Preparation,structure, and properties of end‐functionalized miktoarms star‐shaped polybutadiene–sn–poly(styrene–butadiene) rubber

Two miktoarm star‐shaped rubbers with large‐volume functional groups of 1,1‐diphenylhexyl at the ends of arms (DMS–PB–SBR) and one miktoarm star‐shaped rubber with n‐butyl groups at the ends of arms (BMS–PB–SBR) were prepared by 1,1‐diphenylhexyllithium (DPHLi) and n‐butyl lithium as initiators, respectively. The molecular structures and morphological properties of the three rubbers (MS–PB–SBR) were studied and compared with those acquired from the blend consisting of star‐shaped solution‐polymerized butadiene styrene rubber (S‐SSBR) and butadiene rubber (PBR) prepared by ourselves. The results showed that MS–PB–SBR exhibited a more uniform distribution of PBR phase and a smaller phase size of PBR than that of S‐SSBR/PBR blend. It is found that MS–PB–SBR composites filled with CB showed the lower Payne effect than that of S‐SSBR/PBR/CB composite, suggesting that the MS–PB–SBR/CB composite (particularly the DMS–PB–SBR/CB composites) would possess excellent mechanical properties, high wet‐skid resistance, and low rolling resistance. For the studied MS–PB–SBR systems, the contribution of large‐volume functional groups at the end of PBR molecular chains to decrease the rolling resistance was larger than that of Sn coupling effect. It is envisioned that the miktoarm star‐shaped rubbers with 1,1‐diphenylhexyl groups at the molecular ends would be useful for making treads of green tires. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131, 40002.     

Styrene–butadiene block copolymer with high cis‐1,4 microstructure

The sequential block copolymerization of styrene (St) and butadiene (Bd) was carried out with an activated rare earth catalyst composed of catalyst neodymium tricarboxylate (Nd), cocatalyst Al(i‐Bu)₃ (Al), and chlorinating agent (Cl). The microstructure, composition, and morphology of the copolymer were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and TEM. The results show that styrene–butadiene diblock copolymer with high cis‐1,4 microstructure of butadiene units (～ 97 mol %) was synthesized. The cis‐selectivity for Bd units was almost independent on the content of styrene units in the copolymer ranging from 18.1 mol % to 29.8 mol %. The phase‐separated morphology of polystyrene (PS) domains of about 40 nm tethered by the elastomeric polybutadiene (PB) segments is observed. The PS‐b‐cis‐PB copolymer could be used as an effective compatilizer for noncompatilized binary PS/cis‐PB blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Synthesis and characterization of poly (styrene‐b‐[(butadiene)1−x‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)x] ‐b‐styrene) star‐like molecular polymers produced by partial hydrogenation of SBS

This article reports the synthesis and characterization of four arm star‐shaped poly(styrene‐b‐[(butadiene)_1?x‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)_x]‐b‐styrene) (SBEBS) copolymers. A series of SBEBS copolymers with different compositions of the elastomeric block were produced by hydrogenating a given poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) copolymer using a catalyst prepared from bis(η⁵‐cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride and n‐butyllithium. The characterization was accomplished by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that there is a selective saturation of the polybutadiene block over the polystyrene block; this selectivity was determined by the Ti/Li molar ratio and the concentration of Ti. It was observed that the saturation rate of the 1,2‐vinyl was higher than that of the 1,4‐trans and 1,4‐cis poly(butadiene)‐b isomers. The DSC and DMA results indicate that the degree of hydrogenation had a profound effect on the polymer's relaxation behavior. All samples exhibited a biphasic system behavior with two distinct transitions corresponding to the elastomeric and polystyrene blocks. SBEBS copolymers with higher saturation levels (>33%) exhibited a crystalline character. The TGA results indicated a characteristic weight loss temperature in all samples, with slightly higher thermal degradation stabilities in the materials with higher degrees of saturation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2332–2344, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Quantitative characterization of interfaces in rubber–rubber blends by means of modulated‐temperature DSC

