基于中空钴微米颗粒的磁流变液性能研究

采用水热法制备钴微米颗粒,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和振动样品磁强计对颗粒的相结构、形貌及磁性能进行表征。结果表明,颗粒为密排六方结构的单质钴,粒径3~5μm,内部呈中空结构,饱和磁化强度为161A·m2/kg。以中空钴微米颗粒为悬浮相,以硅油为基液,制备颗粒体积分数为12%的磁流变液。测试结果表明,基于中空钴微米颗粒的磁流变液的磁 致 剪 切 屈 服 强 度 在250kA/m磁 场 下 达 到37kPa,剪切应力的时间稳定性、长期静置的沉降稳定性等均优于同体积浓度的羰基铁粉磁流变液。     

羰基铁粉表面纳米钴修饰及其对磁流变液性能的影响

羰基铁粉作为制备磁流变液最重要的磁性材料,其表面特性将对所制备的磁流变体系的磁流变效应、化学稳定性和沉降稳定性产生很大的影响.因此,在磁流变液制备中,磁性颗粒的表面修饰必不可少,也是磁流变液研究的重要内容.本文采用化学沉积方法,首先在微米级羰基铁粉表面均匀镀上一层纳米级金属钴,然后再对表面进行其它处理,以试图改善磁性材料的表面均匀性、提高饱和磁化强度并增强磁流变效应.在pH=10左右的硼砂缓冲溶液介质中,采用次亚磷酸钠直接还原钴盐的方法将纳米级金属钴包覆在羰基铁粉的表面.对影响钴化学沉积过程的因素例如pH值、温度、溶液浓度等进行了实验研究,并对实验条件进行优化.采用XRD、热分析、SEM、XPS和原子发射光谱对处理后的颗粒样品进行观察、表征和成分测定.采用钴处理前后颗粒作为磁性粒子制备磁流变液,对其沉降稳定性和磁流变效应进行比较,得到较为满意的结果.     

离子液体基低粘高屈服应力磁流变液

基液是影响磁流变液性能的重要因素。与传统基液相比,离子液体的粘度适中、具有极性,能够作为制备新型磁流变液的基液。选用1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体为基液,以羰基铁粉为分散相颗粒,制备颗粒体积分数为20%的磁流变液,并与传统硅油基磁流变液进行性能对比。流变学测试结果表明,在436 kA/m下离子液体基磁流变液的最高剪切屈服应力相较硅油基磁流变液提高了29%,离子液体基磁流变液具有更显著的磁流变效应。     

水基磁流变液的制备及其性能研究

以经过表面处理的微米级羰基铁粉、亚微米级四氧化三铁粉末为悬浮相,去离子水为悬浮介质,加入适当的添加剂,通过一定的工艺制备出综合性能良好的水基磁流变液.研究了几种含有不同悬浮相粒子和不同添加剂的磁流变液的剪切性能和沉降稳定性能,分析了悬浮相的组成对磁流变液磁流变性能的影响以及添加剂对改善磁流变液抗沉降团聚稳定性的作用.     

一种油酸包覆磁性颗粒类磁流变液的制备和性能研究

采用油酸包覆软磁颗粒的方法,分别制备出蓖麻油基含纯微米级和微纳米混合级软磁颗粒的磁流变液。纯微米级软磁颗粒质量含量83%的磁流变液具有沉降稳定性好、屈服应力高等优点,适用于减振和制动领域。纳米级软磁颗粒在微纳米级混合软磁颗粒中的含量越高,相应磁流变液的屈服应力越小,存储模量越低,该种磁流变液适用于密封,能够有效降低动密封过程中所伴随的温升及磨损。     

