2)高达16%～18%的烟气,同时对中温位热能进行回收利用,在经济上具有较大的优越性.     

板式换热器在离子液循环吸收技术中的应用

<正>广西金川有色金属有限公司1600kt/a硫酸系统是400kt/a阴极铜冶炼配套项目,制酸系统尾气脱硫采用离子液循环吸收法脱硫技术。该技术核心是:根据离子液特性,在低温条件下吸收烟气中残余的SO_2,在高温条件下将溶解在离子液中的SO_2解吸,提出φ(SO_2)99%的气态SO_2送往制酸净化工序。为减少能源消耗、有效维持系统的热平衡,尾气脱硫工序采用3台板式换热器作为换热设备。2013年12月投入使用,     

1600kt/a高浓度冶炼烟气制酸装置节能实践

正广西金川有色金属有限公司(以下简称金川有色)采用闪速炉熔炼-闪速炉吹炼-阳极炉精炼-电解精炼工艺生产阴极铜,设计阴极铜产能400kt/a,配套冶炼烟气制酸装置1600kt/a。金川有色1600kt/a硫酸装置是我国目前技术装备水平较高的系统之一,集中采用了孟莫克公司预转化工艺、低温热回收HRS工艺及离子液循环脱硫工艺等新技术[1]。该装置处理高浓度SO_2烟气制酸,采用高效节能技术     

华刚矿业120kt/a硫磺制酸装置设计简介

详细介绍了华刚矿业股份有限公司120 kt/a硫磺制酸装置的生产工艺及设备选型。该装置采用"3+1"两次转化、w(H_2SO_4)98%酸干燥、w(H_2SO_4)98%酸中温两次吸收的工艺流程。转化、干吸、尾吸以及热工系统的设备选型高效,选材合理,装置运行稳定可靠。所有排出物均能符合排放标准,新增的污染物较少。     

铜陵有色金冠铜业奥炉项目制酸系统生产实践

介绍了铜陵有色金冠铜业奥炉项目760 kt/a铜冶炼制酸系统的设计和生产运行情况。制酸系统稀酸洗涤净化采用一级动力波洗涤塔—填料洗涤塔—二级动力波洗涤塔—两级电除雾器工艺流程,转化换热采用ⅢⅠ-ⅣⅡ"3+1" 4段转化流程。针对实际生产中遇到的问题采取相应改进措施后,装置各项技术经济指标良好,SO_2转化率达到99.91%以上,二吸塔出口烟气ρ(SO_2)400 mg/m~3。     

菲律宾PASAR冶炼厂硫酸装置改扩建的设计和运行实践

介绍了菲律宾PASAR冶炼厂硫酸装置改扩建的设计和运行实践情况。改扩建项目将阴极铜产能由215 kt/a扩产至300 kt/a,扩产后净化出口最大烟气量为277 000 m~3/h,烟气φ(SO_2)为14.56%,配套硫酸总产能1 184.5 kt/a。新建一套规模为511.5 kt/a的硫酸装置,与原有的673 kt/a硫酸装置形成一头两尾配置。改扩建后硫酸厂的处理能力、成品酸的产量达到设计要求,新扩建的硫酸厂烟气处理能力及废酸处理能力均超过设计值,总转化率高于99.86%,吸收率99.99%,硫酸尾气φ(SO_2)0.014%。废酸处理的脱铜、脱砷率均高于98%。     

高浓度SO_2转化工艺与常规转化工艺的比较

介绍了预转化方式和循环烟气方式这两种高浓度SO_2转化工艺的技术特点。以一套700 kt/a硫酸装置为例,对高浓度SO_2转化工艺和常规转化工艺进行了分析比较,与常规转化工艺相比,高浓度SO_2转化工艺具有投资省、操作成本低、占地面积小、废热回收率高、SO_2排放量少的优势。建议加快高浓度SO_2转化技术和关键设备的国产化,以适应今后高浓度SO_2制酸的发展。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.