Cu2O薄膜的制备与表征

以透明导电玻璃ITO和铜片为工作电极,用0.1mol/L乙酸铜和0.02mol/L乙酸钠的混合溶液作为电解液,通过两电极电化学沉积方法制备了Cu2O薄膜。讨论了pH值和沉积电位对Cu2O薄膜的影响,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对薄膜进行表征。结果表明,两电极电化学沉积法制备Cu2O薄膜最佳的pH值为5.7～5.9,沉积电位为1.1～1.3V。此外,分析了沉积电位对Cu2O薄膜形貌的影响。     

BMIC-ZnCl2离子液体中电沉积铜-锌合金

在含有CuCl的BMIC-ZnCl2(物质的量比为1∶2)离子液体中,采用恒电位法于低碳钢基体上进行了Cu-Zn合金电沉积实验.研究了CuCl的浓度、沉积电位、温度对Cu-Zn合金成分、形貌及电流效率的影响,并采用带X射线能量散射谱(EDS)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射仪对所得Cu-Zn合金沉积层的成分、表面形貌及物相进行分析.结果发现当电解液中CuCl的浓度为0.2mol/L时,阴极沉积电位在-0.1V附近,温度为70℃时,可得到质量较好的Cu-Zn合金仿金镀层.     

导电聚苯胺薄膜上Bi2Te3合金层的电沉积及其热电性能

在导电聚苯胺薄膜上电沉积n型Bi-Te合金薄膜,采用循环伏安、XRD、EDS和SEM等手段分别对电化学沉积过程和产物的结构、形貌及组成等进行了表征,研究了聚苯胺绝缘化处理前后Bi_2Te_3沉积层热电性能的变化,以及沉积电位对其结构和性能的影响.结果表明:在180℃保温3 h可大大降低聚苯胺薄膜的导电性;阴极电位在-125 mV与-340 mV之间变化时,Bi-Te合金中的Te含量呈近似抛物线变化,且在-125 mV达到最大值67.76%;Te含量不同也相应地改变了沉积层的组织结构和热电性能;基体的导电性影响聚苯胺薄膜的热电参数测试值,通过热处理消除基体的影响后,热电薄膜的塞贝克系数和导电率的测量值分别提高了47.6μV/K和6.86×10~4s/m,功率因子从热处理前的1.6×10~(-4)W/K~2m提高到处理后的14.3×10~(-4)W/K~2m.     

聚苯胺/银复合薄膜的制备及其耐蚀性能

为了研究聚苯胺(PANI)/银复合薄膜对不锈钢的防腐蚀性能,采用循环伏安法在不锈钢表面沉积一层Ag后,再通过对苯胺的电化学聚合制备了PANI膜。利用阳极极化法和交流阻抗法研究了PANI/Ag复合膜的耐蚀性及其影响因素。结果表明:在0.1 mol/L NaC l溶液中,不锈钢覆盖复合膜后的自腐蚀电位比无膜时有所提高,其耐蚀性能得到增强;电化学聚合溶液浓度、扫描速率及扫描上限等因素对复合膜耐蚀性的影响情况为:电解液中苯胺和硫酸浓度过高或过低都会影响膜的致密度,从而影响复合膜的耐蚀性;电化学参数的变化会影响复合膜的聚合速率,使复合膜的抗腐蚀能力不同;当苯胺单体浓度为0.2 mol/L、硫酸浓度为1 mol/L、扫描电位上限为1 V、扫描次数为50次、扫描速率为50 mV/s时,采用循环伏安法聚合苯胺,可形成沉积致密度高、耐蚀性好的复合膜。     

氯化胆碱-尿素中三元合金膜的制备及耐腐蚀性表征

探究ChCl-urea低共熔溶剂对电沉积合金膜含量的影响,并提升二元镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。在353 K的ChCl-urea低共熔溶剂中,利用恒电位电解法制备了Eu-Mg-Co合金膜对Mg合金组成及耐腐蚀性进行优化。利用循环伏安法研究ChCl-urea以及加入金属元素后熔体的电化学行为。在Pt电极上的循环伏安曲线表明,Co(Ⅱ)+2e→Co(0)是一步不可逆反应,并计算得出Co(Ⅱ)在Pt电极上的传递系数α以及扩散系数D_0~([1])。稀土元素Eu和金属Mg沉积电位较负,难以单独沉积得到单一元素的合金膜,但能在Co(Ⅱ)的作用下诱导共沉积得到多元合金膜。在不同电位和不同组成的镀液中采用恒电位计时电流法进行电沉积,用EDS分析和SEM对合金膜进行分析和表征。对合金膜进行Tafel测试,利用外推法得出合金膜在NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电流与电位。Co(Ⅱ)在Pt电极上的传递系数α=0.093,扩散系数D_0=1.177×10~(-5) cm~2/s。EDS结果表明在沉积电位-1.18 V,镀液配比为0.04 mol/L CoCl_2+0.04 mol/L MgCl_2+0.03 mol/L Eu(NO_3)_3时合金膜中Eu含量最高,Eu-Mg-Co有良好的耐腐蚀性。结论:得到镀层晶粒细致均匀的Eu-Mg-Co合金膜,加入稀土Eu元素的三元合金膜耐腐蚀性能优于Co-Mg二元合金膜。     

