铜硫化矿熔炼:过去的成就与目前的挑战(下)

过去30年,铜硫化矿熔炼和吹炼中提高氧的用量,以及实行计算机在线控制,导致冶炼强度和精矿处理能力大幅度提高,降低了熔炼能耗并改善了烟气SO2的回收。一台熔炼炉年处理精矿量100万t是新的工业标准。顶部浸没式氧枪熔炼近年已成为一个重要的生产方法,两个新的连续吹炼法在上世纪90年代已经工业化。然而,由于转炉吹炼作业的改进和转炉规格的加大,PS转炉吹炼仍然保持着技术上的主导地位。过去30年,世界铜熔炼企业已经发生重大改组。受快速经济增长的刺激以及对基础材料的大量需求,在中国、印度以及其他亚洲一些国家已经建立了许多现代大型的铜冶炼厂。其他地区铜的熔炼和电解能力仅有适度的增长。而在美国阴极铜产量正出现实质性下降。本文作者查阅了最近的技术进步和工业发展以及一些突出问题,如将要成为讨论焦点的能源消耗问题和相应的温室气体排放问题。     

铜硫化矿熔炼:过去的成就与目前的挑战(上)

过去30年,铜硫化矿熔炼和吹炼中提高氧的用量,以及实行计算机在线控制,导致冶炼强度和精矿处理能力大幅度提高,降低了熔炼能耗并改善了烟气SO,的回收.一台熔炼炉年处理精矿量100万t是新的工业标准.顶部浸没式氧枪熔炼近年已成为一个重要的生产方法,两个新的连续吹炼法在上世纪90年代已经工业化.然而,由于转炉吹炼作业的改进和转炉规格的加大,PS转炉吹炼仍然保持着技术上的主导地位.过去30年,世界铜熔炼企业已经发生重大改组.受快速经济增长的刺激以及对基础材料的大量需求,在中国、印度以及其他亚洲一些国家已经建立了许多现代大型的铜冶炼厂.其他地区铜的熔炼和电解能力仅有适度的增长.而在美国阴极铜产量正出现实质性下降.本文作者查阅了最近的技术进步和工业发展以及一些突出问题,如将要成为讨论焦点的能源消耗问题和相应的温室气体排放问题.     

高温富氧鼓风的大型闪速炉

一、緒言日本矿业公司佐贺关冶炼厂从1916年投产到最近,鼓风炉熔炼方法在发展。到1966年采用两台鼓风炉熔炼和转炉富氧熔炼。达到了每月处理铜精矿20,000吨的冶炼能力。由于日本国内对铜需要量的增加和精矿又     

韦尔瓦冶炼厂扩建项目

韦尔瓦熔炼和精炼厂自１９７０年投产以来,运用奥托昆普闪速炉熔技术和周期反向电流电解技术已成功地进行了扩建。这使得其生产能力和产品质量都有了提高。１９９４年,大西洋铜业公司在其铜熔炼厂开始了新的扩建项目——增加闪速炉和ＰＳ转炉的处理能力,精矿熔炼能力达到１００万ｔ／ａ;应用最新技术改造环保设施。本文叙述韦尔瓦冶炼厂扩建项目（ＨＥＰ）的技术状况及发展、投产情况,韦尔瓦冶炼厂以前和现在的生产情况。     

熔浴熔炼和鼓风炉自热熔炼——处理硫化物原料的新工艺

近年来,熔炼硫化精矿生产粗铜的自热熔炼法正在进一步发展。目前,许多冶炼厂建造了新的冶炼装置,正在进行着处理硫化矿工艺流程的现代化。改进铜生产技术首先在于节省能源和提高综合利用率以及遵守更加严格的环保法规。熔浴熔炼法(Pzhv法)是处理重有色金     

