Physical properties of palm‐based diacylglycerol and palm‐based oils in the preparation of shelf‐stable margarine

Ternary mixtures containing palm olein (POL), palm kernel oil (PKO) and palm oil‐based diacylglycerol (PO‐DAG) were designed using mixture design. The corresponding physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC) as well as deviation from SFC (ΔSFC) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and melting and crystallization properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were studied. Ternary phase behaviour was analysed using isosolid diagrams. The most intensive eutectic interaction among the three binary blends studied was observed along the binary line of PKO/PO‐DAG followed by POL/PKO and POL/PO‐DAG. The higher ΔSFC did not always lead to the more intensive eutectic behaviour among the blends. Addition of pure POL, 33.33 and 66.66% POL, and no POL to 50/50 mixture of PKO/PO‐DAG decreased heat of crystallization (ΔHc) as well as crystallization onset (T_O). However, as the same amounts of PO‐DAG and PKO were added to the 50/50 mixtures of POL/PKO and POL/PO‐DAG, respectively, blend containing the equi‐mixture of POL, PKO and PO‐DAG (33.33/33.33/33.33) was found to have the lowest ΔHc. This was also reflected in the corresponding eutectic effect observed at 20–25 and 5–10°C, respectively. Palm‐based DAG‐enriched shelf‐stable margarine consisting of POL/PKO/PO‐DAG (42.5/42.5/15 w/w) was optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams and was found to have quite similar SFC profile with commercial shelf‐stable margarine. Practical applications: In this study, valuable information about complicated interactions among the palm oil‐based diacylglycerol (PO‐DAG) and palm‐based oils with different FA chain length was obtained in the ternary system. These informative data may be useful in future exploitation of solid fat‐based DAG in blend with natural fats for various DAG‐enriched plastic fat products. Furthermore, Design Expert software was found to be a valuable tool to optimize the new fat blend formulation using the minimum number of blend preparation. By using this tool, assessment of complicated behaviour among the blend components through construction of the corresponding phase diagrams which are critical for optimization purposes as well as fat product development, would also be possible.     

可聚合松香基紫外光固化涂层的合成和性能分析

以两种松香基单体———歧化松香(β-丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(DREA)和丙烯酸松香(β-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基)酯(AREA)为原料,通过紫外光固化的方式,合成基于松香的涂层,研究松香基单体配比和交联度对涂层硬度和附着力的影响。结果表明,松香基单体固化效率高,有助于提高聚合物涂层的硬度和储存模量(E’),但附着力差。在配方中加入丙烯酸-2-羟基乙基酯(HEA),可以改善涂层的附着力。涂层组成的最佳配比为:DREA 50%,AREA30%,其它辅助成分20%。     

The study of palm‐oil‐based bio‐polyol on the morphological,acoustic and mechanical properties of flexible polyurethane foams

The focus of this paper was to explore the acoustic properties of flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam modified by palm‐oil‐based polyol (POP). The presence of POP showed a marked influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of FPU foam. A smaller mean pore diameter can be observed at lower POP content. Indeed, the introduction of POP caused a higher closed pore ratio and an increased air‐flow resistivity, which consequently improved the sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss. In particular, the acoustic performance of the all bio‐based FPU foam was enhanced at low frequency, and the density was lower than that of the reference foam. Additionally, the addition of POP also improved the compressive strength. Conversely, the tensile strength of FPU foam declined with increasing POP content. From this study, the outstanding acoustic ability of bio‐based FPU foam has been proved, with additional advantages of lower density and higher compressive strength. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cure kinetics and rheology characterization of soy‐based epoxy resin system

A novel soy‐based epoxy resin system was synthesized by the process of transesterification and epoxidation of regular soy bean oil, which has the potential to be widely usable in various composite manufacturing processes. Cure kinetics and rheology are two chemical properties commonly required in process modeling. In this work, the cure kinetics and rheology of the soy‐based resin system were measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscometer. DSC was used to measure the heat flow of dynamic and isothermal curing processes. The cure kinetics models of the different formulations were thus developed. A Brookfield viscometer was used to measure the change in viscosity under isothermal conditions. A novel neural network‐based model was developed to improve modeling accuracy. The models developed for cure kinetics and rheology for soy‐based epoxy resin system can be readily applied to composite processing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3168–3180, 2006     

