Bioaccumulation of cyanuric acid in edible tissues of shrimp following experimental feeding

Due to concerns that cyanuric acid (CYA)-contaminated feed had been used in aquaculture and could enter the human food chain, a method to quantify CYA residues in the edible tissues of fish and shrimp was previously developed and validated. This paper provides further data on the deliberate feeding of CYA to shrimp to determine the extent of residue accumulation in edible tissue. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was employed for the analysis of CYA in shrimp tissue. Edible tissue of shrimp fed 1666 or 3333?mg?kg^?1 CYA in their diet (approximately 55 and 124?mg?kg^?1 body weight) contained 0.767 and 0.406?mg?kg^?1 CYA, respectively. The residue levels are below the World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake level for CYA and are generally considered unlikely to pose a human health risk.     

虾的营养及其食用安全

虾是口味鲜美、营养丰富,可制多种佳肴的美味,有菜中之“甘草”的美称。我国海域宽广,江河湖泊众多,盛产海虾和淡水虾。海虾有对虾、明虾等,淡水虾有青虾(沼虾和草虾)等,还有半咸水虾如白虾等。不管何种虾,都含有丰富的蛋白质,营养价值高,其肉质和鱼一样松软,易消化,是对人类健康极有裨益的佳品。营养学家介绍,虾含有丰富的优质蛋白质及钙、磷、铁、锌、碘、硒、维生素A等,它低糖、低脂、低胆固醇。体内蛋白含量较高,占总体的16%～20%左右。脂肪含量不到0.2%,而且所含的脂肪主要是由不饱和脂肪酸组成,适宜人体吸收。尤其是所含的原肌球蛋白…     

Residues of melamine and cyanuric acid in milk and tissues of dairy cows fed different doses of melamine

Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) may be degraded into cyanuric acid and some other compounds by rumen microorganisms. This study was conducted to assess the transfer of melamine and cyanuric acid in to milk and tissues by dairy cows fed different doses of melamine. Forty mid-lactation dairy cows (157 ± 43 d in milk, 20.8 ± 1.4 kg of milk/d) were divided into 4 groups (n = 10/group) using a completely randomized design. The groups were fed the following amounts of melamine (purity ≥ 99.5%) at 0 (control), 300 [treatment (Trt) 1], 500 (Trt 2), and 1,000 (Trt 3) mg/d per cow, respectively. The trial lasted for 18 d (12-d feeding period, followed by a 6-d clearance period). Milk samples were collected from the 4 groups on d 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 18, and analyzed for melamine and cyanuric acid. On d 13, 3 cows from Trt 2 and Trt 3 were randomly selected and slaughtered; tissue samples including kidney, liver, mammary, bladder, gluteus medius, and longissimus dorsi were collected for melamine and cyanuric acid analyses. Milk and tissue samples were analyzed for melamine and cyanuric acid using a simultaneous liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry procedure. Neither melamine nor cyanuric acid was detected in concentrated feed that was being fed to the cows. In melamine-treated groups, milk melamine concentration increased quickly and reached a stable level by d 4 and was at similar levels on d 8 and 12 after the first administration of melamine. Milk melamine levels in treated groups were 0.18, 0.27, and 0.50 mg/L for Trt 1, Trt 2, and Trt 3, respectively, and were highly correlated (R² = 0.91) with melamine dosing levels. No cyanuric acid was detected in any of the milk collected from the various groups. Melamine residue levels in tissues of Trt 3 were about 2-fold higher than that in Trt 2, with the highest concentration being found in kidney. No differences in cyanuric acid levels in tissues were found between Trt 3 and Trt 2. Liver, kidney, and bladder tissues were found to contain the highest cyanuric acid levels. This study shows a relationship between dietary melamine levels and cyanuric acid levels found in tissues, which might be the result of melamine being converted to cyanuric acid by microorganisms in the rumen.     

