The role of the symmetry and the flexibility of the anion on the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ionic liquids☆

The transport properties of ionic liquids (ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochem-ical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties and conse-quently their bulk performances can be well tuned by optimizing the chemical structures of their ions. This will require elucidating the structural features of the ions that fundamentally determine the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs. Here we showed for the first time that the“rigidity”, the order, and the compactness of the three-dimensional ionic networks generated by the anions and the cation head groups determine the formation and the sizes of the nanostructures in the apolar domains of ILs. We also found that the properties of ionic networks are governed by the conformational flexibility and the symmetry of the anion and/or the cation head group. The thermal stability of the nanostructures of ILs was shown to be con-trolled by the sensitivity of the conformational equilibrium of the anion to the change of temperature. We showed that the viscosity of ILs is strongly related to the symmetry and the flexibility of the constitute ions rather than to the size of the nanostructures of ILs. Therefore, the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs, especially the thermal stability of the nanostructures, can be fine-tuned by tailoring the symmetry and the conformational flexibility of the anion.     

紫苏糖废渣再生与废气处理工艺和设备研究

详细介绍了紫苏糖生产过程中硒粉的生成、特点、再生利用的工艺流程及设备要求,同时介绍了其再生过程中产生的废气处理方法及设备要求。     

细长管与管内外流体流固耦合的计算

把固体域离散成梁单元,流体域划分为若干段,对流体段离散成六面体单元,建立了固体域整场求解、流体域分段求解的分区耦合模型,描述了耦合界面信息传递方法。为了避免同种偏心度重复计算,还提出了环空流体特性描述数据库。     

整流装置跳闸原因及整改

从离子膜法烧碱整流装置的保护原理出发,通过对某工厂在2005年整流装置跳闸原因的统计和技术分析,发现电网波动和雷击是整流装置跳闸的两个重要原因,并提出了采取修改整定值、增加防晃电交流接触器以及在低压交流侧增加三级防雷措施的整改对策。整改后,整流装置跳闸次数明显减少。     

塑料的生物降解性及其检测方法

讨论了塑料的生物降解性，包括降解因素，微生物分解塑料的各种形式、降解机理等。介绍了目前国内外常用的检测塑料生物降解的方法。     

聚合松香的溴化及其生成物阻燃性的研究

研究了聚合松香与液溴反应生成溴化聚合松香的方法 ,测定了溴化聚合松香的红外光谱和差热分析曲线。溴化聚合松香本身不燃烧 ,由溴化聚合松香配成的涂料具有一定的阻燃性     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between maleic anhydride and fatty acid esters and the structure of the products

Alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA) were obtained by reaction between maleic anhydride and high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) esters. A kinetics study of the maleinization of alkyl esters indicated that the maleinization reaction was second order overall and first order with respect to the individual reactants, and the activation energy was 77.2 ± 3.3 kJ/mol in the investigated temperature range (185–225 °C). These results showed that the cis configuration and the central position of the double bond in HOSO esters facilitate the maleinization of the latter. On the contrary, the length of the linear ester moiety had no influence on the course of the maleinization reaction. Moreover, new evidence demonstrates that there are two different reaction mechanisms: ene‐reaction and addition in allylic position with a 2 : 1 ratio, respectively. This ratio was constant throughout the reaction, thus indicating that these mechanisms are independent.     

压煮器管束脱落与焊缝渗漏的原因分析及质量控制

分析了压煮器管排焊接时存在的缺陷及改进质量的控制方法     

Genetics and Epigenetics of the X and Y Chromosomes in the Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

For many decades to date, neuroendocrinologists have delved into the key contribution of gonadal hormones to the generation of sex differences in the developing brain and the expression of sex-specific physiological and behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. However, it was not until recent years that the role of sex chromosomes in the matter started to be seriously explored and unveiled beyond gonadal determination. Now we know that the divergent evolutionary process suffered by X and Y chromosomes has determined that they now encode mostly dissimilar genetic information and are subject to different epigenetic regulations, characteristics that together contribute to generate sex differences between XX and XY cells/individuals from the zygote throughout life. Here we will review and discuss relevant data showing how particular X- and Y-linked genes and epigenetic mechanisms controlling their expression and inheritance are involved, along with or independently of gonadal hormones, in the generation of sex differences in the brain.     