Ultra‐violet curable resin based on palm oil: Determination of reaction condition and characterization of the resin

In this study, a UV curable resin based on palm oil was prepared by modifying palm oil with glycerol and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). First, monoglyceride (MG) was prepared from a mixture of palm oil and glycerol at a ratio of 1 : 2 based on equivalent basis. The MG was treated with GMA to introduce unsaturated groups to MG chain via etherification between epoxy group (from GMA) and hydroxyl group (from MG). The amount of catalyst needed, reaction temperature, and time for this chemical modification were determined. The completion of reaction between GMA and monoglyceride was measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy by monitoring the disappearance of the epoxy group in FTIR spectrum. An increment at peak 1630 cm^?1 in FTIR spectrum was observed when more GMA was used in the chemical modification. Viscosity test and gel permeation chromatography analysis were carried out to characterize the resin produced. The resin was then cured using UV radiation and the properties of the cured resin were measured. From the results, the gel content of the cured resin was more than 97%. The hardness of the MG‐GMA film was influenced by the amount of GMA used. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel silicon‐containing polytriazole resin

4,4′‐Diazidomethylbiphenyl (DAMBP) and poly(dimethylsilylene‐ethynylenephenyleneethynylene) (PDMSEPE) were thermally polymerized to form a novel silicon‐containing polytriazole resin (PDMSEPE‐DAMBP) by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. Differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR, and ¹³C‐NMR were used to characterize the curing behaviors of PDMSEPE‐DAMBP resins. The results indicated that the resins could cure at temperatures as low as 80°C. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that there was a glass transition at 302°C for the cured PDMSEPE‐DAMBP resin. The carbon fiber (T700) reinforced PDMSEPE‐DAMBP composites exhibited excellent mechanical properties at room temperature and high property retention at 250°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Design and synthesis of bio-based UV curable PU acrylate resin from itaconic acid for coating applications

UV curable PUA resin was successfully synthesized from polyol based on sustainable resource originated from itaconic acid (IA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). A polyol was synthesized by condensation reaction of IA with 16-hexanediol in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA). The synthesized PUA resin was characterized for its structural elucidation by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized UV curable PUA resin was incorporated in varying concentrations in conventional PUA coating system. The effects of varying concentration of synthesized UV curable PUA resin on rheology, crystallinity, thermal and coating properties were evaluated. The rheological behavior of the resins were evaluated at variable stress and result showed decrease in viscosity of resin as concentration of synthesized UV curable PUA resin increases in conventional PUA resin. The cured coatings have been evaluated for glass transition temperature (T_g) and thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analysis respectively. The degree of crystallinity of the coatings was determined from X-ray diffraction patterns using the PFM program. It was found that increase in the mass proportion of IA based PUA in coatings, the coating becomes more rigid and crystalline. The synthesized UV curable PUA coatings showed interesting mechanical, chemical, solvent and thermal properties as compared to the conventional PUA. Further, cured coatings were also evaluated for gel content and water absorption.     

Effect of filler‐to‐matrix blending ratio on the mechanical strength of palm‐based biocomposite boards

The effect of the blending ratio of a polyurethane matrix and oil‐palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers on the mechanical properties of biocomposite boards has been studied. The PU matrix and EFB fibers were used at blending ratios of 25:75, 30:70 and 35:65 (by weight). The mechanical property of hardness was studied. The intention of this study was to produce fiberboard from a vegetable oil‐based polyester as the matrix and biomass from the palm oil industry, namely EFB. It was found that the blending ratio with a lower filler loading (35:65) gave higher impact and flexural strengths due to better fiber encapsulation which enhanced the fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation and characterization of Jatropha Curcas oil based alkyd resin suitable for surface coating

Jatropha Curcas oil was extracted from Jatropha seeds by solvent extraction method. Three different alkyd resins have been developed from Jatropha Curcas oil by varying the amount of phthalic and maleic anhydride. The prepared resins are cured by using methyl-ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as initiator and Co-octoate as an accelerator at 120 °C. The characterizations of the resins for structure establishment is carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The concomitant properties of the cured resins such as acid value, saponification value, viscosity, molecular weight, etc. are also evaluated by standard methods. The cured resins have been tested for chemical resistance, pencil hardness, adhesion, thermal stability and gloss and it can be concluded that the resins may find potential applications in surface coating purposes.     