Trace elements in edible tissues of three shrimp species (Penaeus semisulcatus,Parapenaeus longirostris and Paleomon serratus)

Accumulation levels of trace elements in edible tissues of three shrimp species (Penaeus semisulcatus, Parapenaeus longirostris and Paleomon serratus) from the Gulf of Antalya, Turkey were investigated. Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The lowest Cu (1.33 mg kg^?1) and Cd (0.23 mg kg^?1) and highest Mn (1.52 mg kg^?1) concentrations were found in P. longirostris, the lowest Zn (6.25 mg kg^?1), Fe (1.84 mg kg^?1) and Mn (0.25 mg kg^?1) concentrations in P. serratus and the highest Cu (6.19 mg kg^?1), Cd (2.36 mg kg^?1), Zn (30.84 mg kg^?1) and Fe (33.89 mg kg^?1) concentrations in P. semisulcatus. The Cd levels detected in P. semisulcatus and P. serratus were above legislative limits. Our results show that there were significant differences in trace element concentrations among the three shrimp species. The highest levels of the five trace elements investigated, with the exception of Mn, were found in edible tissue of P. semisulcatus. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

可食性涂膜保鲜虾的品质控制研究

以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为涂膜剂对鲜虾及虾仁进行涂膜处理,然后分别进行冷藏及冷冻保鲜.通过测定解冻汁液流失、煮汁损失、干耗率及质构变化,研究在不同贮藏条件下采用可食性涂膜保鲜虾在品质控制方面的作用.实验结果表明:可食性涂膜保鲜能显著减少解冻汁液流失、降低煮汁损失及干耗率,并且能保持较好的硬度和弹性.壳聚糖复合涂膜的保鲜效果优于海藻酸钠的保鲜效果.     

Tylosin depletion in edible tissues of turkeys

The depletion of tylosin residues in edible turkey tissues was followed after 3 days of administration of tylosin tartrate at 500 mgl^-1 in drinking water, to 30 turkeys. Immediately after the end of the treatment (day 0) and at day 1, 3, 5 and 10 of withdrawal, six turkeys (three males and three females) per time were sacrificed and samples of edible tissues were collected. Tissue homogenates were extracted, purified and analysed by HPL C according to a method previously published for the analysis of tylosin residues in pig tissues. In all tissues, tylosin residues were already below the detection limits of 50 μg kg^-1 at time zero. However, in several samples of tissues (skin ₊ fat, liver, kidney, muscle), from the six turkeys sacrificed at that time, one peak corresponding to an unknown tylosin equivalent was detected at measurable concentrations. The identification of this unknown compound was performed by L C-MS/MS analysis of the extracts from incurred samples. The mass fragmentation of the compound was consistent with the structure of tylosin D (the alcoholic derivative of tylosin A), the major metabolite of tylosin previously recovered and identified in tissues and/or excreta from treated chickens, cattle and pigs.     

三聚氰酸毒理学研究进展

三聚氰酸是三聚氰胺的同类物,它与三聚氰胺在一定条件下形成结晶,在人和动物体内这种结晶易于对膀胱和肾脏造成损伤.本文对三聚氰酸的毒理学安全性资料(包括代谢、急性毒性、遗传毒性、亚慢性毒性、慢性毒性和致癌性)、与三聚氰胺的联合作用以及人群可能暴露水平进行综述.     

Effect of feeding intact brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on some digestive parameters and on iodine content in edible tissues in pigs

BACKGROUND: Limited research suggests that brown seaweed (extracts) may be used in pig nutrition for improving gut health and performances and for iodine enrichment of tissues. One in vitro and two in vivo experiments with dried iodine‐rich intact marine seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) have been conducted with weaned piglets to further unravel the mechanisms. RESULTS: In vitro investigations revealed a statistically significant depressive effect of seaweed on pig gut flora, especially on Escherichia coli. In vivo, seaweed (10 g kg^?1) had a reducing effect on the E. coli load in the stomach (P = 0.07) and small intestine (P < 0.05), while the lactobacilli/E. coli ratio was enhanced (P < 0.05) in the small intestine, indicating a beneficial shift in the microbial population. Statistically significant increases (P < 0.001) in iodine content were noted for several tissues in piglets on seaweed (20 g kg^?1, corresponding to 10 mg iodine kg^?1 feed) compared with the control diet (1 mg iodine kg^?1 feed). CONCLUSION: Intact A. nodosum brown seaweed may be introduced in pig nutrition as a feed material with a double strategy: improvement of pig gut health and performances and iodine enrichment of porcine tissues. This feeding strategy may alleviate, but not solve, the actual iodine deficiency in Belgium. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

食用胶对深度油炸面包虾品质的影响

以裹粉率、水分损失率、吸油量、色泽、质构以及感官评定等为考察指标,研究在以小麦粉为主体的裹浆粉中添加食用胶(瓜尔豆胶和罗望子胶)对深度油炸(175℃、3min)面包虾品质的影响。结果表明,瓜尔豆胶和罗望子胶均能显著增加面包虾的裹粉率(p<0.05),降低油炸产品的水分损失量和吸油量,有效改善产品的脆性,获得相对较好的可接受度。与瓜尔豆胶相比,罗望子胶的效果更好,其最优添加量为1%,在此条件下,面包虾经深度油炸后所得产品的吸油量比对照组降低21.24%,并具有良好的质构特性。      