取向磁场对钴颗粒填充硅橡胶磁流变弹性体动态黏弹性的影响

为了研究取向磁场强度对磁流变弹性体（MRE）动态黏弹性的影响规律及影响机制,采用溶剂热法制备球状钴颗粒,SEM和XRD表征结果显示,其粒径为1~2 μm,呈密排六方结构。以硅橡胶为基体,以钴颗粒为填充相,分别在0 mT、480 mT、1 154 mT取向磁场强度下制备MRE,并在不同工况下测试其动态黏弹性。实验结果表明,Co颗粒填充的MRE微观结构的有序性随取向磁场强度增大而增加,其储能模量G'、损耗模量G ″和磁流变效应也随之提高;当取向磁场强度增大到一定程度,由于有序结构趋于稳定,动态黏弹性随取向磁场的变化较小。     

花状微米颗粒的制备及其电流变性能研究

采用溶剂热法制备出花状微米颗粒。采用SEM,TEM,XRD,FT-IR等方法分析颗粒形貌及成分。结果表明,花状颗粒为丙三醇基化合物,其表观直径在2~3μm之间,表面由次级的刺状结构组成。分别以花状微米颗粒和光滑球状Ti O2颗粒为分散相制备电流变液,并测试其电流变性能和沉降稳定性。实验结果表明,在相同电场强度下,花状颗粒电流变液的剪切屈服强度明显高于光滑球状颗粒电流变液,但漏电流密度远小于光滑球状颗粒电流变液;静置12 d,花状颗粒电流变液的抗沉降率较之光滑球状颗粒电流变液有显著提高。花状颗粒特有的形貌是其具有优异电流变性能和沉降稳定性的主要原因。     

纳米SiO2/黄原胶复合触变剂对磁流变液性能的影响

本工作利用黄原胶包覆改性纳米气相SiO_2颗粒,制备了纳米SiO_2/黄原胶复合触变剂,研究了复合触变剂对磁流变液流变性能、黏弹性和悬浮稳定性的影响。结果表明:黄原胶大分子在纳米SiO_2颗粒表面形成了稳定的有机包覆层,含有复合触变剂的磁流变液在磁场下表现出了较高的剪切应力和屈服应力。黏弹性测试结果表明,无场条件下磁流变液具有较宽的线性黏弹区,而在外磁场作用下,加入复合触变剂的磁流变液内部形成了更加牢固的磁致链束结构,流动点变大,变形耗能增加。通过自然沉降法对磁流变液的悬浮稳定性进行测试,结果发现添加复合触变剂的磁流变液悬浮稳定性得到了进一步提升。     

球磨法制备磁流变液过程中转速对其性能的影响

以羰基铁粉为分散相,以硅油为连续相,采用高速球磨分散的方法制备磁流变液,考察了磁流变液制备过程中转速对其粘度、沉降稳定性、流变性能的影响。研究发现,球磨机的转速对磁流变液的粘度和沉降稳定性影响很大。随着球磨机转速的不断提高,其粘度呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,当转速为300r/min时,所获的零场粘度最低。其沉降稳定性与粘度有很好的对应关系,即粘度大的沉降速率慢,粘度小的则沉降速率快,在转速为400r/min,所获得的沉降稳定性最好,同时获得的剪切应力也最高。因此,在磁流变液组成成分不变的情况下,制备磁流变液的过程中可以通过改变球磨机的转速来改变磁流变液的零场粘度、沉降稳定性和流变性能。     

颗粒包覆厚度对磁流变液性能的影响

为了研究磁性颗粒包覆厚度对磁流变液性能的影响,通过改变水溶液中聚乙烯醇的浓度来获取不同包覆厚度的磁性颗粒,以此配制磁流变液;对包覆颗粒的表面形貌、粒径及静磁性能进行表征,并测试不同包覆厚度的磁性颗粒制备的磁流变液的零场黏度、剪切屈服应力和沉降稳定性性能。结果表明:颗粒包覆厚度对磁流变液的零场黏度影响不大,对剪切屈服应力影响作用由弱到强再减弱;包覆层厚度增大,大颗粒团聚物更易形成,导致磁流变液沉降稳定性降低。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...