印染废水异养菌产率系数的测定

某印染化工混合废水采用厌氧-好氧-混凝处理工艺,应用活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)模拟该废水生物处理过程。采用间歇式呼吸计量法,测得该废水的异养菌产率系数为0.65,此值不同于ASM1号模型中推荐的城市污水异养菌产率系数的典型值0.67。     

活性污泥法污水处理厂的运行模拟

结合ASM1和二沉池模型组成活性污泥模拟系统,将某污水处理厂的常规检测数据转化为活性污泥系统模型所需的组分数据,然后调整模型参数,使污水处理厂出水指标最接近于污水处理厂实际数据,从而确定适合该污水处理厂的模型参数,最后对该污水处理厂的工艺参数进行了模拟改造。     

A systematic model calibration methodology based on multiple errors minimization method for the optimal parameter estimation of ASM1

A one-step model calibration methodology of the activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is proposed. First, the key parameters among all parameters of the ASM1 model are selected by sensitivity analysis based on the effluent quality index. Second, multiple response surface methodology (MRSM) is conducted to find the optimal parameter values of the ASM1 model. Lastly, an MRSM analysis is conducted in order to determine the optimal parameter values. This study was conducted in order to develop a new systematic model calibration methodology that can greatly help the modeler to find the optimal solution by selecting the key parameters and optimizing the parameters. In two case studies of simple activated sludge process and a full-scale plant, the experimental results indicated that the calibrated models can improve the prediction quality of the ASM model and the efficiency of the modeling.     

ASM1在污水生物处理中的应用与研究

采用以IWA的活性污泥数学模型1号模型(ASM1)为平台开发的污水处理仿真程序模拟城市生活污水处理工艺,其出水结果与实测数值的误差小于10%,说明活性污泥数学模型能较好地反映污水处理厂的实际运行状况,基于ASM1的软件可用于模拟污水处理、预测出水水质及作辅助工艺设计的工具。     

印染综合废水异养菌产率系数的测定

指出应用ASM1模拟活性污泥系统时，对于特定的废水及其处理工艺，需要实测异养菌产率系数YH。介绍了YH。的两种测试方法：间歇活性污泥法和间歇呼吸计量法。分别以醋酸钠和实际废水为底物，应用间歇呼吸计量法，测定印染综合废水处理厂的异养菌产率系数，最终结果为0．65，低于ASM1模型中城市污水异养菌产率系数的推荐值0．67。     

基于混合逻辑动态法的污水处理除氮过程的优化控制

应用混合逻辑动态系统法（MLD）,对活性污泥1号模型（ASM1）进行了简化,利用有关活性污泥法的专家经验,建立了连续进水间歇曝气活性污泥法除氮动态模型.再采用预测控制的方法对该过程进行优化控制,通过仿真结果可知：将MLD法应用到活性污泥法建模和优化控制中,可以更加深入地挖掘相关的专家经验知识,并将这些专家经验知识和连续变量模型相结合,使模型更加精确,控制和优化的效果更好.为污水处理领域研究提供了一条新的途径.     

城市污水处理厂接纳初期雨水的可行性分析

通过活性污泥2号模型(ASM2)对城市污水处理厂接纳初期雨水处理效果进行模拟分析,探讨城市污水处理厂处理初期雨水的可行性。模拟结果表明城市污水处理厂具备接纳初期雨水进行处理的能力,且适当增加池容可有效提高接纳初期雨水后的处理效果。     

污水好氧处理过程建模与控制系统的设计及应用

针对污水好氧处理过程存在的严重非线性、大时滞等控制难点,在归纳出变参数活性污泥系统的状态空间模型的基础上,提出采用切换控制思想将前馈专家控制、PID控制、专家反馈控制算法结合起来的曝气池溶解氧(DO)专家控制方案。并基于西门子PCS7软件开发平台完成了控制系统的实现。仿真结果及在实际应用中取得的控制效果验证了该方案的正确性。     

