除草剂苯磺隆的合成工艺

由邻甲氧羰基苯磺酰胺和氯甲酸甲酯为起始原料，经过酯化、胺解二步反应合成了苯磺隆，确定了各步反应的较佳工艺条件。总收率为81．3％，原药纯度达96％。该工艺具有原料易得，反应步骤少等特点。     

除草剂甲基二磺隆的合成

该文以对甲苯腈为原料,经氯磺化-氨解、氧化、还原、甲磺酰化、醇解反应制得关键中间体2-甲氧羰基-5-甲磺酰氨基甲基苯磺酰胺(Ⅵ),Ⅵ再与4,6-二甲氧基-2-(苯氧基羰基)氨基嘧啶反应得到目标产物甲基二磺隆(Ⅶ),6步反应总收率33.3%,产物及中间体经IR、1HNMR、MS确证结构。与文献合成工艺比较,该法具有原料易得,操作简便,收率高等优点。     

甲磺胺磺隆合成方法述评

总结了文献报道的甲磺胺磺隆及其中间体的合成工艺路线和具体的合成方法。甲磺胺磺隆是由4-氰基甲苯或关键中间体N-叔丁基-2-甲氧羰基-5-甲基苯磺酰胺为原料经多步反应得到产品,主要有2条工艺路线。     

二(三氯甲基)碳酸酯"一锅法"合成磺酰脲类除草剂

报道了以双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯(俗称三光气、固体光气,简称BTC)为起始原料合成磺酰脲类的方法.通过这些化合物与不同的胺反应,合成了9种新的磺酰脲化合物,并给出了这些化合物的红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、元素分析等实验数据.原料2-甲氧羰基苯磺酰胺先与BTC反应生成邻甲氧羰基苯磺酰基异氰酸酯,再与2-(N-丁基)氨基-4-二甲胺基-6-甲氧基-1,3,5-均三嗪反应生成磺酰脲类化合物.避免了传统路线的种种缺点,具有收率高、含量高、成本低的特点.以2-甲氧羰基苯磺酰胺计,总收率为91.7%,原药纯度达96.4%.     

除草剂噻磺隆的合成

报道了以氯甲酸甲酯和2-甲氧羰基-3-氨基磺酰基噻吩为起始原料合成除草剂噻磺隆的方法。原料2-甲氧羰基-3-氨基磺酰基噻吩与氯甲酸甲酯生成2-甲氧羰基-3-甲氧羰基氨基磺酰基噻吩,再与2-氨基-4-甲氧基-6-甲基均三嗪反应生成噻磺隆。避免了异氰酸酯路线的种种缺点,具有收率高、含量高、成本低的特点。以2-甲氧羰基-3-氨基磺酰基噻吩计,总收率为77.73%,原药纯度达93.6%。     

邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺合成工艺的优化

对邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰氯进行纯化,以邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰氯为原料合成邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺,并与以糖精为原料合成邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺的方法对比,找出了合成邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺的最佳合成工艺路线,为进一步合成磺酰脲类除草剂提供了一个经济、合理的中间体合成路线.     

三光气法合成苯磺隆的工艺研究

对三光气法合成苯磺隆工艺进行了改进。通过对催化剂、三光气(BTC)用量及加料方式、温度4个因素的考察,结果表明:BTC用量远高于理论量值主要是由于BTC在高温下快速分解。由此,将原利用单级反应瓶的合成工艺改为两级串联合成工艺,把第一级反应瓶逸出的光气通入第二级反应瓶进行反应,使过量的光气得到了有效的利用。在n(邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺)∶n(催化剂)=1∶1,2个反应瓶内邻甲酸甲酯苯磺酰胺等量,第一级反应瓶温度由110℃升至120℃,第二级反应瓶温度控制在130±5℃的工艺条件下,BTC耗量由原来理论量的253%降低至148%,收率由84.8%提高至91.0%。     

非异氰酸酯法合成豆田除草剂氯嘧磺隆

报道了以氯甲酸甲酯为起始原料合成豆田除草剂氯嘧磺隆的方法。原料邻乙氧羰基苯磺酰胺先与氯甲酸甲酯生成邻乙氧羰基苯磺酰胺基甲酸甲酯 ,再与 2 -氨基 - 4-氯 - 6 -甲氧基嘧啶反应生成氯嘧磺隆。避免了异氰酸酯路线的种种缺点 ,具有收率高、含量高、成本低的特点。以邻乙氧羰基苯磺酰胺计 ,总收率为 76 .7%,原药纯度达 92 .1 2 %。     

嘧磺隆的合成

介绍新型除草剂嘧磺隆(DPX—T5648)的合成新工艺。该工艺路线避免传统上需用剧毒的光气或价高的草酰氯,而采用先由糖精制备邻甲氧羰基苯磺酰胺(Ⅰ);再由中间体(Ⅰ)与氯甲酸甲酯等制取 N-(2-甲氧羰基苯磺酰基)氨基甲酸甲酯(Ⅱ);最     

新型除草剂苯嘧磺草胺的合成研究

以2-氯-4-氟苯甲酸为起始原料,经硫酸和硝酸硝化,氯化亚砜酰化后与N-甲基-N-异丙基磺酰胺反应得到化合物N-(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯甲酰)-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺;制得N-(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯甲酰)-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺经钯碳加氢硝基还原,然后与氯甲酸乙酯反应得到化合物N-[2-氯-4-氟-5-{(乙氧基羰基)氨基}苯甲酰]-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺;N-[2-氯-4-氟-5-{(乙氧基羰基)氨基}苯甲酰]-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺与3-甲基氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯进行环化,得到目的产物苯嘧磺草胺。总收率68.0%(以2-氯-4-氟苯甲酸计)。经核磁谱图分析,所得化合物与目的产物苯嘧磺草胺结构一致。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.