考虑二阶振型的矩形高层建筑横风向风振响应简化计算

随着高层建筑高度的增加和自振频率的降低,二阶振型对高层建筑风振响应的贡献增大。通过大量算例分析了二阶振型对高层建筑横风向风振响应的贡献,计算结果表明,二阶振型对超高层建筑横风向动力位移响应的贡献较小,但是对高层建筑横风向加速度响应的贡献不容忽视,在对超高层建筑抗风舒适度评估时,应该考虑二阶振型的贡献。在此基础上,基于风洞试验数据和随机振动理论,建立了考虑二阶振型贡献的矩形高层建筑横风向风振响应简化计算式。将提出的简化式计算结果与积分计算结果比较,其误差在5％以内,证明了该计算式具有较高的精度。     

X形超高层建筑层风激励谱计算模型研究

通过X形超高层建筑刚性模型多点同步测压风洞试验,研究高层建筑风荷载阻力系数和升力系数平均值、均方根值沿高度的变化规律,并与矩形高层建筑均方根升力系数进行比较.提出X形高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力风荷载功率谱密度函数、相干函数的计算模型,并根据风洞试验数据进行拟合计算,结果表明该计算模型与风洞试验结果吻合较好,可以以此为基础进行类似高层建筑顺风向与横风向动力响应的频域计算.     

利用人工模拟脉动风压计算高层建筑横风向风振动力反应时程

根据日本规范中提出的横风向脉动风力谱系数函数,利用人工模拟横风向脉动风压时程的方法,提出了一个矩形平面高层建筑横风向风振反应时程的计算方法.在计算过程由横风向脉动风压谱系数公式模拟了建筑结构横风向脉动风压过程,采用N ewm ark法计算了两幢建筑物顶部的横风向风振反应.计算结果表明:在横风向脉动风压的作用下,结构的风振反应以共振响应为主,非共振响应仅为次要的部分,这与谱分析法得出的结论是一致的,从而说明了计算结果的正确性.这对于正确估算结构的风振反应值,为高层建筑风振控制措施设计提供参考依据具有一定的意义.     

高层建筑横风向与扭转风振力计算

高层建筑的风荷载应包括顺风向、横风向与扭转风荷载。根据风洞试验资料与随机振动理论,本文探讨并推导了横风向风振力与扭转风振力的计算方法与公式。在计算中分别考虑了风紊流与尾流激励对横风向风荷载与扭转风荷载的贡献。同时给出了方形横截面高层建筑横风向与扭转风振力计算用表。最后,实例计算表明,在工程设计中,高层建筑的横风向与扭转风振力是必须考虑的。     

基于风洞试验的对称截面高层建筑三维等效静力风荷载研究

基于刚性模型表面测压风洞试验建立高层建筑三维风荷载模型,进而运用振型加速度法求解风振响应动力方程,得到了包含拟静力项和惯性力项的弹性力响应解,并推导了对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向风致随机内力响应。在此基础上提出了基于内力响应等效的可考虑高阶振型贡献的对称截面高层建筑顺风向、横风向和扭转向等效静力风荷载计算方法。结合某一对称截面高层建筑工程实例,对采用上述方法计算得到的结构三维等效静力风荷载进行分析并与我国规范方法顺风向等效静力风荷载计算结果进行比较。结果表明,高层建筑结构抗风设计应该考虑三维等效静力风荷载,且二阶振型对高层建筑等效静力风荷载的贡献不可忽视。     

钢结构高层住宅的风振模型与风振特性研究

为探讨高层钢结构风振计算模型的合理性和风振响应特性,对某钢结构高层住宅进行了风洞试验,得到了建筑表面的风荷载时程;建立面向风振分析的弹性楼板精细模型、刚性楼板精细模型和简化层刚片模型,将测得的风荷载时程分别施加于三种模型,按随机振动理论计算得到了各模型在不同风向角下的顺风向、横风向和扭转向风振响应统计值,并与相关规范方法结果进行比较。结果显示:结构的峰值位移响应虽由顺风向控制,但加速度响应由横风向控制,扭转向加速度接近于顺风向;基于刚性楼板假定的风振分析所带来的偏差并不大,但采用简化层刚片模型及规范方法求得的扭转向位移可能偏不安全。     