Residue depletion of sulfachlorpyrazine in edible tissues of broiler chickens

The residue depletion profile of sulfachlorpyrazine was studied in healthy broilers after oral administration of Sulfatyf®, given at a dose of 50?mg sulfachlorpyrazine (SCP) per kg body weight once daily for 3 consecutive days. Twenty-five medicated broilers were slaughtered on the 5th, 10th, 14th and 16th day of post-medication, and muscle, fat with skin, liver and kidney tissues were sampled and analysed using an high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with satisfactory recovery (74.5%?±?2.9%) and specificity. The estimated values of LOD and LOQ were 18.40 and 55.70?ng?ml^?1, respectively. On the 5th and 10th day of post-medication, the concentrations of SCP residue in all samples examined were higher than the corresponding MRLs established by the European Union and the highest SCP concentrations were measured in muscle. A maximum withdrawal time of 14 days was calculated to ensure consumer safety.     

Detection of melamine and cyanuric acid in vegetable protein products used in food production

The multitude of food recalls in 2007 clearly demonstrated that total nitrogen-content (ΣN) determination by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Kjeldahl-based measurements can be deceived, and should no longer be regarded as a complete quality assurance program for nutritive-protein evaluations. Furthermore, contemporary Canadian-employed analytical tools are precariously limited in their ability to effectively assure a product where there is no a priori knowledge of the environmental toxin(s) involved. In light of these challenges, this study explored a number of analytical techniques used to assess and furthermore assure the quality of vegetable protein products (VPPs). Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technologies, a combination of VPP-based samples was analyzed for the presence of nitrogen-bearing environmental toxicants. Of the 52 samples tested, involving an assortment of matrices, melamine and cyanuric acid were positively identified (>1 ng/mL) in 22 and 17 samples, respectively. Subsequent high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible (HPLC-UV) amino acid profiling further confirmed the adulteration of those materials contaminated with melamine and melamine-related compounds. Based on the evidence presented herein, LC/MS/MS in combination with HPLC-UV provides for a reliable food safety detection system as applied to VPPs. Moreover, HPLC-UV is indispensable as a stand-alone 1st level of screening to assess the integrity of a VPP or any nutritive protein-based sample.     

HPLC-MS/MS同时检测大鼠体内三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸含量

目的建立HPLC-MS/MS同时检测大鼠血浆和组织中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸含量的方法。方法以同位素标记的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸作为内标物,大鼠血浆和组织经二氯甲烷-乙腈前处理后,经色谱柱分离,串联离子阱质谱采用ESI源按运行时间段切换正、负离子模式进行测定。结果在0.3～75μg/ml范围内,三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺具有良好的线性(r≥0.998)。在0.9、5.0、50μg/ml的给药大鼠的血浆样本中,三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺的回收率分别为97.4%～99.4%、96.8%～98.9%,两者的变异系数为2.43%～6.35%(日内)、1.70%～4.12%(日间)和0.30%～9.17%(日内)、0.75%～3.39%(日间);在0.9、5.0、50μg/ml的给药大鼠肝组织样本中,三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺的回收率分别为90.8%～104.6%、91.7%～106.0%,对应的变异系数为3.70%～5.14%(日内)、2.84%～4.50%(日间)和1.31%～2.21%(日内)、1.12%～3.36%(日间)。结论该方法样品前处理简单,基质干扰小,分析效率高,具有良好的精密度、准确度和特异性,是进行三聚氰酸、三聚氰胺在动物体内的组织代谢和毒性研究的理想分析方法。     

引起天津地区居民口虾蛄过敏的主要致敏蛋白的研究

研究引起天津地区居民口虾蛄过敏的主要致敏蛋白。方法 通过皮肤点刺试验收集天津地区116例口虾蛄过敏病人的血清作为特异性探针,与口虾蛄蛋白粗提物进行Western blot试验,鉴定出主要的口虾蛄致敏原。选取5例具有代表性的病人血清为研究对象,以扇贝提取物为抑制剂,进行免疫印迹抑制试验。进而分析以扇贝为代表的软体动物和口虾蛄之间的交叉反应。结果 Western blot试验结果显示,病人血清与不同分子量的蛋白之间有反应,且反应率有差异。与35kDa的原肌球蛋白的反应率高达64.5%(40/62),与67和＞90kDa的蛋白也有较高的反应率,分别达到41.9%(26/62)和54.8%(34/62)。免疫印迹抑制试验结果显示,原肌球蛋白是扇贝和口虾蛄类的主要交叉反应蛋白,而分子量较大的蛋白几乎不存在交叉反应。结论 除原肌球蛋白外,数种大分子量口虾蛄蛋白均可引起天津地区成人对口虾蛄类过敏,且与扇贝的交叉反应率低。这表明一些高分子量的蛋白在口虾蛄类致敏中扮演重要角色。     

