取向磁场对钴颗粒填充硅橡胶磁流变弹性体动态黏弹性的影响

为了研究取向磁场强度对磁流变弹性体（MRE）动态黏弹性的影响规律及影响机制,采用溶剂热法制备球状钴颗粒,SEM和XRD表征结果显示,其粒径为1~2 μm,呈密排六方结构。以硅橡胶为基体,以钴颗粒为填充相,分别在0 mT、480 mT、1 154 mT取向磁场强度下制备MRE,并在不同工况下测试其动态黏弹性。实验结果表明,Co颗粒填充的MRE微观结构的有序性随取向磁场强度增大而增加,其储能模量G'、损耗模量G ″和磁流变效应也随之提高;当取向磁场强度增大到一定程度,由于有序结构趋于稳定,动态黏弹性随取向磁场的变化较小。     

KDP晶体单点金刚石切削脆塑转变机理的研究

加工超光滑表面的KDP晶体是现代超精密加工技术领域的重点研究课题。实验采用维氏压痕法研究KDP晶体脆性材料(001)面不同晶向的硬度、断裂韧性的变化规律。通过建立KDP晶体脆塑转变临界切削厚度模型,研究了KDP晶体金刚石切削脆塑转变机理。结果表明,脆塑转变临界最小切削厚度出现在断裂韧性最小而硬度最大的[110]方向;脆塑转变临界切削最大厚度出现在断裂韧性最大而硬度最小的[001]方向。并利用超精密机床加工了KDP晶体,加工结果与理论推导结论相符合,在[001]方向加工出表面粗糙度为7.5nm(RMS)的超光滑表面。     

Thermally activated rotation of Co1−xO particles within zirconia grains

Yttria partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) and Co_1−xO powders in 4:1 molar ratio were sintered and then annealed at 1300 and 1600°C to investigate the orientation change of Co_1−xO particles within Y-PSZ grains. Transmission electron microscopic observations indicated the Co_1−xO particles remained nonepitaxy in Y-PSZ grains after annealing at 1300°C for 300 h. When fired at 1600°C for 1–100 h, submicro-sized Co_1−xO particles (denoted as C) reached parallel epitaxy relationship, i.e. [100]_C//[100]_Z, [010]_C//[010]_Z and another relationship, i.e. [111]_C//[100]_Z, //[011]_Z with respect to the host zirconia grain (denoted as Z) nearly free of tetragonal precipitates. On the other hand, larger intragranular Co_1−xO particles (>1 μm in diameter) failed to reach epitaxial orientations even subject to prolonged annealing (100 h) at 1600°C. The temperature and size dependence of orientation change of the intragranular particle is in accordance with theoretical consideration of Brownian type rotation of the particle above a critical temperature for anchorage release at interface.     

Noise due to particle distributions in metal-particle media

Noise is a concern when it comes to storing data because noise can cause a corrupted signal and, therefore, lost data. Micromagnetic simulation was used to gain insight and understanding of particulate media noise due to nonuniform particle distribution. These distributions result in a spatial fluctuation of the anisotropy field and orientation of the particles, which introduces randomness into the recording process. The effect of the randomness (i.e., noise) on the recording process was studied, as were effects of reduced media thickness and improved particle alignment on the noise level and record nonlinearity. Effect of the noise on write-equalized recordings was also investigated. The focus of the paper is on thin metal-particle media     

A device for measuring the concentration and dispersion quality ofmagnetic particle suspensions

A technique, called rheomagnetic measurement, for studying the concentration and orientation of magnetic particles through inductance measurement is presented. The particles are oriented in a predominantly extensional flow field, and, because they are magnetic, their orientation can be detected with a weak magnetic sensing field. Because flocs of magnetic particles orient differently in a flow field than primary particles do, this method can be useful in obtaining information about the particle flocculation aspect of dispersion quality. A magnetic sensing field can also be used to detect the particle concentration in a quiescent flow. Experimental data on the effects of particle concentration and milling for rod-like γ-Fe₂O₃ and plate-like Ba-ferrite suspensions are discussed. The results for Ba-ferrite magnetic markedly contrast with those for the rod-like magnetic particles but showed similarity with those for rod-like γ-Fe₂O₃     