利用人工模拟脉动风压计算高层建筑横风向风振动力反应时程

根据日本规范中提出的横风向脉动风力谱系数函数，利用人工模拟横风向脉动风压时程的方法，提出了一个矩形高层建筑横风向风振反应时程的计算方法供参考。采用Newmark法与Wilson-θ法计算了2栋建筑物顶部的横风向风振反应。计算结果表明，在横风向脉动风压的作用下，结构的风振反应以共振响应为主，非共振响应仅为次要的部分；这与谱分析法得出的结论是一致的；从而说明了计算结果的正确性。这对于正确估算结构的风振反应值，为高层建筑风振控制措施设计提供参考依据是有一定意义的。     

用瞬态测压法研究高层建筑的等效设计风荷载

基于瞬态脉动测压方法 ,分析了典型断面高层建筑结构各层合力的相干特性 ,结果显示横风向脉动风荷载在漩涡脱落频率处存在和顺风向不同的显著相关性 ,相干函数值接近于 1。采用拟合方法提出了一个各层横风向脉动风荷载的相干函数公式 ,并给出了采用脉动测压技术分析高层建筑风振响应与等效荷载的简化方法。采用CAARC高层建筑标模做了风洞试验 ,将其结果与高频底座力天平方法的试验和规范方法的计算结果作了对比 ,结果较为满意。采用本文方法可以克服力天平方法要求结构的基阶模态必须线性且不能给出结构沿高度的荷载分布等缺点。最后结合一具体的工程实例 ,分析了深圳新万基国际大厦的风振响应和等效设计荷载     

典型截面超高层建筑风洞试验与荷载规范计算的等效静力风荷载比较分析

对椭圆形截面和矩形截面的两栋超高层建筑进行了风洞试验,获得了作用在结构上的气动力。在此基础上计算得到了用于结构设计的顺风向、横风向的等效静力风荷载及风振位移和加速度响应。基于《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 50009—2012)给出的方法计算了两栋高层建筑的等效静力风荷载,与风洞试验的结果进行了对比,并进一步讨论了振型的阶数对等效静力风荷载、风振位移和加速度响应的影响。     

矩形高层建筑结构横向风振反应的分析计算

本文根据结构随机振动理论,考虑到国外有关规范中根据风洞试验数据提出的横风向脉动风压谱与足尺观测数据有差异的现象[1],根据已经得出的横向湍流脉动风压谱密度函数[2],提出了一个湍流脉动风压作用下结构横风向风振反应的计算方法供参考。采用本文中提出的风振反应计算方法可能不至于漏失结构在非共振风速时较大的风振反应值,从而不至于低估设计基准期内最大风速下的横风向风振加速度反应值。用本文提出的方法针对一个具体的工程实例计算了风振反应值,并与采用国外规范中现行方法的计算结果作了对比。计算结果表明,在出现设计基准期内最大风速时,结构湍流脉动风压诱发的横风向风振可能大于由国外现行规范中公式计算的风振反应值。     

Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings

Previous studies have indicated that the across-wind dynamic responses of super-tall buildings are usually larger than the along-wind ones. With the increase of heights, the across-wind dynamic response of super-tall buildings has been a problem of great concern. In this paper, 15 typical tall building models are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain the first-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. New formulas for the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefficients of base moment and shear force are then derived. Parametric analyses of the effects of factors on the across-wind loads of the buildings are performed. Besides, a SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the above buildings and is tested to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The power spectrum of the across-wind force of the square building is employed to compute its across-wind dynamic responses with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test to verify the present formulas of the across-wind loads of buildings.     