Rubber–rubber blends are used widely in industry, for example, in tire manufacture. It is often difficult to characterize interfaces in such rubber–rubber blends quantitatively because of the similarity in the chemical structure of the component rubbers. Here, a new method was suggested for the measurement of the weight fraction of the interface in rubber–rubber blends using modulated‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry (M‐TDSC). Quantitative analysis using the differential of the heat capacity, dCp/dT, versus the temperature signal from M‐TDSC allows the weight fraction of the interface to be calculated. As examples, polybutadiene rubber (BR)–natural rubber (NR), BR–styrene‐co‐butadiene rubber (SBR), SBR–NR, and nitrile rubber (NBR)–NR blend systems were analyzed. The interfacial content in these blends was obtained. SBR is partially miscible with BR. The cis‐structure content in BR has an obvious effect on the extent of mixing in the SBR–BR blends. With increasing styrene content in the SBR in the SBR–BR blends, the interface content decreases. NR is partially miscible with both BR and SBR. The NBR used in this research is essentially immiscible with NR. The maximum amount of interface was found to be at the 50:50 blend composition in BR–NR, SBR–BR, and SBR–NR systems. Quantitative analysis of interfaces in these blend systems is reported for the first time. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1791–1798, 2000     

Preparation and characterization of poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) and polybutadiene rubber/clay nanocomposites

Poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR)/clay nanocomposites have been prepared. The effects of the incorporation of inorganically and organically modified clays on the vulcanization reactions of SBR and BR were analysed by rheometry and differential scanning calorimetry. A reduction in scorch time (t_s1) and optimum time (t₉₅) was observed for both the rubbers when organoclay was added and this was attributed to the amine groups of the organic modifier. However, t_s1 and t₉₅ were further increased as the clay content was increased. A reduction in torque value was obtained for the organoclay nanocomposites, indicating a lower number of crosslinks formed. The organoclays favoured the vulcanization process although the vulcanizing effect was reduced with increasing clay content. The tensile strength and elongation of SBR were improved significantly with organoclay. The improvement of the tensile properties of BR with organoclay was less noticeable than inorganic‐modified clay. Nevertheless, these mechanical properties were enhanced with addition of clay. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were dependent on filler size and dispersion, and also compatibility between fillers and the rubber matrix. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation and characterization of high‐impact polystyrene using different types of polybutadiene

The mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of polymer blends based on polystyrene (PS) and three different types of polybutadiene (PB) were studied. The polymer blends containing 20% of PB were processed in a Haake mixer at 180°C and 60 rpm for 6 min. The materials exhibited impact strength superior to that of the PS. An increase was observed in the impact strength of 138, 208, and 823%, when low‐cis polybutadiene (PB_l), high‐cis polybutadiene (PB_h), and styrene–butadiene block copolymer (PB_co), were respectively used. The materials presented dispersed morphology with polybutadiene domains, with sizes inferior to 1 μm, randomly distributed in the PS matrix. The viscous and storage moduli increased as the applied frequency increased. The flow activation energy, calculated by Arrhenius equation, varied from 34 to 71 kJ/mol. In the rheological experiments all polymer blends presented pseudoplastic behavior, showing decreasing viscosities as the shear rate increased. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Phase equilibria in SBR/polybutadiene elastomer blends: Application of Flory–Huggins theory

Blends of anionically-polymerized polybutadiene (BR) and styrene–butadiene copolymer (SBR) must be treated as mixtures of terpolymers and tetrapolymers, due to the presence of three different BR isomers: cis-1,4, trans-1,4, and vinyl-1,2. Moreover, in the absence of specific interactions or chemical reactions that strongly influence miscibility, structural characteristics of the component polymers, such as BR isomer content, SBR styrene content, monomer sequence distribution, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution, are expected to have an increased role in determining the blend miscibility characteristics. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies of SBR/BR blends have resulted in the computation of the monomer–monomer segmental interaction energetics via a Flory–Huggins treatment. This allows quantitative prediction of miscibility behavior as a function of polymer structure. We have used the Flory–Huggins chi parameters, describing the styrene/cis-1,4, styrene/trans-1,4, and cis-1,4/trans-1,4 segmental interactions, to identify certain blend combinations expected to exhibit phase transitions in an experimentally accessible temperature range. The appropriate polymers were synthesized, solution blended, and the blends analyzed via optical microscopy and thermal analysis. Our results show that the blend behavior, observed experimentally, is consistent with the calculated cloud point curves. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

High performance elastomer composites containing ultra high cis polybutadiene with high abrasion and low rolling resistances