振动流化床中氰尿酸合成反应的试验研究

在特制的多层立式振动流化床上,对加热反应时间、加热温度、进风量、进风形式以及设备的振动强度等因素对由尿素缩合反应生成氰尿酸的影响进行了实验研究和讨论。结果表明:影响转化率的主要因素是加热反应时间和加热温度;该设备中的缩合反应具有时间短、转化率高和粘壁现象少等特点;在加热进风温度为220℃时,反应进行80~90min后产物中氰尿酸的含量即可超过80%。     

Concentrations of antibiotic residues vary between different edible muscle tissues in poultry

Antibiotics are used by veterinarians and producers to treat disease and improve animal production. The federal government, to ensure the safety of the food supply, establishes antibiotic residue tolerances in edible animal tissues and determines the target tissues (e.g., muscle) for residue monitoring. However, when muscle is selected as the target tissue, the federal government does not specify which type of muscle tissue is used for monitoring (e.g., breast versus thigh). If specific muscle tissues incorporate residues at higher concentrations, these tissues should be selected for residue monitoring. To evaluate this possibility in poultry, chickens were divided into four groups and at 33 days of age were dosed with enrofloxacin (Baytril), as per label directions, at either 25 ppm for 3 days, 25 ppm for 7 days, 50 ppm for 3 days, or 50 ppm for 7 days. Breast and thigh muscle tissues were collected from each bird (n = 5 birds per day per group) during the dosing and withdrawal period, and fluoroquinolone concentrations were determined. The results indicate higher overall enrofloxacin concentrations in breast versus thigh muscle for each treatment group (P < 0.05). These data indicate, at least for enrofloxacin, that not all muscle tissues incorporate antibiotics at the same concentrations. These results may be helpful to regulatory agencies as they determine what tissues are to be monitored to ensure that the established residue safety tolerance levels are not exceeded.     

Essential elements and contaminants in edible tissues of European and American lobsters

In several European countries clawed lobsters, such as the European (Homarus gammarus) and American (H. americanus) ones are widely consumed. Yet, information about essential elements and contaminants in both species is still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterise the elemental content in the edible part (muscle, hepatopancreas, gonads and roe) of both homarids and to compare them with the daily intake recommendations and maximum allowed levels. Two techniques were employed: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to quantify Cl, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Sr; and flame atomic-absorption spectrometry (FAAS) to analyse Na, Mg, Mn, Cd, Hg and Pb. Significant differences were found in the elemental composition of edible tissues of both species, likely reflecting the distinct physiological role of those tissues: muscle (higher: Na, Mg, Ca and Sr; lower: Fe, Se, Cd); hepatopancreas (higher: Fe, Cu, Br and Cd); gonads (lower: Cl, Ca, Zn and Hg); and roe (higher: Na and Br; lower: K and As). Statistical differences in the elemental composition of each tissue were found between both homarids: Muscle (Na, Se, As and Hg); Hepatopancreas (Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Se, Br and Hg); and gonads (S and Zn). Since the geographical distribution of both species is different, the differences likely reflect distinct elemental composition in the aquatic environment and, consequently in the feed chain. Both lobster species were rich sources of Na, Cl, Cu, Zn and Se for human consumption. Regarding contaminants, only Cd was detected at high concentrations in the hepatopancreas of both homarids. Despite Cd values were well above the maximum allowed level set by the European Commission for crustaceans’ muscle, so far any limit value was set for crustaceans’ hepatopancreas. Nonetheless, the present study recommends avoiding or moderately consuming this tissue in homarids.     