高层建筑风荷载相干性研究

利用高层建筑刚性模型测压风洞试验结果,对顺风向风荷载竖向、水平相干性,迎背风面相干性以及横风向、扭转方向风荷载相干性的主要特征进行研究。利用算例说明了迎背风面相干性以及横-扭风荷载相干函数对于风振响应的影响。从计算结果来看,迎背风面全相干假定将使顺风向风振响应计算结果偏于保守;当结构刚心和质心偏离时,假定横扭风荷载相干性等于零会低估横风向和扭转方向风振响应。     

高层建筑的横风向激励特性和计算模型的研究

将高层建筑的横风向激励分解为横风向紊流和涡激力激励。根据10个典型高层建筑模型的风洞试验结果,分别研究了两种激励的特性和计算模型,给出典型建筑的横风向紊流激励力系数、涡激力系数和相应的形状系数。特别着重研究涡激力功率谱函数和相干函数,总结出的结果可加深对高层建筑横风向荷载特性的认识,所建立的典型高层建筑的横风向荷载计算模型可用于实际工程。     

矩形截面高层建筑的横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值研究

利用高频天平技术,在4种不同风场中对71种不同外形尺寸的矩形截面高层建筑刚性模型进行风洞试验,测得高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数,考察建筑厚宽比、长细比及所处风场类型对高层建筑横风向基底弯矩系数均方根值的影响。试验结果表明,厚宽比的影响效果最显著,长细比的影响可以忽略不计,风场类型的影响随着厚宽比的不同而不同。基于这些风洞试验数据,给出基底弯矩系数均方根值的拟合公式并对拟合公式进行误差分析,通过与国内外相关研究成果的比较,验证拟合公式的精度与合理性,可以为荷载规范的修订和补充提供很好的参考。     

Dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting the dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed, trained, and validated based on the data generated in the context of Indian Wind Code (IWC), IS 875 (Part 3):2015. According to the IWC, dynamic wind responses can be calculated for a specific configuration of buildings. The dynamic wind loads and their corresponding responses of structures other than the specified configurations in IWC have to be estimated by wind tunnel tests or computational techniques, which are expensive and time intensive. Alternatively, ANN is an efficient and economical computational analysis tool that can be implemented to estimate the dynamic wind response of a building. In this paper, ANN models were developed to predict base shear and base bending moment of a tall building in along‐ and across‐wind direction by giving the input as the configuration of the building, wind velocity, and terrain category. Multilayer perceptron ANN models with back‐propagation training algorithm was adopted. On comparison of results, it was found that the predicted values obtained from the ANN models and the calculated responses acquired using IWC standards are almost similar. Using the best fit model of ANN, an extensive parametric study was performed to predict the dynamic wind response of tall buildings for the configurations on which IWC is silent. Based on the results obtained from this study, design charts are developed for the prediction of dynamic wind response of tall buildings.     

有关高层建筑结构风振荷载的比较分析

本文根据作者收集到的有关资料与研究成果,发现国外有关规范中根据风洞试验数据给出的横风向脉动风压谱与原型观测数据有一定的差异,文中通过对作用在结构上脉动风荷载进行对比分析,对横风向风振响应计算方法提出了一些改进意见,从而达到不低估设计基准期内最大风速的横风向风振反应值的效果。由于超高层的横风向振动可能大于顺风向振动,文中建议在风振反应分析中,应同时考虑顺、横两个方向引起的作用力。     

Characteristics of aerodynamic forces and pressures on square plan buildings with height variations

Many studies on reducing across-wind responses of tall buildings have been investigated, mainly focusing on the effect of corner shape. And it is also known that changing section along the height through tapering or set-back could reduce across-wind responses of tall buildings. In this paper, to investigate the mechanism of aerodynamic force reduction, the wind tunnel tests for fluctuating pressure and fluctuating force were carried out. Two models with different tapering ratio of 5% and 10%, one set-backed model and one prototype square prism with side ratio of unity were employed under two typical boundary layers which represent suburban and urban flow condition. It is concluded that tapering or set-back helps to reduce the mean drag force and the fluctuating lift force. Reduction ratio increases as tapering ratio increases, and the set-backed model is more effective to reduce the fluctuating lift force than the tapered model with identical surface area, reducing the coefficients about 40% in suburban flow condition. And by tapering and set-back, the power spectra of wind pressures at sideward surface become wideband and the peak frequencies depend on height, which makes the correlation near the Strouhal component low or even negative.     