韦尔瓦冶炼厂扩建项目

韦尔瓦熔炼和精炼厂自１９７０年投产以来,运用奥托昆普闪速炉熔技术和周期反向电流电解技术已成功地进行了扩建。这使得其生产能力和产品质量都有了提高。１９９４年,大西洋铜业公司在其铜熔炼厂开始了新的扩建项目－－增加闪速炉和ＰＳ转炉的处理能力,精矿熔炼能力达到１００万ｔ／ａ;应用最新技术改造环保设施,本文叙述韦尔瓦冶炼厂扩建项目（ＨＥＰ）的技术状况及发展,投产情况,韦尔瓦冶炼厂以前和现在的生产情况。     

铜冶炼工艺技术的进展与我国铜冶炼厂的技术升级

20世纪70年代以来世界铜冶炼工艺技术发展很快,出现了很多新工艺并应用于工业生产;20世纪90年代开始我国老的铜冶炼厂均先后进行了技术升级改造,进入21世纪后又建设了很多新的铜冶炼厂,均采用先进冶炼工艺;2008年以后国内自主开发的铜冶炼新工艺得到迅速推广应用。综述了世界铜精矿熔炼和铜锍吹炼的技术进展,回顾了我国铜冶炼厂技术升级的历程,总结了我国铜冶炼厂冶炼工艺选择的经验,对我国铜冶炼项目的冶炼工艺选择提出了建议。     

新的犹他炼铜厂——肯尼科特宣布计划在宾哈姆·卡翁建一座年处理精矿110万短吨的闪速熔炼厂

肯尼科特公司已决定在其位于盐湖城附近的犹他铜生产基地投资8.8亿美元,建设一座全新的铜熔炼-精炼厂。新冶炼厂将取代现有的冶炼厂,于1995年投产。新厂将处理宾哈姆·卡翁(Bingham Canyon)矿产出的全部精矿,并通过降低约60%的冶炼及精炼成本而大大增加其利润。新厂的生产成水估计只有现有冶炼厂的一半左右。     

韦尔瓦(Huelva)冶炼厂40年闪速熔炼的历史及经验教训

韦尔瓦冶炼厂于1970年投产,与此同时,力拓矿场上的老冶炼厂关闭了。这座新冶炼厂采用两台Momoda鼓风炉,处理能力为每天500t干精矿。该冶炼厂投产后不久,提高冶炼产能便提上日程。通过对当时各种可选方案进分析后,最终选择了闪速熔炼技术。1975年9月18日,新的奥托昆普闪速熔炼炉(FSF)投入运行,初期处理能力为每天900 t干精矿,采用了文丘里式烧嘴和空气预热。自那时起,韦尔瓦冶炼厂团队与奥托昆普公司(现在的奥图泰公司)一起对闪速熔炼炉设计、工艺条件和操作实践进行了持续不断地改进,现在的处理能力已达到每天3 500 t干精矿。韦尔瓦冶炼厂从1975开始至今,已经完成了五个炉龄,最后一个炉龄结束于2013年11月,主要对原闪速炉炉膛进行了改进。本论文介绍了多年来韦尔瓦冶炼厂闪速熔炼不断改进的历史及经验教训。     

铜熔炼渣缓冷工艺管理及改进

铜冶炼厂广泛采用渣缓冷工艺回收炉渣中的铜,该工艺可以提高铜的回收率,增加企业的经济效益.文章介绍了铜熔炼渣的缓冷工艺和主要设施,讨论了渣缓冷工艺存在的主要问题并提出了解决措施,为铜熔炼渣缓冷工艺的生产管理提供参考.     

Design and optimisation of charging ingredients and structure in an ironmaking system (Part II)

In order to maximise the reduction of pig iron cost in an ironmaking process, and at the same time ensure the output and quality of the pig iron, a design and optimisation system for the charging ingredients and structure in an ironmaking system was established using metallurgical theory. The system includes six modules, namely, sinter metallurgical performance testing and analysis, sintering burdening design, sinter component and property prediction, blast furnace burdening design, blast furnace batching calculation and ironmaking system burden optimisation. Based on actual production, testing and material balance theory, the system integrated these modules on VB and MATLAB using a series of intelligent algorithms, such as the BP neural network, multiple objective linear programming, genetic algorithms and so on. As a result, the optimum burden composition and structure of the sinter and blast furnace that satisfied all the constraint conditions could be obtained. Standing as a pinnacle of the global ironmaking production, the system can design and optimise not only the sintering burden, but also the blast furnace burden. Compared with the traditional production testing and hand calculation in the ironmaking system, the project can greatly reduce the production risk and greatly increase the calculation accuracy. Industrial application shows that the system is especially beneficial to reduce the ironmaking cost and at the same time ensure the output and quality.     