A series of rubber composites with ultra high cis polybutadiene (UBR), NUC1–3, SBC1–4, SUS1–4, was prepared, and their vulcanized properties were measured and analyzed. The ultra high cis polybutadiene was prepared with the monomeric neodymium catalyst, Nd(neodecanoate)₃·(neodecanoic acid). NUC composites were composed of natural rubber, ultra high cis polybutadiene, and carbon black. In the composite of a low carbon black content (NUC1, 45 phr), a high abrasion‐resistance and a significantly low rolling resistance (tan δ_60°C, 0.04) were obtained. According to the AFM study of NUC composites, abrasion resistance was closely related with surface morphology. In the SUS composites prepared with SSBR (solution styrene–butadiene copolymer), UBR, and silica, as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased, Δcure torque (M_H–M_L) increased with fast cure kinetics. SUS4 showed high elongation and tensile strength with excellent abrasion resistance. Rolling resistance was improved as the content of ultra high cis polybutadiene increased. The SBC composites were prepared with SBR (emulsion styrene–butadiene copolymer), ultra high cis polybutadiene (or high cis polybutadiene), and carbon black. It is remarked that abrasion resistance and Δtan δ (tan δ _60°C ? tan δ_0°C) are increased with ultra high cis polybutadiene. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Rapid FTIR method for quantification of styrene‐butadiene type copolymers in bitumen

The mid‐IR molar absorptivity for polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) blocks were obtained for five styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) and SB copolymers, including linear, branched, and star copolymers, and their blends with bitumen. The average absorptivity for PS and PB blocks was 277 and 69 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ and it was little affected by the S/B ratio or the copolymer architecture. In the presence of bitumen, Beer's law was obeyed but the respective PS and PB absorptivity was 242 and 68 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, possibly because of weak interactions between the copolymer and bitumen. The absorptivity values were used to calculate the concentration of SB‐type copolymers in blends with bitumen with an accuracy of 10% or better. The method can be used to probe the stability of bitumen–copolymer blends in storage at 165°C, to determine the copolymer concentration in commercial polymer modified bitumen (PMB), and to assess the resistance of PMB to weathering. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1034–1041, 2001     

Silica‐modified SBR/BR blends

The purpose of this article is that the silica‐modified SBR/BR blend replaces natural rubber (NR) in some application fields. The styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) and cis‐butadiene rubber (BR) blend was modified, in which silica filler was treated with the r‐Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH‐550) as a coupling agent, to improve mechanical and thermal properties, and compatibilities. The optimum formula and cure condition were determined by testing the properties of SBR/BR blend. The properties of NR and the silica‐modified SBR/BR blend were compared. The results show that the optimum formulawas 80/20 SBR/BR, 2.5 phr dicumyl peroxide (DCP), 45 phr silica and 2.5 mL KH‐550. The best cure condition was at 150°C for 25 min under 10 MPa. The mechanical and thermal properties of SBR/BR blend were obviously modified, in which the silica filler treated with KH‐550. The compatibility of SBR/BR blend with DCP was better than those with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and DCP/BPO. The crosslinking bonds between modified silica and rubbers were proved by Fourier transform infrared analysis, and the compatibility of SBR and BR was proved by polarized light microscopy (PLM) analysis. The silica‐modified SBR/BR blend can substitute for NR in the specific application fields. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.     

Structural morphology and properties of star styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber and natural rubber/star styrene–butadiene rubber blends

Star styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber (SIBR) was synthesized with a new kind of star anionic initiator made from naphthalene lithium and an SnCl₄ coupled agent. The relationship between the structure and properties of star SIBR was studied. Star block styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber (SB‐SIBR), having low hysteresis, high road‐hugging, and excellent mechanical properties, was closer to meeting the overall performance requirements of ideal tire‐tread rubber according to a comparison of the morphology and various properties of SB‐SIBR with those of star random SIBR and natural rubber/star styrene–butadiene rubber blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 336–341, 2004     

Some considerations concerning the dynamic mechanical properties of cured styrene–butadiene rubber/polybutadiene blends

The dynamic mechanical response of several binary mixtures of a styrene–butadiene copolymer and high cis‐polybutadiene has been studied. The loss tangent and shear modulus were measured with a free damping torsion pendulum at temperatures between 143 and 343 K in argon atmosphere. From the loss tangent data the glass transition temperature of each sample was evaluated. The results can be represented by the Fox equation that relates the glass transition temperature of the blend with that of constituent polymers. The influence in the loss tangent data of the crystallization of the high cis BR used in the blend is discussed. A study of the separation of the crystalline and amorphous parts in the polybutadiene using the storage modulus data is presented. Finally, the loss of crystallinity at different contents of SBR in the blend is analysed using the dynamic mechanical data. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Blending of styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene copolymer with sulfonated vinyl aromatic polymers