UV固化不饱和聚酯树脂在涂料中的应用研究

以不饱和聚酯为光敏预聚物,加入光引发剂制得天然大理石表面紫外光固涂层(流水线作业)。研究了光引发剂用量对涂层性能的影响,并将UV固化与化学固化浇注体的力学性能和耐热性进行了对比。结果表明,紫外光固化不饱和聚酯树脂涂层的固化效果,硬度和亮度都达到化学固化的效果,且生产效率大大提高。     

Synthesis and characterization of lactose based resorcinol resin

Resorcinol‐lactose resin was synthesized using phosphoric acid as the catalyst at 95°C. ¹³C‐NMR measurements proved that the chemical reaction is initiated at the 4‐ or 6‐carbon position in benzene ring. Sample separation by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) technology indicated that the resin consists of reacting mixtures of oligomer of lactose, glucose, and galacose with resorcinol. The resin, using a by product of diary industry as a main component, could be potentially applied as a novel adhesive to the wood process industry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2581–2585, 2002     

Synthesis and characterization of novel copolymers with the trimethylsilyl group for deep‐UV photoresists

N‐(4‐Acetoxyphenyl) maleimide (APMI) and three kinds of comonomers bearing a trimethylsilyl group were copolymerized at 60°C in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator in 1,4‐dioxane to obtain the three IP, IIP, and IIIP copolymers. These copolymers were removed from the acetoxy group in a transesterification process into new IVP, VP, and VIP copolymers with a pendant hydroxyl group. Two modified processes were adopted to prepare photoresists using these copolymers. The first process involved mixing the dissolution inhibitor, o‐nitrobenzyl cholate, with the new copolymers. Second, o‐nitrobenzyl cholate was introduced into the copolymers using 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in dimethylformamide (DMF). The cyclic maleimide structure is responsible for the high thermal stability of these copolymers. After irradiation using deep–UV light and development with aqueous Na₂CO₃ (0.01 wt %), the developed patterns showed positive images and exhibited good adhesion to the silicon wafer without using any adhesion promoter. The resolution of these resists was at least 0.8 μm and an oxygen‐plasma etching rate was 1/5.3 to that of hard‐baked HPR‐204. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2791–2798, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10255     

玻璃涂料用醇溶性丙烯酸酯树脂的合成

以乙醇为溶剂,合成了一种应用于玻璃涂料的醇溶性丙烯酸酯树脂.讨论了含羟基和含羧基的功能性单体、单体滴加时间、反应温度、搅拌速率等工艺参数对树脂醇溶性的影响,分析了单体转化率的影响因素,同时研究了硅烷偶联剂KH570的用量对单体转化率、树脂醇溶性和涂膜性能的影响,获得了较优的工艺条件:甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 35g、甲...     

In situ polymerization and characterization of polyester‐based polyurethane/nano‐silica composites

Polyester‐based polyurethane/nano‐silica composites were obtained via in situ polymerization and investigated by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), or FTIR coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), an Instron testing machine, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry (UV‐vis). FTIR analysis showed that in situ polymerization provoked some chemical reactions between polyester molecules and nano‐silica particles. FTIR‐ATR, TEM and AFM analyses showed that both surface and interface contained nano‐silica particles. Instron testing and DMA data showed that introducing nano‐silica particles into polyurethane enhanced the hardness, glass temperature and adhesion strength of polyurethane to the substrate, but also increased the resin viscosity. UV‐vis spectrophotometry showed that nano‐silica obtained by the fumed method did not shield UV radiation in polyurethane films. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

铝型材用丙烯酸酯类阴极电泳涂料树脂的合成及应用

采用自由基溶液聚合方法,合成了可用于阴极电泳涂料的阳离子型丙烯酸树脂。研究了树脂的水溶性、交联度、分子量及其分布、玻璃化温度等的影响因素：结果表明,当共聚单体N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)的质量分数分剐为6％和15％时,树脂的交联度较高;当共聚物中氨基单体的质量分数为12％～20％,羟基单体的质量分数为12％～15％时,控制中和度在75％～80％范围内,所得的树脂水溶性优良;以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为主引发剂,以过氧化苯甲酸叔戊酯(TAPB)为辅助引发剂,控制聚合温度为85～95℃,单体滴加时间为3h,即可较好地调节树脂的相对分子量及其分布,且所得的树脂颜色较浅。对树脂在铝片上电泳涂装后之涂膜性能测试实验表明,当玻璃化温度在30～60℃时,所得树脂性能优良,其涂膜厚度为,10～15m,硬度达4～5H,耐冲击强度50kg／cm2,附着力为1级。     