Mutual Diffusion Coefficient and Dynamic Viscosity Near the Critical Consolute Point Probed by Dynamic Light Scattering

The possibility of applying dynamic light scattering to simultaneous determination of the mutual diffusion coefficient and the viscosity of binary liquid systems was studied near the critical consolute point. When seed particles are added to the system, the particle diffusion coefficient is measured, and the viscosity is obtained using the Stokes–Einstein relation. Since the amplitude of light scattered from concentration fluctuations is low in a mixture with a small difference between the refractive indices of the pure components, this approach allowed the determination of the viscosity of a critical mixture of nitroethane and isooctane, without a signal component from mutual diffusivity superimposed. In contrast, particle aggregation prevented the determination of the viscosity of a critical mixture of triethylamine and water. Despite this difficulty, and an unidentified contribution in the signals obtained, the mutual diffusion coefficient and the critical exponent v could be determined in this system without a noticeable influence from the addition of seed particles.     

Pinched flow fractionation: continuous size separation of particles utilizing a laminar flow profile in a pinched microchannel

A concept of "pinched flow fractionation" for the continuous size separation and analysis of particles in microfabricated devices has been proposed and demonstrated. In this method, particles suspended in liquid were continuously introduced into a microchannel having a pinched segment and were aligned to one sidewall in the pinched segment by another liquid flow without particles. The particles were then separated perpendicularly to the flow direction according to their sizes by the spreading flow profile inside the microchannel. Polymer microbeads were successfully separated, and the effects of the flow rate and channel shapes on the separation performance were examined. Also, separated particles were collected independently by making branches at the end of the pinched segment. Since this method utilizes only the laminar flow profile inside a microchannel, complicated outer field control could be eliminated, which is usually required for other kinds of particle separation methods such as field flow fractionation. Also, this method can be applied both for particle size analysis and for preparation of monodispersed particles, since separation can be rapidly and continuously performed.     

The effect of interactions on the saturation remanence of particulate assemblies

The effect of interactions on the saturation remanence of assemblies of identical, uniaxially anisotropic, single-domain particles is calculated using a spatial-mean interaction field. The particle easy-axis directions are assumed known and given by a distribution function. The remanence is determined by finding the magnetization orientation functional of the particle easy-axis orientation which minimizes the total assembly energy. Curves of remanence versus interaction strength (assembly packing fraction) are shown for a) randomly oriented assemblies of spherical particles with uniaxial crystalline anisotropy only, b) randomly oriented assemblies of acicular particles with shape anisotropy, and c) oriented assemblies of acicular particles with 6:1 aspect ratio. Disregarding external sample-shape demagnetization effects, this model always yields increased remanences due to interactions. A criterion is given which predicts when external shape effects are capable of dominating the net interaction field to yield a reduction in remanence. The applicability of these results and extensions of the theory are discussed in relation to particle assemblies in magnetic tape and high coercivity CoNiP films.     

Influence of particles on the transition to turbulence in pipe flow

We investigate by experiment the influence of suspended solids upon the transition to turbulence in pipe flow. The particles are monodisperse and neutrally buoyant with the liquid. The role of the particles on the transition depends upon both the volume fraction, phi, and particle size. Below a critical particle diameter, particles alter the transition to larger critical Reynolds numbers for all phi. In contrast to this, larger particles move the transition to smaller Reynolds numbers for small phi, but they delay the transition at larger concentration.     