Predicting CSR and CRI of coke on the basis of the chemical and petrographic parameters of the coal batch and the coking conditions

A model is developed for predicting the postreactive strength CSR and reactivity CRI of coke. The model adequately reflects the dependence of these characteristics on the chemical and petrographic parameters of the coal batch, taking account of the batch preparation and coking period, as well as the slaking method.     

浅析农药质量与安全

论述了农药质量与安全的关系,并就农药安全问题从农药质量方面提出了几种解决方案。     

理实一体教学实践及存在问题探讨

文章探讨了采用理论实践一体化教学原因、涵义,以及结论,并对一体化教学过程中存在的问题作了探讨,以期给相关职业教育者以借鉴。     

头发的损伤与头发结构和组分的相互关系

头发损伤与头发角蛋白,脂上关。研究头发损伤与头发结构和组分的相互关系已成为当今发用类产品并发的重要基础研究课题。为此,对有关此方面的最新研究动态作一综述。     

对乙酰氨基酚注射液制备工艺及稳定性研究

优选对乙酰氨基酚注射液的制备工艺,并考察其稳定性。通过单因素考察确定制剂的辅料用量,最适pH,灭菌工艺等,筛选出最优工艺条件,并根据确定的条件进行稳定性考察。对乙酰氨基酚注射液制备工艺最优条件为磷酸氢二钠用量为175mg,控制产品p H在6.0,并在115℃下高压蒸汽灭菌30min,可以成功制得对乙酰氨基酚注射液,产品规格为10mg/mL。此产品在常温下密封放置30d稳定性良好。合理的制备工艺和条件,可更好的保证对乙酰氨基酚注射液的质量。     

浅谈设备的性能与操作对胎面压出质量的影响

简要介绍了胎面压出的工作原理及工艺过程，对设备的配置及操作对胎面压出质量的影响进行了分析，并对压出过程中常见的质量缺陷、造成的原因以及解决措施提出了自己的见解。     

关于物质与关系的唤醒

我近两年花了很多时间喝茶,我想梳理出两个对象,一个是中国茶,一个是中国漆。茶和漆在某种层面上是完全一样的,这是我的心得。从这两个对象延伸到美术教育范畴,那就是关于“中国物质”的唤醒,这将是中国美术学院中国漆艺术专业要作的重要工作甚至是历史使命。“中国物质”这个话题比较严重,也比较复杂,我为什么会讲到那么复杂的一个话题,或者看上去那么崇高的话题,是因为我们现在面临一个很重要的国际化背景,就是中国制造,或者中国设计,中国设计和中国制造没有对称关系,制造和设计是对立的关系,或者二元的关系,所以我想这问题比较麻烦。我们现在中国制造的潜台词就是垃圾货,或者便宜货不安全的,所以我会在这个话题上跟漆引发话题。假设中国制造确实存在负面价值的话,那什么东西可能是正面的呢?假设有一种形态可以跟中国制造来匹配的话,我想有两个东西可以和它对接,那就是“中国文化”和“中国物质”,可能有很多的东西中国人已经遗忘了,而这些东西在当代生活中可能具有很强的应用价值,我指的是产品及其使用方法,它可能不具备中国制造的负面,比如说低级、廉价、不安全,中国有这样一大批的东西具有价值,其中包括中国漆、中国茶,这是物质。假设我们从物质出发,我们会进一步引...     

Influence of the concentration of ethanol and the interaction of compounds in the pyrolysis of acetylene and ethanol mixtures

The pyrolysis of acetylene, ethanol and acetylene-ethanol mixtures in the 975-1475 K temperature range has been studied. The purpose of this work is to analyze the variation of soot and gas products coming from the pyrolysis of acetylene when adding increasing amounts of ethanol. Gas and soot products coming from the pyrolysis of 30,000 ppm of acetylene and different concentrations of ethanol (0-20,000 ppm) have been identified and quantified, and the influence of the amount of ethanol added has been analyzed. Analyses are supported on model calculations run with Chemkin using a detailed gas phase chemical kinetic mechanism, including subsets for acetylene and ethanol reactions and PAH formation and consumption reactions. In addition, the sum of the soot obtained from the individual pyrolysis of acetylene and ethanol is compared with the results coming from the pyrolysis of the corresponding acetylene-ethanol mixtures in order to analyze the interaction when they react jointly. Experimental results highlight the importance of the relative concentration acetylene/ethanol in the mixtures. Moreover, the results show that adding very small concentrations of ethanol, i.e. up to 600 times lower than acetylene concentration, leads to a diminution on the production of soot from the pyrolysis of acetylene.