Heat transfer in the rectangular cross-flow flat-sheet membrane module for vacuum membrane distillation

This paper presents a study of heat transfer coefficients of boundary layers in a laboratory-scale rectangular cross-flow flat-sheet membrane module by using distilled water vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) experiments. Results show that the traditional heat transfer correlations, which are mostly employed in the membrane distillation literature, are not suitably used to predict the heat transfer process in the VMD system for the Reynolds numbers ranging from 300 to 1090. This study formulates a new semi-empirical heat transfer correlation by suggesting Knudsen-viscous mechanism governs the water vapour across the membrane. Compared to the feed flow rate, the feed temperature is the limit to the heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficients are strongly dependent on the physical properties of the feed solution, but less relied on the design of the membrane module.     

Effects of Membrane Parameters on Performance of Vapor Permeation through a Composite Supported Liquid Membrane

Abstract

Support liquid membranes have been used in air dehumidification due to their inherent high mass transfer rates. In this study, the effects of membrane structural parameters on vapor permeation through a LiCl solution based supported liquid membrane are investigated. To aid in the analysis, a mass transfer model has been proposed for moisture transfer through the membrane, which is composed of a supported liquid layer sandwiched by two hydrophobic protective layers. The model takes into account of the resistance in boundary layers, in the protective hydrophobic layers, and in the supported liquid layer. It is a transient model. It also reflects the distributed nature of moisture permeation through the membrane. The results found that the emission rate exhibits a non‐uniform distribution nature on the membrane surface. The structural parameters of the support and the protective layers, such as thickness, pore diameters, and porosity, have great effects on vapor permeation.     

多孔陶瓷膜烟气水分回收理论与模型研究

化石燃料燃烧烟气中含有大量水分和潜热,高湿度烟气的直接排放造成极大的资源浪费和环境问题。多孔陶瓷膜是目前烟气水热回收最有前景的技术之一,其水分回收热力学和动力学的定量描述是该技术发展和装置设计的关键所在。分析了水分在多孔陶瓷膜表面及内部传质机理,基于Kelvin理论建立了水分在陶瓷膜内毛细凝聚热力学模型,并选取典型烟气温/湿度条件,得出不同工况下陶瓷膜发生毛细凝聚的临界孔径、凝聚水量及工作孔体积占比;进而基于毛细凝聚的表面传质和孔道输运Hagen-Poiseuille方程建立了陶瓷膜水分传质动力学模型,对典型温/湿度工况下回收水通量进行了计算,结果表明,多孔陶瓷膜的毛细凝聚效应对烟气水分回收的优越性十分明显,其表面回水通量远远大于冷凝法的水通量,孔径越小,表面水通量越高,但及时将孔道内的液态水输运到陶瓷膜另一侧需要的压差也越大,本文计算条件下,膜孔径为20.0 nm的陶瓷膜较为适宜。     

多孔陶瓷膜烟气水分回收理论与模型研究

化石燃料燃烧烟气中含有大量水分和潜热,高湿度烟气的直接排放造成极大的资源浪费和环境问题。多孔陶瓷膜是目前烟气水热回收最有前景的技术之一,其水分回收热力学和动力学的定量描述是该技术发展和装置设计的关键所在。分析了水分在多孔陶瓷膜表面及内部传质机理,基于Kelvin理论建立了水分在陶瓷膜内毛细凝聚热力学模型,并选取典型烟气温/湿度条件,得出不同工况下陶瓷膜发生毛细凝聚的临界孔径、凝聚水量及工作孔体积占比;进而基于毛细凝聚的表面传质和孔道输运Hagen-Poiseuille方程建立了陶瓷膜水分传质动力学模型,对典型温/湿度工况下回收水通量进行了计算,结果表明,多孔陶瓷膜的毛细凝聚效应对烟气水分回收的优越性十分明显,其表面回水通量远远大于冷凝法的水通量,孔径越小,表面水通量越高,但及时将孔道内的液态水输运到陶瓷膜另一侧需要的压差也越大,本文计算条件下,膜孔径为20.0 nm的陶瓷膜较为适宜。     