Characterisation and intrinsic magnetic resonance properties of nickel nanoparticles

Nickel nanoparticles have been extensively characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. AFM underestimates the particle size compared to SEM measurements. It is shown that Raman spectroscopy can detect the nanometre-thick NiO layer on the particles having frequency shifts of the modes indicative of phonon confinement. The magnetic properties of the particles are studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) of magnetic field aligned particles. The alignment is achieved by suspending the particles in the liquid crystal MBBA and freezing the liquid in a 0.4 T DC magnetic field. The in-field solidification locks the direction of maximum magnetisation of the particles parallel to the direction of the applied DC magnetic field. This removes the effects of dynamical particle fluctuations of the nanoparticles on the magnetic properties allowing a study of the intrinsic magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles. The intensity of the FMR signal decreased with lowering temperature for the particles frozen in the liquid in a 0.4 T DC magnetic field. The effect is suggested to be due to a reduction of the microwave skin depth with lowering temperature.     

激光散斑测量电流变液中颗粒的运动速度

利用激光散斑测量装置,观察悬浮在电流变液中的淀粉颗粒在外加直流电场下的运动情况,表明当激光穿过电流变液时可以形成散斑。利用激光散斑测速法(LSV)对不同外加电场强度和不同浓度的淀粉电流变液中颗粒的运动速度进行了测量,通过自编的互相关计算软件对散斑图像进行了分析,获得了淀粉颗粒沿电场方向和垂直于电场方向的运动速度。实验结果表明在同一电场作用下,淀粉颗粒运动速度随时间的变化呈现震荡递减的趋势;并且存在一个临界颗粒浓度和临界电场强度,当低于此临界值时,颗粒运动速度增加,反之则减小。     

Hydrodynamic predictions of dense gas–particle flows using a second-order-moment frictional stress model

Based on the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid continuum approach, an improved unified second-order-moment two-phase turbulence model combining with the kinetic theory of particle collision frictional stress model is developed to simulate the dense gas–particle flows in downer, where the effective coefficient of restitution is incorporated into the particle–particle collision. The interaction term between gas and particle turbulence is fully taken into account by the transport equation of two-phase stress correlation. Hydrodynamics of high density particle flow, measured by Wang et al. [27] are predicted and the simulated results are in good agreement with experimental data. On the conditions of considering the realistic energy dissipation due to frictional stress, particle concentration and particle axial averaged velocity are closely the measured and they are better than without frictional stress model. Furthermore, the particle Reynolds stress is redistributed and the particle temperature is reduced. Effect of frictional stress leads to increase obviously the collision frequency at the outlet and inlet regions and the magnitude of frequency of particle collisions is 10².     

Orientation process of acicular oxides in the magnetic tape layer

The orientation of acicular particles in the active layer of a magnetic tape is presently a usual technological process applied in magnetic tape production. The theory of this process is dealt with. A mathematical model is deduced, describing the behavior of an isolated agglomerate of acicular particles in an external magnetic field and the change of its microstructure, i.e., the orientation of acicular particles in the agglomerate. The term for the density of probability ω(α) of the angle distribution α of the longer particle axes in the orientated agglomerate is also deduced. Also the approximate relation between the orientation degree, defined by the mean quadratic deviationsof the angles α of the particular particles and by the bevel values γ of the deformed agglomerate, is shown. It appears that, besides the orientation by means of the external magnetic field, it would also be possible to orientate the magnetic suspension by other methods.     

Solid state spreading in the Cu/Cu system

Solid state spreading of copper particles on a copper polycrystalline substrate was analysed at 1050^°C. A specific procedure was settled to produce pure monocrystalline and nearly spherical copper particles. Spreading dynamics were analysed from SEM images and preferential particle/substrate orientations were identified by EBSD. The effect of a preferential orientation on the spreading kinetics is limited, if any. A general agreement is found between the kinetic results and numerical calculations of Mullins [1] for mass transport by surface diffusion under the action of surface curvature gradients. The experimental kinetics are however significantly more rapid, due to the contribution of other mechanisms like volume diffusion.     