活性污泥废水处理系统的优化

提出了基于活性污泥处理系统的模型,目的是优化能量消耗和提高废水排出质量。采用ASM1模型来模拟生物反应,对包括硝化、反硝化和曝气等复杂过程的活性污泥废水处理系统进行了模拟和优化研究。对比模拟结果和优化结果得到以下结论:对废水处理过程进行优化后,提高了废水出口质量,出口处的TSS、COD、BOD和TKN全部满足环境标准,同时降低了操作费用(约1/4)。     

A calibration methodology and model‐based systems analysis for SBRs removing nutrients under limited aeration conditions

A methodology is proposed for the model calibration of nutrient‐removing laboratory‐scale SBRs under limited aeration. Based on in‐process measurements and influent wastewater characterization, the ASM2d model was modified by adding an organic nitrogen module incorporating a hydrolysis mechanism. After calibration, the simulation results showed that enhanced biological nutrient removal occurred during the fill period and under reduced aeration achieving so‐called ‘simultaneous nutrient removal’. A model‐based systems analysis was performed in terms of the contributions of different processes to overall oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate utilization. In each phase, simultaneously occurring biological reactions were compared using the calibrated model. According to the calibrated model, 61% of all denitrified nitrate is denitrified during the mixing/filling phase. On the other hand, 17% of all denitrified nitrate is consumed by simultaneous nitrification–denitrification during the first aerobic period. The aerobic and anoxic P‐removals were quantified as 73% and 12%, respectively. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

异养菌产率系数的测定研究

在活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)的基础上,采用间歇式呼吸计量法,在不同的F/M条件下(控制在0.03~0.05),分别测定了生物絮凝-再生工艺中的再生池污泥、好氧颗粒污泥、氧化沟污泥中的异养菌产率系数YH。结果显示,3种污泥异养菌产率系数分别为0.71、0.58、0.68g[COD]/g[COD]。测定结果与ASM1号模型中推荐的异氧茵产率系数的缺省值0.67g[COD]/g[COD]存在差异,并对差异的原因进行了分析。     

污水处理过程的多目标多模型预测控制方法研究

针对污水处理过程节能降耗问题以及污水处理过程的高度非线性、强耦合、不确定性等特点.以基于活性污泥2号模型ASM2的A2/O污水处理过程为研究对象,提出了污水处理过程的多目标多模型预测控制方法.该方法首先采用聚类-PLS方法建立污水过程的多模型预测模型,然后构建了包含出水水质区间控制和经济性能指标的多目标优化结构的预测控制策略.仿真结果表明,与设定值预测控制方法相比,多目标优化预测控制策略在保证出水水质的前提下,能有效地节约能耗费用.     

Assessing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen conversions in a multi‐stage activated sludge plant with alternating aeration

This paper provides a detailed investigation of the mass transfers involved in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and N removal in an intermittent aeration activated sludge plant, as described by the widely used ASM1 model. The model was calibrated and validated on a data set obtained during three intensive sampling campaigns. The mass transfers of COD and nitrogen were calculated with the calibrated model for every biodegradable variable of the model in each tank of the biological treatment. Only by making this balance can evaluation of the contribution of each reactor (anaerobic, anoxic and intermittently aerated) to carbon and nitrogen removal be done. It was pointed out that in such a plant (activated sludge under very low organic mass loading (F/M) ratios, sludge retention time of 30 days) operating at 20 °C, the contribution of the anoxic tank in the denitrification process is very low (only 17%). The oxygen transfer in this tank was also estimated and found partly responsible for the low denitrification efficiency. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

污泥减量化研究进展

从现阶段国内外污泥处理与处置在环境和经济方面存在的问题出发,阐明了研究污泥减量技术的紧迫性。根据生物处理工艺中影响剩余污泥产生的可能途径,介绍了各种减量化技术的研究现状,并比较了减量效果和优缺点。     

生物预酸化处理明胶废水对活性污泥减量化的作用

明胶废水具有高钙、高COD等特点而难于处理。通过对明胶废水进行生物预酸化处理,研究了活性污泥法处理明胶废水过程中COD去除率、MLSS、MLVSS以及无机灰分的变化。结果表明,经过生物预酸化处理后,明胶废水的p H由11.8降至7.4左右,COD由1 058 mg/L降至671 mg/L。后续活性污泥法处理过程中,与未进行生物预酸化处理相比,MLSS、MLVSS呈明显下降趋势,最终COD去除率达到90%;同时由于反应器维持在较低的p H下运行,避免了曝气生成CaCO_3沉淀,污泥无机灰分减少。生物预酸化处理对污泥减量化有明显贡献。     