Impressions of psychotherapists' offices.

For counseling settings, research suggests that softness, personalization, and order might affect the experience and the perceived expertness, trustworthiness, and social attractiveness of the therapist. This article discusses exploratory studies on college students' perception of the counseling office environment and whether the likely client experience was associated with the softness/personalization and order of the office. As stimuli, the studies used 30 color photographs of psychotherapists' offices viewed from the client's perspective. After obtaining ratings of the characteristics of each office, we obtained ratings from different groups of students of the quality of care and comfort expected in each office (Study 1) and how qualified, bold, and friendly the therapist in the office would be (Study 2). Additional studies examined the likelihood of choosing a therapist based on the office, and the first thought or feeling that came to mind about the office, the therapist, and the patient experience. There were strong correlations in response between groups (by whether they had experienced therapy; their level in school; their gender; and their major, location, and school size). The quality of care, comfort, therapist boldness, qualifications of the therapist, and the likelihood that one would choose a therapist based on the office improved with increases in the office's softness/personalization and order. Friendliness improved with increases in softness/personalization. The office choices, open-ended responses, and reported reasons for the ratings confirmed the importance of softness (comfort) and order. Research should test longer term exposure and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lunar Astronomical Observatories: Design Studies

The best location in the inner solar system for the grand observatories of the 21st century may be the Moon. A multidisciplinary team including university students and faculty in engineering, astronomy, physics, and geology, and engineers from industry is investigating the Moon as a site for astronomical observatories and is doing conceptual and preliminary designs for these future observatories. Studies encompass lunar facilities for radio astronomy and astronomy at optical, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although there are significant engineering challenges in design and construction on the Moon, the rewards for astronomy can be great, such as detection and study of Earth‐like planets orbiting nearby stars, and the task for engineers promises to stimulate advances in analysis and design, materials and structures, automation and robotics, foundations, and controls. Fabricating structures in the reduced‐gravity environment of the Moon will be easier than in the zero‐gravity environment of Earth orbit, as Apollo and space‐shuttle missions have revealed. Construction of observatories on the Moon can be adapted from techniques developed on the Earth, with the advantage that the Moon's weaker gravitational pull makes it possible to build larger devices than are practical on Earth.     

矿热炉自动配料控制系统设计

针对矿热炉配料系统工艺流程复杂、可靠性及性价比要求高的特点,系统利用Modbus通信和工业以太网技术构建了由上位监控层、下位控制层和现场设备层组成的总体网络架构,设计出以S7-1200PLC为核心的稳定、高效和经济实用的分布式控制系统。通过合理的硬件、软件和监控界面设计,有效解决了生产效率与配料精度之间的矛盾,实现了称量、配料自动化。该系统自投入使用以来,性能稳定,工作可靠,具有较高的性价比,能够满足实际生产需求,达到了预期设计的目标。     

Development Model for Competitive Construction Industry in the People’s Republic of China

This paper identifies and analyzes the open-policy trend of the Chinese construction industry, which is characterized by trade liberalization, the underlying principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Compared to the construction industries in the United States, Japan, and the U.K., the construction industry in China is less developed in its legal framework, industrial structure, technological level, and international market share. To develop a competitive construction industry, the Chinese construction industry needs not only to accommodate appropriate international practice, but also to adapt and adopt it according to the market environment in China. A model to enhance the performance of the Chinese construction industry is proposed. The model consists of six modules: defining government’s role, opening up the construction market and establishing a competitive mechanism, promoting design institutes’ services and empowering professional bodies, encouraging technological innovations, upgrading employees’ educational level, and adopting multiprocurement routes. Recognizing China’s recent accession to the WTO and the attendant boost to its economy and industry development, the paper gives a timely evaluation of the post-WTO Chinese construction industry and proposes a model for its development. The model may serve the needs of academics, Chinese construction policymakers, construction enterprises, design institutes, and foreign contractors.     