基于超声驻波场的水下颗粒操控研究

超声波产生的声辐射力可以实现对微小物体的操控。针对微米尺度颗粒在液体环境的操控问题,基于黏性介质中的声辐射力理论,建立由双凹球面聚焦超声换能器驱动下的水下颗粒操控模型。利用COMSOL软件仿真了模型的声场、声流场及颗粒操控动态过程,最后通过水下颗粒操控实验对仿真结果进行验证。研究发现,颗粒在水下操控过程受到声辐射力与声流曳力的共同作用,由声波干涉作用形成的局部驻波场主要依靠声辐射力将颗粒团聚在波节位置,但随着颗粒尺寸的减小,颗粒无法继续束缚,颗粒操控将由依靠声辐射力转变为声流曳力。此外声场强度的增加会增强颗粒操控的抗扰动能力。     

Segregation of cohesive granular materials during discharge from a rectangular hopper

Granular materials may readily segregate due to differences in particle properties such as size, shape, and density. Segregation is common in industrial processes involving granular materials and can occur even after a material has been uniformly blended. The specific objective of this work is to investigate via simulation the effect of particle cohesion due to liquid bridging on particle segregation. Specifically, a bi-disperse granular material flowing from a 3-D hopper is simulated using the discrete element method (DEM) for cohesive particles and the extent of discharge segregation is characterized over time. The cohesion between the particles is described by a pendular liquid bridge force model and the strength of the cohesive bond is characterized by the Bond number determined with respect to the smaller particle species. As the Bond number of the system increases, the extent of discharge segregation in the system decreases. A critical value of Bo = 1 is identified as the condition where the primary mechanism of segregation in the cohesionless hopper system, i.e. gravity-induced percolation, is essentially eliminated due to the liquid bridges between particles.     

Dynamic simulation of rod-like and plate-like particle dispersed systems

A particle simulation method (PSM) is presented to simulate the dynamics of rod-like and plate-like particle dispersed systems. In this method, the particle is modeled with arrays of spheres connected by three types of springs. The motion of particles in flow is followed by solving the translational and rotational equations of motion for each constituent sphere. The mobility matrix for each particle is calculated to obtain the hydrodynamic force and torque exerted on each sphere. For the hydrodynamic interaction among particles, the near-field lubrication force is considered. The method was applied to the simulation of the transient behavior of particles in a shear flow by dispersing them into a cell with periodic boundaries. In semi-dilute to concentrated systems, the overshoot of viscosity was observed for rigid rod-like particle dispersed systems, but not for flexible ones. This was due to the transient change of the microstructure from the flow-directional orientation to the planar one of particles. The normal stress appeared in the flexible particle dispersed systems because of the deformation of particles. In the rectangular plate-like particle dispersed system, the planar orientation of particles was observed and furthermore the orientation of the major axis of particles in the shear direction appeared.     

The measurement of the anisotropy field of single "tape" particles

The uniaxial anisotropy field Haof nominally single acicular particles was measured by three different methods, and the coercivity was also found. A very dilute suspension was made in a viscous liquid, and a particle observed with the microscope. Various types of magnetic field were then applied, and the particle's change in orientation enabledH_{a}, H_{c}and/or Hrto be determined. One method gave anomalously low values for Ha, but it was possible to reconcile the results. The larger values lay in a range consistent with the chain-of-spheres and prolate ellipsoid models. There was a linear relationship between Haand Hr(or Hc). The results suggested new reversal mechanisms.     

Automatic threshold technique for holographic particle field characterization

The 3D distribution of a particle field by digital holography is obtained by 3D numerical reconstruction of a 2D hologram. The proper identification of particles from the background during numerical reconstruction influences the overall effectiveness of the technique. The selection of a suitable threshold value to segment particles from the background of reconstructed images during 3D holographic reconstruction process is a critical issue, which influences the accuracy of particle size and number density of reconstructed particles. The object particle field parameters, such as depth of sample volume and density of object particles, influence the optimal threshold value. The present study proposes a novel technique for the determination of the optimal threshold value of a reconstructed image. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated using both simulated and experimental data. The proposed technique is robust to variation in optical properties of particle and background, depth of sample volume, and number density of object particle field. The particle diameter obtained from the proposed threshold technique is within 5% of that obtained from the particle size analyzer. There is a maximum ten times increase in reconstruction effectiveness by using the proposed automatic threshold technique in comparison with the fixed manual threshold technique.