Kinetic modeling microbial storage process in activated sludge under anoxic conditions

A new kinetic model is developed to describe the microbial storage process under anoxic conditions in activated sludge. The accumulation of nitrite in denitrification is taken into account in this model. The formation of storage polymers under anoxic conditions is coupled with energy generation and anoxic respiration, and their formation rate is found to be proportional to the substrate utilization rate. The sensitivity of the nitrogen uptake rate toward the stoichiometric and kinetic coefficients of the established model is analyzed by using an “absolute-relative” sensitivity function implemented in software AQUASIM. Batch denitrifying experiments were conducted to calibrate and validate the established model. The model is compared with ASM1 and ASM3, the two commonly used activated sludge models. Results show that the kinetic model established in this work is able to better describe the microbial storage processes under anoxic conditions.     

呼吸计量法在活性污泥系统废水特性测定中的应用

活性污泥中微生物的呼吸作用直接与废水中基质的去除以及微生物的生长密切相关。根据活性污泥工艺中污水水质对微生物呼吸作用的影响，阐述了呼吸计量法在活性污泥1号模型（ASM1）的基本组分S、Xs、XBH和XBA测定中的应用，并对呼吸计量法在活性污泥系统进水的毒性预警和保护方面的作用进行了分析。     

Biological modelling of MBR and impact of primary sedimentation

Within the AMEDEUS European project, a work package is dedicated to biological modelling of Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) processes as well as the impact of a pre-treatment by primary sedimentation on sludge production, sludge characteristics and permeate quality. The supposed interest of this pre-treatment is to decrease sludge production and to improve oxygen transfer by decreasing sludge concentration.Two MBR pilots were operated side by side under the same operating conditions, one fed by screened (1 mm screen) raw municipal wastewater and the other by primary settled raw municipal wastewater. This side by side operation allows a true comparison of the performances and model calibration. In average, screened water was observed to contain 30% more solids than settled water. In this study, the sludge age was fixed at 40 days and then modified to 15 days to calibrate the model on a broad range of operating conditions in order to validate and identify the biological activated sludge model (ASM) limits.With a sludge retention time (SRT) of 15 days, sludge production is less important in the pilot fed by settled water because of better bio-accessibility behaviour of settled water. In comparison with ASM1 default parameter values, calibrated parameters are quite different concerning nitrification and denitrification because of an improvement of oxygen transfer induced by lower floc size distribution (K_OA = 0.25-0.3 g O₂/m³, K_OH = 0.1 g O₂/m³). With a SRT of 40 days, model calibration is not validated and the pilot fed with screened water has a sludge production reduction that is less important than the one of the pilot fed by settled water where accumulation of inert organic matter is observed.     

废水生物处理技术及其研究进展

综述了废水生物处理技术及其特点和分类,包括厌氧生物处理法、活性污泥法、生物膜法、氧化塘法。同时阐述了废水生物处理技术在废水处理中的应用,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

Model-evaluation of the erosion behavior of activated sludge under shear conditions using a chemical-equilibrium-based model

The primary particles would erode from the sludge surface under shear conditions. As the primary particles have significant effects on the solid–liquid separation process, the erosion behaviors of activated sludge in biological wastewater treatment processes under shear conditions were investigated using a chemical-equilibrium-based model. The equilibrium dispersed mass concentration of the primary particles in the sludge solution was found to nonlinearly increase with the solid content and shear intensity, and could be well described by the model. Compared with other sludge reported in literatures, the activated sludge used in this study was found to be more stable during the shear test, with a high equilibrium constant K⁰ of 30.2 and a low Gibbs’ free energy of adhesion (ΔG⁰) of −3.41 at a shear intensity of 800 s⁻¹. The two parameters could be used to evaluate the strength of the sludge. The negative value of ΔH indicates the energy demand for the erosion process. The low value of ΔH for the activated sludge used in this study indicates that the erosion process was more energy demanding and the erosion process was less shear dependent for the activated sludge used in this study.