ICP-AES法测定硅铝钡铁合金中Al、Ba等9种元素含量

采用电感偶合等离子体分析技术,通过优化电感偶合等离子体光谱仪的工作参数、分析条件,选取仪器最佳分析参数和分析条件,以HNO3、HF、HClO4处理样品,稀盐酸浸取,完成硅铝钡、硅钙钡和硅钙钡铝铁合金中Al、Ba、Fe、Ca、Mn、Cu、Cr、Ni、P9种主次量元素成分的同时测定,方法的回收率达96%～104%,相对标准偏差〈1.5%,能够满足快速分析的要求。     

低碳高效高炉的设计研究

高炉炼铁的物理本质是铁素物质流在碳素能量流的驱动和作用下,按照设计的流程网络和运行程序,经过一系列复杂物理化学冶金反应过程,将铁矿石转变/转化为液态生铁的过程。碳素不仅是铁矿石还原过程的能量驱动源,也是生成铁水的重要非金属合金元素。面向全球“碳达峰”“碳中和”的发展形势,传统高炉必须在已有工艺技术的基础上进行改进、优化和创新,努力实现低碳化、高效化、绿色化、智能化等多重目标。提出了未来高炉在实现高效低碳的同时,必须从功能设计、装备设计和流程设计入手,遵循节能减排、低碳绿色新的发展理念,通过工艺优化、结构优化和技术开发,使传统高炉更加适应于炉料结构和燃料结构的变革,减少焦炭消耗和对其依赖,在碳素能量输入降低的条件下,形成新的耗散结构体系,进而实现高炉低碳高效炼铁的工程演进和技术发展。     

Review of Attachment in psychotherapy.

Reviews the book, Attachment in psychotherapy by David J. Wallin (see record 2007-05421-000). This intellectual and clinical tour-de-force is what we have been waiting for: a book that is on the one hand a coherent, creative, thoughtful, and remarkably integrated view of contemporary psychoanalysis, with attachment, and attachment processes, at its core, and on the other a reflection on our daily, complex, work with patients. The book has three broad aims: first, to ground the reader in attachment theory and research, second, to broaden the reach of attachment theory by building bridges to other aspects of contemporary psychoanalytic theory and science, and third to apply this broader, deeply psychoanalytic, clinical attachment theory to understanding the dynamics of an individual patient and the dynamics of clinical work. This book should be essential reading for anyone interested in contemporary psychoanalysis. Few writers have the ability to write so directly and clearly about complex science and theory; his scholarship and reach are extraordinary. This book is also a book for therapists at all levels of experience. Throughout every section of the book, Wallin writes about his work with patients, about the therapeutic process, about the therapeutic situation, and about the therapeutic relationship, in all its complexity. In the end, he creates a truly contemporary vision of human development, affect regulation, and relational processes, grounded in the body and in the brain, and in the fundamental relationships that make us who we are, as therapists, as patients, and as human beings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for Psychologists.

Presents the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists. These guidelines reflect the continuing evolution of the study of psychology, changes in society at large, and emerging data about the different needs of particular individuals and groups historically marginalized or disenfranchised within and by psychology based on their ethnic/racial heritage and social group identity or membership. These guidelines reflect knowledge and skills needed for the profession in the midst of dramatic historic sociopolitical changes in US society, as well as needs of new constituencies, markets, and clients. The specific goals of these guidelines are to provide psychologists with (a) the rationale and needs for addressing multiculturalism and diversity in education, training, research, practice, and organizational change; (b) basic information, relevant terminology, current empirical research from psychology and related disciplines, and other data that support the proposed guidelines and underscore their importance; (c) references to enhance ongoing education, training, research, practice, and organizational change methodologies; and (d) paradigms that broaden the purview of psychology as a profession. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)