中空纤维膜渗透汽化过程中Dean涡强化传质的CFD模拟

建立了一个三维的弯管式中空纤维膜渗透汽化传质CFD模型,研究Dean涡对渗透汽化过程传质的影响,描述了膜内侧的浓度和速率变化情况,该模型与Leveque传质关联式具有良好的一致性。研究结果显示：弯管膜中Dean涡的存在能降低边界层传质阻力,总传质系数比直管膜提高了4倍;在不同的入口速率和浓度条件下,弯管膜内侧的壁面剪应力均大于直管膜。在膜阻力远小于边界层阻力的情况下,入口速率0.275 m·s^-1,水浓度10%（质量）时,弯管膜的渗透通量为12636 g·m^-2·h^-1,是直管膜的5倍。可见,弯管式中空纤维膜在渗透汽化过程中具有显著的强化传质效果。     

过程参数对采用多孔陶瓷超滤膜回收烟气中余热和水性能的影响

将孔径为20 nm的陶瓷膜组装制成膜冷凝器,在水蒸气-空气形成的模拟体系中,采用去离子水作为冷却介质,开展了传递膜冷凝技术在烟气除湿和工业余热综合应用方面的研究。考察了空气流量、冷却水流量、进气温度和冷却水温度对陶瓷内膜和外膜过程通量的影响,并比较了两者水热回收性能。结果表明,过程通量均随进气流量和进气温度的增大而增加。随着冷却水流量的增大,过程通量也不断增加,但是冷却水流量达到一定值后,过程通量基本不再变化。冷却水温度对过程水通量的影响较小,但是热通量对冷却水温度的改变较敏感。冷却水流量的变化对陶瓷外膜的过程通量影响更加显著,表明陶瓷外膜水热回收过程更易受流体边界层的影响。在各实验工况范围内,陶瓷内膜和外膜分别具有更高的热通量和水通量,采用陶瓷膜过程的水通量和热通量最高分别可达到23.1 kg·m^-2·h^-1和47.5 MJ·m^-2·h^-1。随着传递膜冷凝技术开发和研究的不断深入,该技术在除湿和工业余热综合应用领域有着广阔的发展空间,将为我国节水、节能以及环境保护等领域的发展提供新的解决思路。     

Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

温度对正向渗透的影响机制与数值模拟

正向渗透(FO)是一种以溶液自身渗透压作为推动力的膜分离技术。温度对溶液、膜的性质以及溶液与膜之间的相互作用有很大影响,进而影响FO的水通量。利用数值模拟与试验研究了温度对FO性能的影响。结果表明,当膜两侧等温时,FO水通量随着温度的升高而增大;当膜两侧不等温时,原液(FS)一侧温度的影响比提取液(DS)一侧更大,主要是因为温度升高降低了溶液黏度,强化了过膜扩散过程,而温度对DS渗透压的影响不明显。在不同温度条件下,FO水通量和热通量随流量的增大而增大,主要是由于流速的增大压缩膜表面的流体边界层,强化了传质和传热过程。     

膜蒸馏跨膜传质过程的新模型--TPKPT

以纯水为介质,用直接接触式膜蒸馏测定了材料或性能参数不同的三种孔疏水膜在不同温度下的渗透通量。根据测量结果计算出了各种膜在不同温度下的渗透系数,发现渗透系数均随着温度的升高而升高;这一结果说明Poiseuille流动在跨膜传质中起着非常重要的作用。据此提出了Knudsen扩散－Poiseuille流动两参数跨膜传质模型,即TPKPT模型。用此模型拟合实验数据,得到了三种实验用膜的模型参数。用这些模型参数计算膜在不同温度下的渗透系数,其值与实验测量值吻合较好,说明TPKPT模型能较好地描述膜蒸馏的跨膜传质过程。     

Re-evaluation of the Nusselt number for determining the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients in a flow-through monolithic catalytic converter

