紫外分步辐照接枝制备亲水性荷负电纳滤膜

通过在聚醚砜(PES-C)微孔膜表面紫外分步辐照接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)和苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)制备了一种新型的亲水性荷负电纳滤膜。通过测定膜的纯水通量和对不同盐溶液的表观截留率的变化,系统研究了制备条件对膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,采用该方法制成的纳滤膜对高价阴离子盐溶液Na2SO4的表观截留率和渗透通量都较高,如HEMA先辐照接枝120s、SSS再继续接枝15min制得的膜对Na2SO4截留率大于95%,而渗透通量则高达19.02L/(m2.h)。     

两性荷电纳滤膜的研究

通过紫外辐照接枝法在酚酞基聚芳醚酮(PEK-C)超滤膜表面依次接枝苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)制成了一种亲水性、表面载有两种不同电荷的纳滤膜.通过测定膜对不同盐溶液表观截留率的变化,系统研究了单体浓度、接枝时间对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,采用该方法制成的亲水性两性纳滤膜对高价正负离子...     

改性水滑石复合纳滤膜的制备及染料/盐分离性能研究

通过低饱和共沉淀法制备水滑石(LDH),采用反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP)法在水滑石片层表面接枝聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS),制备改性水滑石LDH-PSS,最后采用层层自组装法制备LDH/LDH-PSS复合纳滤膜,并研究复合纳滤膜对染料与二价盐的分离效果以及不同添加量和LDH/LDH-PSS层数对其性能的影响.分析复合纳滤膜对一价盐、二价盐以及活性黑的截留性能和膜的纯水通量,研究复合纳滤膜的分离性能.结果表明,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着水滑石和改性水滑石层数的增加而降低,复合纳滤膜的纯水通量最高达到145 L/(m~2·h·MPa).复合纳滤膜对活性黑5的截留率可达96.7%,且对二价无机盐MgSO_4的截留率低至20%以下.     

荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)平板膜为基膜,对其进行亲水改性后,以支化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为主要单体,通过界面聚合制备了荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜。采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和固体表面Zata电位分析仪研究了复合纳滤膜的表面化学结构、微观形貌和荷电特性,结果表明,在亲水PTFE基膜表面形成了致密的多层结构,复合纳滤膜在pH为中性的条件下呈现荷正电。通过优化制备条件,复合纳滤膜对MgCl_2溶液的截留率达到95.7%,水通量为13.47 L/(m~2·h)(测试液浓度1000 mg/L,操作压力0.4 MPa)。此外,测试复合纳滤膜对不同盐溶液的截留率大小顺序为MgCl_2(95.7%)MgSO_4(90.7%)Na_2SO_4(77.5%)NaCl(58.1%),对聚乙二醇(PEG)的截留相对分子质量为402。研究表明制备的复合纳滤膜在硬水软化领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

耐氯聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

采用哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为单体以界面聚合制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜,用戊二醛(GA)对聚酰胺复合纳滤膜进行交联处理,再浸入间氨基乙酰苯胺中进行接枝反应得到具有耐氯性的改性复合纳滤膜.通过红外光谱和固体表面电位Zeta电位分析仪表征,证明间氨基乙酰苯胺接枝到活性层表面,降低了复合膜的荷负电性,扫描电子显微镜显示改性膜呈现无孔和更加粗糙的状态,接触角测量表明改性提高了复合膜表面的亲水性.耐氯测试表明,室温下,在pH=4,浓度1 g/L的NaClO溶液中浸泡10 h后,改性膜的截留率由94.04％下降至91.81％,PIP-TMC复合纳滤膜的截留率由94.60％下降至78.85％.     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯/聚砜中空纤维纳滤复合膜的研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)为表层材料,以对二氯苄为交联剂,聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,通过界面聚合反应(季铵化反应)制备了荷正电中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了基膜、PDMAEMA、交联剂、溶剂、催化剂等和制膜工艺对复合纳滤膜截留性能的影响,从中总结出以聚电解质为交联预聚体制备复合纳滤膜的基本规律.首先用本体聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA,采用中空纤维超滤技术精制PDMAEMA水溶液.PDMAEMA水溶液具有浓度、外加盐和pH的响应性.其凝胶层也表现出相同的特点.研究了以聚砜(PSF)平板膜为基膜时,PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的制备条件.研究结果如下:此界面聚合反应在有机相中进行;较优的制备条件为:PDMAEMA浓度为2wt%,对二氯苄浓度为1%～1.5%(wt),应加入少量的NaHCO3来维持溶液的微碱性,室温下反应即可进行,反应时间为5h.另外,用辐照交联的方法制备了PDMAEMA平板型复合纳滤膜,所制备的纳滤膜对2g/LMgSO4的截留率为50%左右.中空纤维外压复合纳滤膜的制备实验包括以下内容:进行了中空纤维外压纳滤膜的基膜选择,研究了基膜对聚合物溶液的吸附行为;确定PDMAEMA涂层液的最佳浓度为0.75wt%;在PDMAEMA水溶液中加入0.148mol/L NaHCO3能提高纳滤膜对二价盐的截留率,但对通量的提高不大;往PDMAEMA水溶液中加入5%(v/v)乙醇能得到高通量、高脱盐率的中空纤维纳滤膜,对MgSO4的截留率≥98%,水通量可达19.5L/(m2·h)(内压膜),水通量≥20L/(m2·h)(外压膜);加入催化剂碘化钾(KI)使反应时间缩短为3.5h.荷正电的PDMAEMA中空纤维纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率顺序为:MgSO4＞MgCl2＞NaCl＞KCl＞KI,对阳离子的截留顺序为:Mg2 ＞Na ＞K ,对阴离子的截留顺序为:Cl-＞Br-＞I-.对蔗糖的截留率＞60%,对D-甘露糖的截留率为37.4%(外压膜)和32.2%(内压膜),并能有效软化自来水.对分子量大于300的小分子荷正电染料的截留率＞50%.纳滤操作条件影响纳滤膜对无机盐的截留性能.无机盐的浓度上升,纳滤膜的截留率和通量都略有下降;纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和水通量随着操作压力的增大而增加.PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜表现出温度敏感性和pH敏感性.制备了PDMAEMA中空纤维内压纳滤膜,确定PDMAEMA溶液的浓度为0.75wt%,内压纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和通量的变化与压力的关系符合高斯曲线.实验测试了PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的耐溶剂性,所用溶剂为纯水,0.5mol/L HCl,0.5mol/L NaOH和30%H2O2(wt%).实验表明:PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的杀菌性、耐碱性和耐氧化性较好,但不适于在酸性介质中保存和使用.     