A novel bio‐based phthalonitrile resin derived from catechin: synthesis and comparison of curing behavior with petroleum‐based counterpart

The development of bio‐based thermosetting resins with good thermal stability can potentially afford sustainable polymers as replacements for petroleum‐based polymers. We report a practical route to a novel catechin‐based phthalonitrile resin precursor (CA‐Ph), which contains free phenolic hydroxyl groups that result in ‘self‐curing’ at elevated temperatures to afford a thermostable polymer. Comparison of the performance of this CA‐Ph resin with that of a conventional petroleum‐based bisphenol A phthalonitrile resin (BPA‐Ph; containing 5 wt% of the curing agent 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone) revealed that CA‐Ph exhibits a lower melting point and curing temperature. Cured CA‐Ph resin retains 95% of its weight at 520 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere, which compares favorably with results obtained for BPA‐Ph resin that retains 95% of its weight at a lower temperature of 484 °C. Kinetic results indicated that the curing reactions of both CA‐Ph and BPA‐Ph systems follow an autocatalytic mechanism. These results suggest that catechin is a useful bio‐based feedstock for the preparation of self‐curing and thermally stable phthalonitrile resins for advanced technological applications. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of calcium‐containing methacrylate resin

The calcium salt of p‐aminobenzoic acid [p‐ABA(Ca)] was reacted with epichlorohydrin to yield the multifunctional epoxy resin. The epoxy resin was characterized by IR spectroscopy, epoxy equivalent, calcium estimation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and refractive index. The epoxy resin was further reacted with methacrylic acid to yield the calcium containing methacrylate resin, which was characterized by IR, hydroxyl value, iodine value, HPLC and refractive index. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2342–2346, 2001     

UV漆涂装

近年来，UV漆的发展十分迅速，均以二位数的速度增长，在塑料、地板、电子、印刷等众多领域得到应用。UV漆的涂装有其自身的特点，我们通过相当一段时间的学习、摸索、试验，获得了一些经验。     

Synthesis and characterization of excellent transparency poly(urethane‐methacrylate)

A series of novel crosslinked poly(urethane–methacrylate) (PUA) was synthesized. PUA was polymerized in a three‐step process: The low number average molecular weight unsaturated polyester (UPE) containing hydroxyl groups was synthesized by 1,2‐propanediol (PG), 2‐butyl‐2‐ethyl‐1,3‐propanediol (BEPD) and maleic anhydride (MA). A series of prepolymers, which had double bonds at the end of the chain, was prepared from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), UPE, and β‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the presence of dibutytin dilaurate (DBTL) as catalyst. The novel functional prepolymer was initiated by 2,2‐azobis‐isobutyronitrile(AIBN) to form thermosetting materials. The structure of the thermosetting materials was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mechanical, thermal, and optical properties were tested. The results showed that the advanced PUA had good thermal and mechanical properties and high transparence. The throughput of PUA was above 90%, thus the PUA was possible to be used as excellent optical material. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

纳米二氧化钛/氟树脂超疏水涂层的制备及性能

以金红石型纳米TiO2及自制的氟树脂制备了氟碳涂料,采用刷涂法于铁片表面构筑了超疏水涂层。考察了纳米TiO2与氟树脂用量、热处理温度等对涂层疏水性的影响,并分别用扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪观察和测试了涂层表面的微观结构及疏水性。结果表明,涂层表面的水接触角随着氟树脂用量的增加而增大,随纳米TiO2用量的增加呈先增后减的趋势。涂层的吸水率随着氟树脂用量的增加而减少,随纳米TiO2用量的增加呈先减后增的趋势。随着热处理温度的升高,涂层的水接触角先增后减,吸水率先减后增。最佳工艺条件是TiO2及氟树脂的质量分数分别为12%与40%,热处理温度170℃。此条件下得到的涂层表面具有微/纳二元粗糙结构,对水静态接触角达152°,为超疏水涂层,并具有优异的耐水、耐酸碱、耐洗刷、耐沾污及自清洁性能。