The two-equation porous medium model has been widely employed for modeling the flow-through monolithic catalytic converter. In this model, the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients have been usually obtained using the asymptotic Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with some suitable assumptions. However, previously it seemed that there existed some misunderstanding in adopting these Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Up to now, the Nusselt number based on the fluid bulk mean temperature has been used for determining the interfacial heat and mass transfer coefficients. However, the mass and energy balance formulations in the two-equation model indicate that the Nusselt number should be evaluated based on the fluid mean temperature instead of the fluid bulk mean temperature. Therefore, in this study, to correctly model the heat and mass transfer coefficients, the Nusselt number based on the fluid mean temperature was newly obtained for the square and circular cross-sections under two different thermal boundary conditions (i.e., constant heat flux and constant temperature at the wall). In order to do that, the present study employed the numerical as well as analytical method.     

Study on a new air-gap membrane distillation module for desalination

A new air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) module for desalination with internal latent-heat-recovery which consisted of parallel hollow fiber membranes and heat exchange hollow fibers was successfully developed. The influences of feed flow rate, feed temperature and feed initial concentration on AGMD process were investigated. The vapor pressure polarization coefficient (η) was introduced to measure the reduction in the effective driving force for mass transfer with regard to the driving force imposed. Among all AGMD experiments, the maximum water vapor permeate flux (J_D) of 5.30 kg/m² h and the gained output ratio (GOR) of 5.70 were obtained. A theoretical model based on the mass and energy balances of the hot feed side was established to calculate the temperature and the local water vapor permeate flux distributions along the hollow fiber membrane, which showed that the temperature drop and local water vapor permeate flux drop were much larger at the upper part than those at the lower part of the membrane module in the hot feed side.     

膜过程中热质耦合传递分析

研究了透过致密无孔膜的传热传质过程,考察了传热传质的相互作用,建立了膜过程中热质耦合传递的数学模型,并以湿空气透过薄膜分离过程为例,分析了温差及浓度差的变化对传热传质过程的影响,发现温差及浓度差的变化会引起热阻及湿阻的变化,从而进一步影响热流量和传质通量,所以对传热传质过程有加成作用。     

低温膜蒸馏及其过程模拟

采用聚丙烯中空纤维膜对纯水介质膜蒸馏、冷侧盐水循环有温差膜蒸馏及等温渗透膜蒸馏进行了实验研究,建立了描述膜蒸馏过程的传质及传热数学模型,以实验数据为基础对模型中的参数进行了回归并对数学模型进行了计算机数值求解,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好     

Effect of transfer in the vapour phase on the extraction by pervaporation through organophilic membranes: experimental analysis on model solutions and theoretical extrapolation

Mass transfer in pervaporation is usually regarded as limited by the solution-diffusion step inside the dense selective polymer layer. In the case of pervaporation for the extraction of volatile organic compounds through organophilic membranes, especially at low feed temperature (about 300 K), the influence of the downstream pressure cannot be neglected. A contribution to the study of the operating parameters on the vapour side in a pilot plant — from the membrane to the condenser — to the overall mass transfer is presented.

A “convection-diffusion” model has been established to calculate the partial pressure gradients in the vapour phase up to the downstream face of the membrane. This equation has been combined with a relation for the mass transfer inside the membrane with a driving force expressed as a difference in fugacities.

The partial permeate pressures and the pervaporate fluxes obtained first with a pure compound (water) and secondly with binary mixtures (water-ethanol) pervaporated through membranes of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on a pilot plant scale are well predicted by the model. Moreover, on the permeate side, the effects of unavoidable non-condensable gases, of the condenser temperature and of the distance between the module and the condenser on the flux and on the selectivity have been established for different total permeate pressures (300–3000 Pa). At high pressure, the pervaporation selectivity towards ethanol exhibits a minimum value as a function of the permeate circuit design.     