Effects of attack angle on performance of actively controlled high-rise building motion

Wind loading on high-rise buildings is complicated in nature, especially when across-wind motion caused by the vortex shedding effect is considered. Hence, wind tunnel tests serve as a reliable alternative for research on wind-induced vibration. In this paper, a four degree-of-freedom scaled (1:300) model of a high-rise building equipped with an active mass driver (AMD) system is constructed in a wind tunnel to experimentally verify effects of the wind attack angle on performance of actively controlled wind-induced motion. Using a system identification technique, aero-elasticity induced by the vortex shedding effect in the across-wind direction is appropriately modeled for control. Several controllers are determined based on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) theorem by which a dynamic output feedback equation using acceleration feedback is formed for practical consideration. Two LQG controllers, termed as two-state gain-scheduling controllers, are designed based on nominal systems constructed from along-wind and across-wind motions, and implemented on the building model based on the attack angle. Experimental results show that performance of the controller is remarkable and robust in reducing the responses of high-rise buildings under different attack angles of wind. The best performance is achieved under smaller attack angles, but it is slightly degraded when vortex shedding is most significant, i.e., for the across-wind motion.     

基于大涡模拟的三维高层建筑结构气弹响应数值模拟

以宽高比为1∶6的方形截面高层建筑为研究对象,采用弱耦合分区交错算法,流体域采用大涡模拟方法,进行了紊流边界层风场内三维高层建筑结构多自由度模型的气弹数值模拟,计算中考虑了来流紊流,以及结构的顺、横风向响应。将结构静止时大涡模拟结果与刚性模型测压风洞试验进行比较,验证了该方法在准确预测结构风荷载方面的可行性。通过与气弹模型风洞试验结果的比较表明,本文数值分析方法可用于求解风与结构的相互作用,且具有较高的精度。进行了高折减风速下的气弹数值模拟,研究了结构顶部顺、横风向位移响应随折减风速的变化规律。结果表明：结构风振气弹响应主要为来流紊流引起的顺风向抖振和旋涡脱落引起的横风向涡激振动;折减风速较小时,结构顺、横风向位移振幅相当,且位移响应均相对较小;随着折减风速的增加,结构位移响应增大,横风向涡激振动逐渐占据主导地位,并经历了从“拍”到“涡激共振”的转化。     

基于极值相关性的超高层建筑风荷载组合研究

为研究不同长宽比超高层建筑三维风荷载组合,通过高频测力天平风洞试验得到了5种长宽比的矩形超高层建筑基底剪力、弯矩和扭矩时程。基于试验数据和计算结果,分析了三维风荷载效应的分布及其极值相关性。在此基础上,对比分析了不同长宽比的超高层建筑顺风向与横风向、顺风向与扭转向以及横风向与扭转向之间的风荷载效应极值分布规律和统计参数。最后,采用概率统计方法评估了不同长宽比对结构三维风荷载组合系数的影响,并给出了一组基于极值相关性分析的结构三维风荷载组合系数推荐值。结果表明：对于超高层建筑,虽然不同方向风荷载效应之间相关系数可能很低,但其三维风荷载效应极值相关性不可忽略;以横风向或扭转向为主方向进行组合时,其余方向同步比值存在明显的非高斯分布特性;对于不同长宽比超高层建筑,其极值相关性的差异会导致组合系数存在差别,在确定风荷载组合方法时,应考虑长宽比的影响。