激光闪射法对石墨烯薄膜导热性能的研究

石墨烯是目前发现的导热系数最高的材料,其理论导热系数值可达5 300 W/(m·K),成为新一代最具潜力的高导热材料。文中采用激光闪射法研究了石墨烯薄膜横向和法向的热扩散系数,并根据测试的密度和比热计算得出导热系数。研究表明:横向热扩散系数随着薄膜厚度的增加而不断减小,当MCT检测器在电压为260 V,脉冲宽度为100μs,信号高度为1 V,Inplane+各向同性计算模型下,高温烧制薄膜横向热扩散系数高达740.16 mm~2/s,是法向的238倍,导热系数为1 252.28 W·(m·K)~(-1);压片法制得的石墨烯薄膜的横向热扩散系数为7.58 mm2/s,是法向的19倍,导热系数为9.43 W·(m·K)~(-1)。     

石墨烯粉末导热性能的研究

采用瞬态电热技术测量了5~6层纯石墨烯粉末中石墨烯的热扩散率,其值为1.15×10-5 m2/s,相应的导热系数为18.000 W/(m·K)。借助导热仪研究了不同密度下石墨烯粉末导热系数的变化情况,发现其导热系数与密度成正比。密度由0.02增加到0.22g/cm3时,导热系数总体提升了8.09%。另通过实验得到了含水率对石墨烯粉末导热性能的影响。实验结果显示,石墨烯粉末含水率由0.0%增加到99.8%的过程中,导热系数先是上升随后下降最终直线降至最低点(约为0.765~1.030 W/(m·K))。其中当含水率达到96.7%时,混合物(石墨烯与水)的导热系数提高了62.80%。该研究为石墨烯热应用及热管理提供了理论支撑。     

换热孔回填材料含水率特征变化规律及其对热物性影响研究

通过设计“量筒法”代替环刀法和选用热重法,分别测量地下水渗入换热孔内回填材料的饱和含水率和残余含水率,用滤纸法测量基质吸力与含水率数据,然后基于含水率计算出不同深度下回填材料热特性参数。结果表明,高吸力值时材料的含水率更低,假设饱水带最高点为地下水位线0点,在距地下水位线100 m处仅有3.6%含水率;对比软件模拟数据与实测点,发现所选用的设计方法与拟合结果相近;与干实回填材料相比,受地下水渗入的换热孔下段靠近水位线处蓄热能力更强,温度变化相对延迟,但导热能力和热扩散能力都有所减弱,中上段蓄热和导热能力减弱,但热扩散能力增强。     

纳米铜/微胶囊复合体系相变过程及传热特性

针对相变材料的微胶囊化过低的导热性能限制了其大规模应用,通过将具有优良导热性能的纳米铜粉末(CNPs)填充在微米级相变微胶囊颗粒间,构建CNPs质量分数1.0%～8.0%的复合相变体系,研究复合体系相变过程和相变传热特性。研究结果表明,相比于微胶囊相变材料,复合相变体系有效导热系数随CNPs含量增加而提高,有效热扩散系数、相变速率与相变焓值随CNPs含量增加而先减小后增大,且有效热扩散系数与相变速率变化趋势基本保持一致,均在CNPs质量含量1.0%时出现增长的转变,且在CNPs质量含量低于3.0%时两者的数值均低于微胶囊相变材料,而复合体系相变温度则不受CNPs影响。     

TPS法测定泡沫铜/石蜡复合相变材料热物性

运用瞬态平面热源法(Transient Plane Source-TPS)对4种孔隙率的泡沫铜/石蜡复合材料热物性进行了测量。以10μm厚的镍金属按双螺旋线布置作为测量探头。泡沫铜材料孔隙率分别为ε=97.79%、ε=96.17%、ε=94.94%和ε=93.26%,经线切割加工后向内灌入液态石蜡,凝固后作为测试样品。在室温(25±1℃)和常压下对复合材料的等效导热系数、热容及热扩散率进行了测量。测试结果表明:复合材料导热系数和热扩散率因泡沫铜的加入而大幅提高,在孔隙率ε=93.26%时,等效导热系数已达到单纯石蜡的25倍,而复合材料等效热容则由于铜金属加入的绝对量较少相对原石蜡热容变化较小。以比例加成的方法对泡沫铜/石蜡复合材料的等效热容进行了计算,并利用实验数据拟合了其等效导热系数的计算公式,运用这些公式对复合材料物性的计算结果与实验结果非常吻合。     