铝酸盐及添加剂对铝阳极电化学性能的影响

为了扩大铝阳极的应用范围,采用添加剂来降低其腐蚀速度,同时活化铝阳极.用塔菲尔曲线、线性扫描伏安法、恒电流放电等方法,研究了在4 mol/L KOH溶液中,NaAlO2及添加剂NaF对铝(99.999%)阳极电化学性能的影响.结果表明:NaAlO2对铝阳极有害,NaAlO2的浓度不要超过3 mol/L;但添加50 mmol/L NaF在3.5 mol/L NaAlO2 4 mol/L KOH中,则铝的腐蚀电流密度由23.7 mA/cm2降低到20.8 mA/cm2,电极电位由-0.75 V负移到-1.50 V,开路电位由-1.64 V负移到-1.68 V,电位滞后时间缩短,基本上恢复到铝在4 mol/L KOH溶液中的电化学性能.     

PI衬底上电沉积Cu薄膜的晶面择优取向

采用硫酸盐电沉积法,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段研究了不同电沉积条件下在PI膜表面制备的Cu薄膜的品而择优取向、平均晶粒尺寸及表面形貌.结果表明,沉积层的晶面择优取向受Cu薄膜厚度和电流密度影响,电流密度较小(0.2 A/dm2)和较大(3.5～5.5 A/dm2)时,电沉积Cu膜分别容易得到(111)和(220)晶面择优取向,较大电流密度有利于晶核的形成,薄膜表面平均颗粒尺寸较小.     

氮含量对(BCSiAlCr)Nx薄膜结构和耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射技术在Si(100)晶片和304不锈钢上沉积了(BCSiAlCr)N_x薄膜。采用XRD、XPS、TEM和SEM分别分析了薄膜的成分、晶体结构和形貌。利用电化学工作站测试了薄膜的耐腐蚀性能，包括动电位极化试验、恒电位极化试验以及阻抗试验。结果表明，在3.5%NaCl溶液中HE3薄膜样品具有最低的腐蚀电流密度(Icorr)0.031 1μA/cm2和最高的腐蚀电位-37.557 mV；在0.5 mol/L硫酸溶液耐腐蚀试验中，HE3薄膜样品同样具有最低的腐蚀电流密度和最高的腐蚀电位，表现出最优异的耐腐蚀性能。随着薄膜中氮含量的增多，薄膜非晶程度增加，致密性提高，表面缺陷及孔洞消失，耐腐蚀性能改善。研究结果证明，(BCSiAlCr)N_x薄膜在腐蚀防护方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

电沉积-热解法制备Cr2O3薄膜及其抗高温氧化性能

Cr2O3薄膜具有保护性,采用电沉积-热解法制备还未见报道.采用电沉积-热解法在304不锈钢表面制备Cr2O3薄膜,并将其于900℃高温氧化100 h,研究了电沉积溶液[Cr(NO3)3酒精]浓度、沉积电压对Cr2O3薄膜抗高温氧化性能的影响,分析高温氧化样的组织结构.结果表明:电沉积-热解法制备的Cr2O3薄膜显著提高了304不锈钢的抗高温氧化性能;沉积电压为25 V,电沉积溶液浓度为0.10 mol/L条件下制备的Cr2O3薄膜抗高温氧化性能最佳.     

不锈钢表面防护TiC/a-C∶H纳米复合薄膜的耐腐蚀性能

采用直流反应磁控溅射技术在304不锈钢表面沉积TiC/a-C∶H纳米复合薄膜,并研究了TiC/a-C∶H纳米复合薄膜对不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察,结果表明薄膜表面光滑且薄膜结构均匀致密。Raman光谱和XRD测试结果表明,薄膜具有纳米晶TiC镶嵌非晶碳基质的典型纳米复合微结构。通过测量薄膜的静态接触角分析薄膜的润湿性,不锈钢表面沉积TiC/a-C∶H纳米复合薄膜后疏水性能明显提高,水接触角高达98°。电化学腐蚀测试结果表明,不锈钢表面沉积TiC/a-C∶H纳米复合薄膜体系在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中自腐蚀电位约为-0.09V,腐蚀电流密度为2.43×10-8 A·cm-2,与无薄膜防护的裸露不锈钢相比,其耐腐蚀性能得到明显改善。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...