Different polymers containing sulfonic groups attached to the phenyl rings were prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene (PS) and styrene‐block‐(ethylene‐co‐1‐butene)‐block‐styrene (SEBS). The sulfonation degree (SD) was varied between 1 and 20 mol% of the styrene units. Polyphase materials containing sulfonated units were prepared by blending styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene (SBS), with both sulfonated PS and sulfonated SEBS in a Brabender mixer. Such a procedure was performed as an alternative route to direct sulfonation of SBS which is actually not selective towards benzene rings because of the great reactivity of the double bonds in polybutadiene (PB) blocks to sulfonation agents. Thermal and dynamic‐mechanic analysis, together with morphology characterization of the blends, is consistent with obtaining partially compatible blends characterized by higher T_g of the polystyrene domains and improved thermal stability. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular weight and arm number of a star‐shaped styrene–butadiene block copolymer synthesized on a pilot‐vessel scale

To improve the rheological properties and processability of industrial rubbers, star‐shaped styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymers were synthesized and characterized in this work. Through the variation of the ratio of divinylbenzene to the diblock anion, a series of SBS samples with three to six arms were prepared. Multi‐angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with light scattering (LS) were used to determine the weight‐average molecular weight (M_w), radius of gyration (〈S²〉^1/2), arm number, and chain conformation. The results from MALLS indicated that the M_w values of the star‐shaped SBS copolymers were 9.0, 13.0, 14.9, and 18.1 × 10⁴, which corresponded to three, four, five, and six arms, respectively. There was a lot of M_w and 〈S²〉^1/2 data for the many fractions in the SEC chromatograms of the SBS copolymers in tetrahydrofuran (THF) detected by LS, so the exponent of 〈S²〉^1/2 = KM_w^α was determined to range from 0.59 to 0.30 for the samples having three to six arms. An analysis of the results revealed that the star SBS copolymers existed in a sphere conformation in THF, and their chain density increased with an increase in the arm number. The viscosity of the six‐arm SBS copolymer was reduced significantly, compared with that of the SBS samples having three to five arms, when their M_w values were similar. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1853–1859, 2007     

Diffusion of radioactively tagged penetrants through random and block styrene–butadiene copolymers and filled cis-polybutadiene

The diffusion of radioactively tagged n-hexadecane in trace amounts has been studied in 22 random styrene–butadiene (SBR) copolymers with different styrene contents and butadiene microstructures; in several SBR block copolymers with different average block lengths (also diffusion of tagged 1,1-diphenyl ethane); in a triblock SBR copolymer cast from different solvents and also molded at elevated temperature; and in cis-polybutadiene filled to different extents with carbon black, calcium carbonate, and microglass spheres. The diffusion coefficient in random SBR copolymers decreased with increasing content of styrene and/or vinyl configuration and could be correlated with fractional free volume on the basis of linear additivity of the cis, trans, vinyl, and styrene moieties. In SBR block copolymers, the diffusion coefficient increased with increasing average block sequence length. For the triblock copolymer, the diffusion coefficient was approximately the same for samples molded or cast from solvents which are good for polybutadiene, but was far smaller for a sample cast from ethyl acetate, in which the polystyrene domains are probably lamellar. The effect of fillers on diffusion in cis-polybutadiene was compared with calculations on the basis of several theoretical models.     

Thermal and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis of styrene–butadiene rubber–butadiene rubber/silicon dioxide and styrene–butadiene rubber–butadiene rubber/carbon black–silicon dioxide composites

Silica as a reinforcement filler for automotive tires is used to reduce the friction between precured treads and roads. This results in lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions of pollutant gases. In this work, the existing physical interactions between the filler and elastomer were analyzed through the extraction of the sol phase of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)–butadiene rubber (BR)/SiO₂ composites. The extraction of the sol phase from samples filled with carbon black was also studied. The activation energy (E_a) was calculated from differential thermogravimetry curves obtained during pyrolysis analysis. For the SBR–BR blend, E_a was 315 kJ/mol. The values obtained for the composites containing 20 and 30 parts of silica per hundred parts of rubber were 231 and 197 kJ/mol, respectively. These results indicated an increasing filler–filler interaction, instead of filler–polymer interactions, with respect to the more charged composite. A microscopic analysis with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy showed silica agglomerates and matched the decreasing E_a values for the SBR–BR/30SiO₂ composite well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2273–2279, 2005     