污泥干化过程中导热系数的试验研究

在对上海竹园生活污泥和绍兴印染污泥进行试验测试的基础上,得到污泥的表观导热系数与污泥含水率、温度、密度间的关系。结果表明,所研究的两种污泥在含水率低于50%时,导热系数值很低,随含水率变化缓慢,而当含水率高于50%时,污泥导热系数会随含水率的增加而迅速增大;低含水率(5.03%和12.06%)的污泥随温度的升高导热系数呈缓慢上升趋势;而含水率较高(36.70%和51.70%)的污泥,导热系数随温度的增加呈迅速增大趋势,密度小于0.4 kg/m3时导热系数随密度变化不明显,密度大于0.4 kg/m3后,导热系数随密度增加而迅速增大。     

水平布置方式下抛物槽式集热器辐照量分析

采用适用于中等纬度的Hottel晴天太阳辐射模型,对地处北纬41.34°,水平布置方式下的抛物槽式集热器夏季和冬季的辐照量进行了计算。计算结果表明:水平南北布置的抛物槽式集热器在夏季接收的太阳辐射较多,月辐照量可达1 GJ/m2,而冬季接收的太阳辐射较少,月辐照量为0.3~0.45 GJ/m2,且冬至日辐照量仅为夏至日辐照量的1/4左右;水平东西布置的抛物槽式集热器夏季月辐照量在0.75 GJ/m2左右,而冬季月辐照量为0.5 GJ/m2左右,冬至日辐照量可达夏至日辐照量的1/2以上。由此可见,在北纬41.34°地区应用抛物槽式集热器时,如考虑在夏季使用,应采用水平南北布置方式;若考虑在冬季使用,则应采用水平东西布置方式。     

基于同步辐射显微CT技术的船用柴油机活塞顶积炭的密度测量

积炭密度是柴油机燃烧室积炭的蓄热系数以及热扩散系数计算中的关键物理参数。基于同步辐射X射线相衬显微CT技术,对大型船用柴油机燃烧室内的积炭结构进行了三维无损重构。同时结合积炭的质量测量和定量的数字图像处理技术,得到了燃烧室内活塞顶积炭的密度,活塞顶积炭的平均密度在2 150 kg/m~3左右。活塞顶积炭的成分中金属化合物是主要贡献物,与气缸油的添加剂密切相关。     

光学热带法测量固态材料热物性研究

针对接触式瞬态热带法测量导热系数时,加热丝和样品间接触热阻,会影响实验测量结果以及对固体样品形状大小要求较高的现状,根据瞬态热带法原理,本文提出了一种光学瞬态热带法来测量固体材料的导热系数。采用连续激光为加热源,通过透镜将光斑放大并聚焦照射在样品表面,实现样品非接触式测量。构建二维导热模型,采用红外热像仪记录样品表面温升随时间的变化关系,根据导热理论模型求出待测样品的热扩散系数及导热系数。以K9和石英玻璃为样品对本套测量方法进行验证,制备并测量了纯石蜡、0.5%和1%石墨烯-石蜡的固态复合相变材料的导热系数,探讨了影响实验结果的潜在因素。     