纳滤膜材质对高含盐体系中有机物截留性能的影响研究

为获得纳滤膜材质对高含盐体系中有机物截留性能的影响规律,采用截留分子量相近的有机纳滤膜和陶瓷纳滤膜对模拟高含盐体系中有机物的截留性能进行研究比较,考察运行时间、盐浓度、跨膜压差、有机物浓度等因素对截留效果的影响.结果表明,两种纳滤膜运行30 min后截留性能即可稳定;随着盐浓度的增加,膜的渗透通量和膜对有机物的截留率都下降,其中陶瓷纳滤膜对有机物的截留效果优于有机纳滤膜;有机物浓度和跨膜压差对两种膜的截留性能影响较小.因此,在高含盐体系中,截留分子量相近的陶瓷纳滤膜相比于有机纳滤膜,前者具有更大的通量和更高的有机物截留率.     

PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯(CPVC)超滤膜为基膜,将多巴胺(DA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)共沉积后,与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)进行界面聚合制备了聚酰胺/聚多巴胺/氯化聚氯乙烯(PA/PDA/CPVC)复合纳滤膜。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、接触角仪对PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜选择层的化学结构、微观结构、表面粗糙度及亲水性进行了表征,探讨了PEI质量浓度对复合纳滤膜结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着PEI质量浓度的增大,复合纳滤膜表面变得光滑、亲水性增强,通量先增大后减小;PEI质量浓度为5g/L时,复合纳滤膜的通量达到最大。PA/PDA/CPVC复合纳滤膜对染料活性黑5(RB5)的截留率皆高于94%,而对NaCl的截留率低于5.6%,说明该复合纳滤膜能够对染料和盐进行较好的分离,复合纳滤膜在模拟RB5染料废水处理中稳定性良好。     

基于丹宁酸的低压复合纳滤膜的制备及其染料分离性能

以丹宁酸、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯为反应物,以聚丙烯腈超滤膜为底膜,采用界面聚合法制备低压复合纳滤膜.ATR-FTIR与扫描电镜(SEM)测试结果表明,PAN表面形成无缺陷丹宁酸(TA)分离层;由于单宁酸(TA)多酚基团的空间位阻作用减慢了界面聚合反应速率,所得纳滤膜表层呈现疏松结构,在0.2MPa低操作压力下,丹宁酸复合纳滤膜的水通量可达15.81L/(m~2 h),甲基蓝截留率为94.5%;随着水相单宁酸浓度的增加,复合纳滤膜的甲基蓝截留率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,水通量的变化规律正好相反;抗污染性能测试表明,以丹宁酸制备的复合纳滤膜具有良好的抗污染性能.     

NF系列复合膜的制备及结构性能的研究

采用界面缩聚的方法制备了NF系列复合纳滤膜 ,并对其进行了表征 .在 0 6MPa下 ,NF - 1的水通量为 4 1L/(m2 ·h) ,对Na2 SO4 的截留率为 78% ,NF - 2的水通量为 6 0L/(m2 ·h) ,对Na2 SO4 的截留率为 94 % ,NF - 3的水通量为 2 6 5L/(m2 ·h) ,对Na2 SO4 的截留率为 94 % .通过红外光谱和原子力显微镜观察到NF系列复合纳滤膜的表层化学结构和表面形貌 ,探索了NF系列纳滤膜在染料工业的应用前景     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.