吸收膜蒸馏的传热传质过程

由于吸收膜蒸馏系统的进料液和吸收液的温度非常接近甚至相同,其传热过程无相变热损失,有可能实现能耗较低的膜蒸馏过程,本文尝试开展吸收膜蒸馏法海水淡化研究。首先分别以葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液为吸收液进行吸收膜蒸馏海水淡化实验,结果表明氯化钙吸收液时的膜通量明显高于葡萄糖吸收液时的膜通量。其次建立了吸收膜蒸馏过程的质量和热量传递模型,并对模型进行了计算,模型计算值与实验值非常接近。最后对葡萄糖水溶液和氯化钙水溶液分别作吸收液时对传质系数和极化现象的影响进行了计算分析,结果显示,氯化钙水溶液作吸收液时传质系数约为葡萄糖水溶液的1.7倍;且极化现象造成的蒸气压力差减小的值为后者的1/4左右。     

薄膜蒸发器温度场及膜内给热系数的数值模拟

应用CFD软件CFX4.4建立了薄膜蒸发器内水及粘性料液的传热计算模型,获得了沿轴向及膜厚方向的液膜平均温度分布,计算了各参数下加热段液膜内给热系数a. 结果表明,进料量及搅拌转速对各料液液膜温度分布及膜内给热系数影响显著. 不同粘度料液在不同操作条件下均存在同一最佳进料量,此时圈形波内截面平均速度 达到最大值, 相应的膜内给热系数a也达到最大值. 高转速或最佳进料量下,纯物质水流动边界层与膜厚之比及温度边界层与膜厚之比均最小,流动边界层与温度边界层存在内在联系. 传递边界层厚度严重影响液膜内温度分布及给热系数. 本研究各工况下,粘性料液尚未形成明显的温度边界层.     

膜蓄能器放能过程的传热传质特性分析

膜构架蓄能器是以中空纤维膜为基本结构,不仅能够实现蓄能,同时能够解决溴化锂溶液浓度差蓄能器中结晶后的放能困难的问题。搭建了膜蓄能器放能过程传热传质实验测试系统,建立了应用于太阳能吸收式制冷系统中的膜架构蓄能器传热传质的三维数学模型,并利用 CFD 软件进行了求解。将计算结果与实验结果相比较,验证了该三维非稳态数学模型的可靠性。实验和仿真结果表明,质量分数为70% 的溴化锂溶液的水蒸气分子平均传质速率比质量分数为60%的溶液高44.03%;当蒸发温度从4.5℃提高到12.3℃时,水蒸气分子的平均传质速率将提高108.34%;当膜通道的有效长度从80 mm减少到30 mm时,水蒸气分子的传质速率会提高40.77%。     

Mass transfer, fluid flow and membrane properties in flat and corrugated plate hyperfiltration modules

Concentration polarisation, decreasing the efficiency in membrane separation processes, can be reduced by increasing mass transfer between membrane surface and bulk of the feed stream. Analogous to techniques used in plate heat exchangers efforts have been made to enhance mass transfer in a plate hyperfiltration module by using a corrugated membrane in stead of a flat one. The corrugations are pressed into an originally flat membrane. These corrugations do not only have an influence on the mass transfer, but also on such membrane properties as salt and water permeability. Corrugations enhance mass transfer in a more effective way than increase of flow rate does.

The effect of the corrugations on membrane properties shows a large spread. For corrugated membranes prepared by our group, flux increases of 100% at almost the same or even slightly higher retentions have been obtained.     

THEORETICAL SIMULATION OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE COOLING WITH AN EVAPORATING ANNULAR FLOW IN A VERTICAL TUBE

A new concept is proposed for the highly effective cooling of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using the downward annular two-phase flow of high-speed air and subcooled water in a small vertical tube. Numerical simulations based on the two-phase flow boundary layer model are performed to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the annular flow with uniform heat flux at the tube wall. The coupled heat transfer due to evaporation and convection and the effects of various relevant parameters on the temperature profiles on the wall and of the gas core are studied. It is shown that annular two-phase flow of air and subcooled water in a small vertical tube can provide high heat transfer rate through the evaporation of the water film, while still maintaining low wall temperature. This cooling method is found to be encouraging for use in the highly effective cooling of PEMFC.