一种现场测定土壤源热泵岩土热物性的新方法

利用现有土壤源热泵实验台测定了岩土热物性参数,采用传热学反问题的方法对实验数据进行分析。测试过程中从岩土取热,U型地埋管换热器形成一个线热汇,使其在测试过程中与热泵实际运行时的工作状态相接近,测试更准确,节省测量过程的耗电量。以每个采样时刻作为计算节点,取平均值作为计算结果。测定结果显示岩土导热系数为3.2W/(m·K),回填材料导热系数为2.0W/(m·K),岩土热扩散率为0.85×10~(-6)m~2/s。可靠性分析表明:其标准误差分别为0.08W/(m·K),0.04W/(m·K)和0.039×10~(-6) m~2/s。     

Study on Dynamical Behavior of Turbulent Premixed V-flames

Differential interference contrast method was applied to investigate the flickering characteristics of V-flame in terms of both temporal and spatial scales. The flow characteristics of incident premixed combustibles were measured by means of laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). The characteristics of wake flow behind the stabilizing rod were obtained with numerical simulation. While the integral temporal scale of incident turbulence is about 1ms, the integral spatial scale about 2 mm, the characteristic flickering time scale is about 83 ms and spatial scale about 10 mm. The flame flickering frequency is more than 12 Hz, does not comply with the wake vortex shedding frequency, which is about 110 Hz. It is well-known that the flickering of V-flame is affected by both the incident turbulence and the wake flow after the stabilizing rod, but the result of the paper shows that the relationship between flickering characteristics and flow characteristics is much more complicated by the chemical reaction.     

不同气氛和尺寸下可燃物热解与着火特性的试验研究

对生产和生活中常用的白松、椴木、桦木三种建筑装潢材料，在自行研制的火灾可燃物热解与着火特性试验台上进行了着火特性试验。在40kW／m^2外加辐射热流、5％、15％和18％氧浓度及空气气氛条件下，得到了三种材料的表面温度随时间变化的规律，同时测量了三种材料在缺氧环境下的质量损失速率随时间的变化，给出了气氛对材料热解与着火的影响。对桦木和白松进行了不同尺寸的着火性能试验，给出了其表面温度及质量损失随时间变化的曲线，得出了材料尺寸对着火性能的影响规律。图10表3参15     

NOx和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性

在自行研制的气化-焚烧装置上进行一系列的相关实验．通过系统的实验来研究不同工况下污泥气化焚烧后烟气中SO2和NOx的排放特性，并在实验基础上结合相关理论知识对其进行分析，为工业化应用提供参考．实验表明，焚烧后的NOx和SO2的排放浓度较低．标准状况下，NOx的最高排放浓度为243．75mg／m^3，SO2的最高排放浓度为167．191mg／m^3，均远低于国家规定的排放标准，表明气化．焚烧两段处理是一种洁净的污泥处理技术，具有一定的实用价值．     

Heat flux solarimeter

The solarimeter presented in this work is easy to assemble. It is calibrated and its performance is validated by means of Hottel’s method (Hottel, 1976). Finally, the curves obtained with this solarimeter are compared to the ones obtained with a commercial solarimeter. This device is based on the evaluation of the heat flow in a metal rod. In consequence, measurements are not affected by ambient temperature variations. On the other hand, there is a linear relationship between the temperatures measured at the rod ends and the incident radiation, as can be concluded both from the theory of its operation and the calibration lines obtained. The results obtained from the global irradiance measurements in the area of Los Polvorines (Buenos Aires Province), together with a preliminary evaluation of the solarimeter’s response time, are presented in this work.     

Evaluation of solar radiation at just in Northern Jordan

Monthly averaged total daily global and direct incident solar radiation are presented. Maximum, averaged, and the minimum values of both global and direct incident radiation are given over the measuring period 1990–1996. The global and direct incident radiation at noon hour are also presented. A mathematical model for maximum total daily GR is given as a function of the number of the month of the year. Two other mathematical regressions were also obtained for the monthly averaged total daily global radiation and for monthly averaged total daily direct incident solar radiation.     