钛胶正相高效液相色谱法同时分析三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸

建立了同时分析液态奶、自来水和游泳池水中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸的钛胶正相高效液相色谱法。色谱条件:分离柱为Titania Sachtopore-NP柱（250mm×4.6mm×5μm）,流动相为水∶甲醇=50∶50（V/V）、流动相中含醋酸盐1.0mmol/L、pH7.0、流速0.8mL/min、柱温60℃、UV检测波长210nm。三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸分别在0.1～10μg/mL和2～100μg/mL范围内与对应的峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为0.02μg/mL和0.1μg/mL,本方法三聚氰胺的回收率为94.8%～111.7%,三聚氰酸回收率为103.9%～114.3%,三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.62%和0.78%（n=8）。      

Chitosan-based edible coatings for quality preservation of postharvest whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Postharvest shrimp is highly susceptible to both microbiological spoilage and endogenous enzymatic browning, so it should be preserved properly using effective and appropriate methods. The effects of 1.0% and 1.5% O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and 1.0% and 1.5% chitosan (CH) coatings on the quality changes of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage (0 ± 1 °C) of 10 d were investigated. The pretreatment with CMC and CH solution (1.0% or 1.5%) retarded growth of psychrophilic bacteria throughout storage in comparison with the control (P < 0.05). The lower increases in pH and total volatile base (TVB) content were obtained in the shrimp treated with CMC and CH solution at both levels, compared with the control samples (P < 0.05). Loss in freshness and melanosis decreased after the shrimp was treated with CMC and CH. In addition, CMC and CH (1.0% or 1.5%) showed inhibitory activity toward total viable bacteria counts of white shrimp in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, chitosan and O-carboxymethyl chitosan can be used as promising melanosis inhibitors as well as antimicrobial agents during refrigerated storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The main practical application behind the development of chitosan (CH) and O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) used to preserve postharvest whiteleg shrimp lies with the fact that these polysaccharides represent a renewable source of natural biodegradable polymers and meet with the emergence of more and more food safety problems. Both CMC and CH can be used as food preservatives to extend shrimp shelf life. However, CMC is more convenient due to its solubility. In the future, CMC will be used in the food processing industry because of its soluble, compatible, antimicrobial, and antioxidative characteristics.     

Development and validation of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in the edible tissues of animals

The feed drug additive carbadox is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. To monitor effectively residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) to detect quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, the marker residue of carbadox, was developed. Several haptens were synthesised and conjugated to the carrier protein. Nine female New Zealand white rabbits were immunised with the immunising conjugates to produce polyclonal antibodies according to the designed schemes of immunisation. The highly specific antibody that was very sensitive to N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide with an IC₅₀ value of 7.75?µg?l^?1 was selected for the development of an ic-ELISA. The standard curves based on the N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide matrix calibration ranged from 0.2 to 51.2?µg?l^?1. The decision limit and detection capability of the ic-ELISA were 0.60 and 0.83?µg?kg^?1 for liver and 0.68 and 0.79?µg?kg^?1 for muscle of swine, respectively. The recoveries were 57–108% with coefficients of variation of less than 20% when the quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid was spiked into liver and muscle with the concentrations of 1.0–20.0?µg?kg^?1. Excellent correlations between the results of the ic-ELISA and an HPLC method (r?=?0.9956???0.9969) were observed for incurred tissues. These results suggest that the ic-ELISA is a sensitive, accurate and low-cost method that would be a useful tool for screening residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals.     

Development and validation of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in the edible tissues of animals

The feed drug additive carbadox is a suspected carcinogen and mutagen. To monitor effectively residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) to detect quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, the marker residue of carbadox, was developed. Several haptens were synthesised and conjugated to the carrier protein. Nine female New Zealand white rabbits were immunised with the immunising conjugates to produce polyclonal antibodies according to the designed schemes of immunisation. The highly specific antibody that was very sensitive to N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide with an IC(50) value of 7.75 μg l(-1) was selected for the development of an ic-ELISA. The standard curves based on the N-butylquinoxaline-2-carboxamide matrix calibration ranged from 0.2 to 51.2 μg l(-1). The decision limit and detection capability of the ic-ELISA were 0.60 and 0.83 μg kg(-1) for liver and 0.68 and 0.79 μg kg(-1) for muscle of swine, respectively. The recoveries were 57-108% with coefficients of variation of less than 20% when the quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid was spiked into liver and muscle with the concentrations of 1.0-20.0 μg kg(-1). Excellent correlations between the results of the ic-ELISA and an HPLC method (r = 0.9956 - 0.9969) were observed for incurred tissues. These results suggest that the ic-ELISA is a sensitive, accurate and low-cost method that would be a useful tool for screening residues of carbadox in the edible tissues of food-producing animals.