竹纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料热老化性能

采用氢氧化钠和异氰酸酯处理的界面调控方法对竹纤维(BF)增强聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料界面进行调控,通过注射成型工艺制备BF/PLA复合材料。利用FTIR、XRD、凝胶渗透色谱及SEM等分析手段研究了BF/PLA复合材料热老化性能。研究发现: 热老化过程中PLA分子链中的C O不断水解,分子链的C—O断裂生成聚合度更低的小分子量的PLA,PLA结晶度减小,PLA与BF的接合界面被破坏,拉伸强度和冲击强度随老化时间的增加逐渐降低。BF/PLA复合材料在80℃热老化16天后拉伸强度和冲击强度分别降低了75%和77.6%,在100℃热老化32 h后拉伸强度和冲击强度分别降低了80.3%和83.4%。温度对BF/PLA复合材料老化影响显著,温度越高,老化速度越快。     

竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面调控

分别采用碱(NaOH)处理、 异氰酸酯(MDI)处理以及NaOH+MDI处理的界面调控方法对竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面进行调控。结果表明, NaOH处理可以进一步细化竹纤维, 增加比表面积, 实现对竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面的物理调控; MDI处理能够实现对复合材料界面的化学调控; 三种界面调控方法均可以改善竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料的力学性能, 而NaOH+MDI界面调控效果最佳, 调控处理后复合材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别增加了36.9%和36.5%。     

界面调控对竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

分别采用碱(NaOH)处理、异氰酸酯(MDI)处理以及NaOH+MDI处理的界面调控方法对竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面进行调控。结果表明,3种界面调控均改善了竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面粘接性能、拉伸强度、冲击强度和防水性能;界面调控后,复合材料的粘流活化能增加,而热流动性因竹纤维与聚乳酸交联变得困难;复合材料玻璃转化温度和结晶温度升高,熔融峰变窄;复合材料热降解温度升高,热稳定性增加。NaOH+MDI联合对竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料界面调控效果最好,对复合材料的性能影响最显著。     

竹纤维质量分数对竹纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料性能影响

以1.5%异氰酸酯(MDI)界面改性剂改性处理后的竹纤维和聚乳酸为原料,通过注射成型工艺制备竹纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料,探讨竹纤维质量分数对复合材料界面、力学性能、吸水率、热性能的影响。结果表明,随着竹纤维质量分数的增加,复合材料拉伸强度、冲击强度、存储模量以及热稳定性均先增大后减小,24h吸水率逐渐增大,损耗因子逐渐降低。竹纤维质量分数为50%时,复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别达到最大值63.2/MPa和11.6/kJ/m2,复合材料存储模量最大,热稳定性最好。     

竹纤维质量分数对竹纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料性能影响

以1.5%异氰酸酯(MDI)界面改性剂改性处理后的竹纤维和聚乳酸为原料,通过注射成型工艺制备竹纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料,探讨竹纤维质量分数对复合材料界面、力学性能、吸水率、热性能的影响。结果表明,随着竹纤维质量分数的增加,复合材料拉伸强度、冲击强度、存储模量以及热稳定性均先增大后减小,24h吸水率逐渐增大,损耗因子逐渐降低。竹纤维质量分数为50%时,复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别达到最大值63.2MPa和11.6kJ/m2,复合材料存储模量最大,热稳定性最好。     

竹纤维/聚乳酸可生物降解复合材料自然降解性能

通过注射成型工艺制备竹纤维/聚乳酸（BF/PLA）可生物降解复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、三维视频显微镜及扫描电镜（SEM）等分析手段研究了BF/PLA复合材料自然降解性能。研究结果表明：BF/PLA复合材料自然降解过程中BF首先降解,PLA逐步分层缓慢降解,复合材料质量逐渐减少;PLA分子链上酯基与水反应,分子链不断断裂,结晶度减小,平均分子量降低,分子量分布变窄;复合材料颜色变深,表面变得粗糙不平,部分裸露的BF清晰可见,其拉伸强度和冲击强度逐渐下降。12个月后,BF/PLA复合材料质量损失率达到8.87%,PLA重均分子量降低了25.9%,复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度分别降低了44.0%和43.8%。BF/PLA可生物降解复合材料在土壤中的自然降解效率较低。     

竹纤维/聚乳酸可降解复合材料相容界面构建进展

竹纤维/聚乳酸可降解复合材料是一种性能优越、可完全生物降解的绿色生态环保材料。在针对亲水竹纤维与疏水聚乳酸界面不相容而导致竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料性能劣化的问题,研究者通常采用三种策略来提高其界面相容性:竹纤维改性、聚乳酸树脂改性和增容剂改性。在现有研究基础上,未来可以通过引进纳米纤维改性粒子改善复合体系的界面相容性,完善两相界面基础理论,促进更深入的界面作用及其机理研究,以推动竹纤维/聚乳酸可降解复合材料的发展。     

聚乳酸自然降解性能

通过注射成型工艺制备聚乳酸(PLA)标准试件,研究了聚乳酸标准试件自然降解性能。结果表明,PLA试件埋于土壤中后逐步分层缓慢降解,复合材料质量逐渐减少;PLA分子链上酯基与水反应,分子链不断断裂,结晶度减小,平均分子量降低,分子量分布变窄,其拉伸强度和冲击强度逐渐下降。12个月后,PLA试件质量损失率仅达到0.23%,PLA重均分子量降低了15.3%,PLA试件的冲击强度和拉伸强度分别降低了17.4%和17.2%。总体而言,PLA在土壤中的自然降解效率较低。     

碱处理对竹纤维/聚乳酸可降解复合材料性能影响研究

以NaOH溶液为改性剂对竹纤维进行碱处理,再与聚乳酸(PLA)熔融共混制备竹纤维/PLA可降解复合材料。探讨了NaOH溶液浓度、碱处理时间和碱处理温度对复合材料拉伸强度、抗弯强度和耐水性能的影响规律,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对碱处理竹纤维的表面形貌进行了观测。结果表明,碱处理使竹纤维表面粗糙度增大,单纤维的强度提高,有效提高了与PLA基体的机械黏接力。但碱浓度过大、处理时间过长或处理温度过高时,纤维素分子链排列致密程度降低,整体纤维的力学性能下降。NaOH溶液浓度为3%,处理时间为4h,处理温度为60℃时,所制得竹纤维/PLA复合材料拉伸性能、弯曲性能和耐水性能均最佳。     

热模压工艺参数对聚乳酸/竹纤维复合材料拉伸强度的影响

采用四元二次通用旋转组合设计试验方法,研究了聚乳酸与竹纤维混合比例(PLA/BF)、竹纤维粒径、热模压温度、热模压时间等4个因素对聚乳酸/竹纤维复合材料拉伸强度(TS)的影响,并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对复合材料进行了热力学表征。结果表明,PLA/BF、热模压温度、热模压时间对复合材料的拉伸强度影响显著,热模压温度与热模压时间存在显著的交互效应。DSC分析显示,PLA/BF、竹纤维粒径、热模压温度/时间工艺参数影响材料中PLA的结晶度(Xm)。本试验条件下的聚乳酸/竹纤维复合材料热模压优化工艺参数为:PLA/BF为90/10,竹纤维过100目标准筛,热压温度160℃,热压时间25min,理论最大TS为66.40MPa。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...