混合内、外区空气的空调方案及其节能分析

提出了二管及四管风机盘管系统混合内、外空气的方案。以北京地区供暖期平均室外气温计算典型办公楼的节能效果。实践证明:当应用于设计热负荷高于25W/m2时节能效果明显,低于17W/m2时收效微。     

LOWER LIMIT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: DIFFUSION VERSUS LOCALIZATION

This work presents the absorptance of high-temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) films, deposited on Si substrates, in the far infrared from 15 to 95 cm - 1 (wavelength from 667 to 105 mu m) at temperatures of 100, 200, and 300 K (i.e., in the normal state). Our experiments show a significant difference in the absorptance for radiation incident on the film side as compared to radiation incident on the substrate side. Interference fringes associated with the Si substrate are observed from the measurement and used to analyze the interaction of radiation with the film - substrate composite at the interface. The film thickness is found to have a strong effect on the absorptance of the film - substrate composite, especially for radiation incident on the substrate side.     

Statistical comparison of solar radiation correlations Monthly average global and diffuse radiation on horizontal surfaces

For most solar energy applications, it is necessary to predict the amount of global and diffuse radiation arriving on a horizontal surface at any specified location. Scientists have developed methods to achieve this using different input parameters. The purpose of this study is to compare statistically correlations for estimating the monthly average daily global/diffuse radiation incident on a horizontal surface and to recommend one in each catagory that best fits measured data from a number of locations chosen and is the simplest to use. The effects of using the new solar constant of 1367 W⁻² in these correlations are also investigated. As a result, Rietveld's and Page's correlations are recommended for estimating monthly average daily global and diffuse radiation incident on a horizontal surface, respectively. In addition, these correlations seem to be just as accurate with the new solar constant.     

D'Alembert's Solution in Thermoelasticity – Impact of a Rod Against a Heated Barrier: Part II. A Case of Coupled Strain and Temperature Fields

The problem of impact of a thermoelastic rod against a heated rigid barrier is considered, in so doing lateral surfaces and free end of the rod are heat insulated, and free heat exchange between the rod and the rigid obstacle or ideal thermal contact occurs within contacting end. The rod's thermoelastic behavior is described by the Green–Naghdi theory of thermoelasticity. D'Alembert's method, which is based on the analytical solution of equations of the hyperbolic type describing the dynamic behavior of the thermoelastic rod, is used as the method of solution. This solution involves four arbitrary functions which are determined from the initial and boundary conditions and are piecewise constant functions. The procedure developed enables one to analyze the influence of thermoelastic parameters on the values to be found and to investigate numerically the longitudinal coordinate dependence of the desired functions at each fixed instant of the time beginning from the moment of the rod's collision with the barrier up to the moment of its rebound both without account for the stress and temperature fields coupling (in the companion paper, Part I) and in the case of coupling thermoelasticity (in this paper). As a numerical example, the impact of a thermoelastic rod against a heated barrier is considered with a small parameter of coupling between the strain and temperature fields. It has been shown that the presence of small coupling results in the generation of a new shock wave of small amplitude, namely: the reflected thermal wave from the incident elastic wave at the free rod's end. The rod's rebound may occur either at the moment of simultaneous arrival at the contact place of two reflected waves: elastic wave from the incident thermal wave and thermal wave from the incident elastic wave—or at the time when the reflected elastic wave from the incident elastic wave reaches the contact point.     

The temperature behavior of smart windows under direct solar radiation

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the variation in temperature of electrochromic devices under direct solar radiation and to compare the results with double-glazed glass. The devices consisted of a V₂O₅ layer as an ion storage film and a WO₃ layer as an electrochromic layer. The V₂O₅ and WO₃ films were prepared by thermal and electron beam evaporation, respectively. The optical properties and structures of these films were investigated. Both the ion storage film and the electrochromic layer were amorphous. The optical absorption was caused by a direct-forbidden transition in V₂O₅ and by an indirect-allowed transition in WO₃. The maximum temperatures under solar radiation were measured for colored and bleached devices, double glass and air, they were found to be approximately 63, 63, 53 and 36 °C, respectively. The rates of increasing temperature to the incident power density for colored, bleached devices and double glass were 0.051, 0.049 and 0.041 °C/(W/m²), respectively.