Influence of rubber composition on migration behaviors of antiozonants in carbon black‐filled rubber vulcanizates composed of NR,SBR, and BR

Migration behaviors of antiozonants in carbon black‐filled rubber vulcanizates with different rubber compositions of natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR) were studied at constant temperatures of 40–100°C and outdoors. Three single rubber‐based vulcanizates, three biblends, and three triblends were used. N‐Phenyl‐N′‐isopropyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) and N‐phenyl‐N′‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐p‐phenylenediamine (HPPD) were employed as antiozonants. Migration rates of the antiozonants became faster with increasing the temperature. The order of the migration rates in the single rubber‐based vulcanizates was BR > NR > SBR. The migration rates in the vulcanizates containing SBR, on the whole, increased with decreasing the SBR content, while those in the vulcanizates containing BR decreased with decreasing the BR content. Difference in the migration behaviors of the antiozonants depending on the rubber composition was explained both by the intermolecular interactions of the antiozonants with the matrix and by interface formed between dissimilar rubbers in the blends. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 237–242, 2001     

Effects of the polybutadiene/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) ratio in a polybutadiene‐g‐poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) impact modifier on the morphology and mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends

Polybutadiene‐g‐poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PB‐g‐SAN) impact modifiers with different polybutadiene (PB)/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) ratios ranging from 20.5/79.5 to 82.7/17.3 were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends with a constant rubber concentration of 15 wt % were prepared by the blending of these PB‐g‐SAN copolymers and SAN resin. The influence of the PB/SAN ratio in the PB‐g‐SAN impact modifier on the mechanical behavior and phase morphology of ABS blends was investigated. The mechanical tests showed that the impact strength and yield strength of the ABS blends had their maximum values as the PB/SAN ratio in the PB‐g‐SAN copolymer increased. A dynamic mechanical analysis of the ABS blends showed that the glass‐transition temperature of the rubbery phase shifted to a lower temperature, the maximum loss peak height of the rubbery phase increased and then decreased, and the storage modulus of the ABS blends increased with an increase in the PB/SAN ratio in the PB‐g‐SAN impact modifier. The morphological results of the ABS blends showed that the dispersion of rubber particle in the matrix and its internal structure were influenced by the PB/SAN ratio in the PB‐g‐SAN impact modifiers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2165–2171, 2005     

Effect of maleic anhydride grafted polybutadiene on the compatibility of polyamide 66/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer blend

The addition of maleic anhydride grafted polybutadiene (PB‐g‐MAH) can greatly improve the compatibility of polyamide 66 (PA66)/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) blends. Unlike the commonly used compatibilizers in polyamide/ABS blends, PB‐g‐MAH is compatible with the ABS particles' core phase polybutadiene (PB), rather than the shell styrene‐acrylonitrile (SAN). The compatibility and interaction of the components in the blends were characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectra (FTIR), Molau tests, melt flow index (MFI), dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. The results show that PB‐g‐MAH can react with the amino end groups in PA66 while entangle with the PB phase in ABS. In this way, the compatibilizer anchors at the interface of PA66/ABS blend. The morphology study of the fracture sections before and after tensile test reveals that the ABS particles were dispersed uniformly in the PA66 matrix and the interfacial adhesion between PA66 and ABS was increased significantly. The mechanical properties of the blends thus were enhanced with the improving of the compatibility. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Effect of silanized silica nanofiller on tack and green strength of selected filled rubbers

BACKGROUND: Tack and green strength of filled and gum (unfilled) natural rubber (NR), poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR) and (SBR‐BR) blend with different loadings of reinforcement agent, silanized silica nanofiller (Coupsil 8113), were studied and the results compared and discussed. RESULTS: It was found that silica was fully dispersed in rubber matrix after 13 min of mixing. In addition, with some exceptions for NR and (SBR‐BR) blend, filler loading decreased the tack strength of the studied filled rubbers. Green strength and Mooney viscosity increased with filler loading for all studied filled rubbers but with different rates and amounts. The optimum filler loadings for NR and (SBR‐BR) filled blend were 30 and 10 phr, respectively. Tacks of NR filled rubbers were much higher than those of synthetic filled rubbers. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that filler loading alters substantially the tack and green strength of the rubbers under investigation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry