LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4正极材料锂离子嵌脱动力学研究

采用超声辅助溶胶凝胶法成功制备了LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4正极材料,并利用循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱研究了不同合成方法对LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4正极材料锂离子嵌脱动力学的影响.结果表明:超声辅助溶胶凝胶法制备的尖晶石材料具有更好的可逆性和最小的电荷转移电阻;LiMn2O4(sol-gel)、LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4(sol-gel)和LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4(UASG)的交换电流密度分别为2.57×10-2、4.16×10-2、5.08×10-2mA.cm-2,固相锂离子扩散系数分别为3.27×10-10、4.94×10-10、6.91×10-10cm2.s-1,表明超声辅助溶胶凝胶法制备的样品具有较好的锂离子嵌脱动力学.     

LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2与LiMn2O4共混正极材料电化学性能

为开发具有优良循环性能和安全性能的大型锂离子电池的正极材料,将不同比例的LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4材料进行共混,研究了LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4共混以及共混比例(10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、0∶10)对锂离子电池的首次放电性能、循环性能和倍率性能以及交流阻抗和循环伏安曲线的影响,并采用扫描电镜对电极材料进行了表征.研究结果表明,共混比例会影响材料的电化学性能,8∶2,7∶3和6∶4配比的混合材料的体积比容量、循环性能和倍率性能要好于纯LiNi_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.4)O_2和Li Mn2O4材料.其中,8∶2配比的材料性能最好.     

Mn2+掺杂对LiFePO4正极材料结构、性能及嵌锂动力学的影响

为了改善橄榄石型LiFePO4正极材料的性能,采用高温固相法合成了Mn掺杂的LiMnxFe1-xPO4(x=0,0.10,0.25,0.40,0.50)材料.采用X射线粉末衍射、扫描电子显微镜、充放电测试、循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱研究了材料的结构、电化学性能和锂离子嵌脱动力学.结果表明,锰掺杂的LiFePO4样品颗粒分布比较均匀,具有较小的平均粒径和窄的粒度分布,LiMnxFe1-xPO4是纯相的橄榄石结构.在不同倍率下,LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4具有最高的放电容量和最好的动力学性能.Mn的掺杂提高了LiFePO4材料的可逆性、锂离子扩散系数和放电容量,减小了电荷转移电阻,进而提高了其动力学性能.     

LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料的γ-Al_2O_3包覆及其性能

以氢氧化铝溶胶为前驱体在Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料表面制备尖晶石结构γ-Al2O3包覆层,借助XRD、SEM、TEM及电化学方法对电极材料的主要性能进行了研究。结果表明:Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4表面γ-Al2O3包覆层形成条件为600℃下煅烧0.5 h,较佳包覆量约为3%(摩尔比);γ-Al2O3包覆层形貌完整,厚度约为5~10 nm,(311)晶面间距约0.24 nm;γ-Al2O3包覆的Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料30周充放电循环(0.2 C)后的比容量为112.1 m Ah/g,4 C倍率下的比容量为82.0 m Ah/g,容量保持率较基体分别提高了约10%和17.2%。因此,γ-Al2O3包覆层减小了Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4与电解液的接触,有效抑制了基体与电解液之间的副反应,其电化学反应可逆性、循环稳定性及倍率性能得到了提高,有望用作动力锂离子电池正极材料。     

锂离子电池负极材料 Na2Li2Ti6O14的嵌脱锂过程动力学研究

为了研究钛酸钠锂(Na2Li2Ti6O14)负极材料嵌脱锂的动力学行为,用溶胶-凝胶法合成 Na2Li2Ti6O14负极材料,采用 X 射线衍射法(XRD)和电子显微镜(SEM)分别对材料进行物相分析和微观形貌的观察.采用恒流充放电测试、循环伏安法(CV)和恒电流间歇滴定法(GITT)研究了 Na2Li2Ti6O14的电化学性能和嵌脱锂过程动力学.研究结果表明,制备的 Na2Li2Ti6O14材料纯度高,结晶度良好,循环稳定性好;由不同扫描速率的循环伏安法测出的 Na2Li2Ti6O14中锂离子在氧化、还原峰对应的化学扩散系数 Da和 Dc分别为7.3×10-11和7.8×10-11cm2/s;由恒电流间歇滴定技术测得的锂离子在 Na2Li2Ti6O14电极中的扩散系数为10-11~10-8cm2/s.     

锰基锂正极半导体材料禁带特性研究

采用高温合成法对掺杂Ni和Fe固体物质锰基锂正极材料进行研究,制备出锰基锂正极半导体材料Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4,Li Ni0.5Mn1.5Fe0.1O4和Li Ni0.5Mn1.5Fe0.2O4,利用X射线衍射仪分析该产物的晶体结构,运用紫外可见光纤光谱仪测试该材料的光谱特征,采用高精度电池测试仪测试半电池的充放电特性.测试结果表明:锰基锂正极半导体材料为立方尖晶石结构,其晶体结构是立方晶系,Fd3m空间群.Li Ni0.5Mn1.5O4,Li Ni0.5Mn1.5Fe0.1O4和Li Ni0.5Mn1.5Fe0.2O4的紫外可见光吸收系数分别处于0.830,0.839和0.857时,禁带宽度分别为0.989 e V,0.966 e V和0.922 e V.半电池电特性测试表明:充放电电压范围处于3.45 V~4.8 V区间,充放电出现了2个平台.     

锌对Li（Ni_（1/3）Co_（1/3）Mn_（1/3））O_2电极首次脱锂过程电化学性能的影响

共沉积法制备不同含锌量的锂离子电池正极材料Li（Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3）O2.采用交流阻抗谱分析该正极材料在首次脱锂过程中的电化学特性以及锌对电极阻抗和锂离子扩散系数的影响.电极阻抗图谱分析结果表明：3.7～4.4V为电极发生电化学反应的电位区间;锌减小了电极材料的SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;少量固溶锌提高了锂离子在材料固相中的扩散能力.     

锂离子电池LiMn_2O_4和LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料的电子结构

采用基于密度泛函理论平面波赝势方法,计算LiMn_2O_4和LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料的电子结构。结果表明:LiMn_2O_4中Mn存在4+和3+两种价态,其平均磁矩约为3.5μb;Mn3d和O2p轨道之间形成了强共价键,Li和O之间主要以离子键为主;Mn O之间较强的相互作用有利于晶格保持较高的稳定性,利于锂离子的可逆嵌入和脱出;当Ni部分取代Mn以后,嵌/脱锂过程中的氧化还原中心转变为Ni,Ni的掺杂同时抑制了Mn的还原,这对于低价态Mn的溶出起到了较好的抑制作用,提高了晶格的完整性。因此Ni掺杂对于提高材料的结构稳定性和电化学性能较为有利。     

LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2+LiMn_2O_4/软碳体系电池的研究

选用锰酸锂(Li Mn2O4)、复合镍钴锰酸锂(Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)按不同比例混合作为正极,软碳作为负极材料,制备复合镍钴锰酸锂与锰酸锂混合型锂离子全电池(简称混合型锂离子全电池),选择质量分数为15%,35%的Li Mn2O4与Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2混合作为正极活性物质进行实验,研究Li Mn2O4对锂离子全电池充放电性能、安全性能、倍率放电性能、脉冲功率特性等的影响。结果表明:Li Mn2O4质量分数为35%时,既提升了锂离子全电池的电性能,又保证了其较高的安全性能;常温下电流为1I1(I1代表1 h率放电电流)充放电循环预计寿命可达到1 500周,55℃高温下电流为0.5I1充放电循环335周容量保持在92%以上;在放电深度(DOD)10%~80%内10 s脉冲充放电状态下,混合型锂离子全电池阻抗均在9 mΩ以下,50%DOD时的10 s放电比功率在700 W/kg以上。     

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料的γ-Al2O3包覆及其性能

以氢氧化铝溶胶为前驱体在LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4正极材料表面制备尖晶石结构γ-Al2 O3包覆层,借助XRD、SEM、TEM及电化学方法对电极材料的主要性能进行了研究。结果表明：LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4表面γ-Al2 O3包覆层形成条件为600℃下煅烧0.5 h,较佳包覆量约为3％（摩尔比）;γ-Al2 O3包覆层形貌完整,厚度约为5～10 nm,（311）晶面间距约0.24 nm;γ-Al2O3包覆的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4正极材料30周充放电循环（0.2 C）后的比容量为112.1 mAh／g,4 C倍率下的比容量为82.0 mAh／g,容量保持率较基体分别提高了约10％和17.2％。因此,γ-Al2 O3包覆层减小了LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4与电解液的接触,有效抑制了基体与电解液之间的副反应,其电化学反应可逆性、循环稳定性及倍率性能得到了提高,有望用作动力锂离子电池正极材料。     

Characteristics of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.45Co0.1Mn0.45O2 as cathodes of lithium ion batteries

LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ was synthesized from Li₂CO₃ and a triple oxide of nickel, cobalt and manganese at 950 °C in air. The structures and characteristics of LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂, LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ were investigated by XRD, SEM and electrochemical measurements. The results show that LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a layered structure with hexagonal lattice. The commercial LiCoO₂ has sphere-like appearance and smooth surfaces, while the LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ consist of cornered and uneven particles. LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ has a large discharge capacity of 140.9 mA · h/g in practical lithium ion battery, which is 33.4% and 2.8% above that of LiMn₂O₄ and LiCoO₂, respectively. LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ have higher discharge voltage and better rate-capability than LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂. All the three cathodes have excellent cycling performance with capacity retention of above 89.3% at the 250th cycle. Batteries with LiMn₂O₄ or LiNi_0.45Co_0.10Mn_0.45O₂ cathodes show better safety performance under abusive conditions than those with LiCoO₂ cathodes. Foundation item: Project(50302016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2005037698) supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China     

Synthesis and characterization of high-voltage cathode material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by one-step solid-state reaction

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ was prepared under various conditions by one-step solid-state reaction in air and its properties were investigated by X-ray diffractormetry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurement. XRD patterns show that LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ synthesized under various conditions has cubic spinel structure. SEM images exhibit that the particle size increases with increasing calcination temperature and time. Electrochemical test shows that the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ calcined at 700 °C for 24 h delivers up to 143 mA · h/g, and the capacity retains 132 mA · h/g after 30 cycles. Foundation item: Project (76600) supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Central South University     

Modification of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material by CeO2-coating

LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was coated by a layer of 1.0 wt% CeO₂ via sol-gel method. The bared and coated LiMn_1/3Co_1/3Ni_1/3O₂ was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanotactic charge-discharge test. The results show that the coating layer has no effect on the crystal structure, only coating on the surface; the 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ exhibits better discharge capacity and cycling performance than the bared LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂. The discharge capacity of 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated cathode is 182.5 mAh·g⁻¹ at a current density of 20 mA·g⁻¹, in contrast to 165.8 mAh·g⁻¹of the bared sample. The discharge capacity retention of 1.0 wt% CeO₂-coated sample after 12 cycles reaches 93.2%, in comparison with 86.6% of the bared sample. CV results show that the CeO₂ coating could suppress phase transitions and prevent the surface of cathode material from direct contact with the electrolyte, thus enhance the electrochemical performance of the coated material.     

Kinetic study of LiMn2O4 in process of lithium intercalation

Exchange current density of spinel LiMn₂O₄ was studied by linear polarization. The relationship of the kinetic property with the structure of spinel LiMn₂O₄ was investigated by studying the effect of the doping and surface coating on the kinetic properties of electrode material. The results show that the exchange current density of spinel LiMn₂O₄ electrode increases with the increase of the amount for lithium intercalation at first, and then decreases. The maximal exchange current density appeares at the 80%–90% lithium intercalation. The similar phenomenon was observed on the doped spinel LiMn₂O₄ electrode. Doping can enhance the exchange current density of spinel LiMn₂O₄ material. However, the degree of the doping effect varies with the doped element varying. Surface coating can also enhance the exchange current density of spinel material, and the increment of value is higher than that of doped ones. Foundation item: Project(50302016) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

第一性原理研究:Mg2+掺杂尖晶石型LiMn2O4的电子结构

尖晶石 LiMn₂O₄ 正极材料是在原有锂电池正极材料 LiCoO₂ 、LiNiO₂ 、LiMnO₂ 的基础上研发出来的优选 正极材料, 它相较于 LiCoO₂ 材料价格更加低廉热稳定性加强且安全性能有所提高。采用 Mg²⁺ 掺杂 LiMn₂O₄正极 材料, 利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理对 LiMg_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ 晶格常数与能带结构、态密度进行计算与分析。结 果表明: 新材料 LiMg_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ 的空间群为 F4332, 掺杂后晶胞参数 a 明显减小, 晶胞体积收缩; 掺杂量为 0.5 时明 显比掺杂量 0.125 时 Fermi 能量和能量密度高。Mg ²⁺ 掺杂能影响 LiMn₂O₄ 的晶体结构, 形成更加稳定的共价键。 掺杂量会改变 LiMn₂O₄ 的空间群影响到结构稳定性, 所以掺杂量不宜过大。     

Structure and electrochemical properties of La, F dual-doped iLa0.01Mn1.99O3.99F0.01 cathode materials

The cathode materials LiMn₂O₄ and rare earth elements La-doped or La and F dual-doped spinel lithium manganese oxides were synthesized by the citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The synthesized samples were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG) measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge-discharge test. XRD data shows that all the samples exhibit the same pure spinel phase, and the LiLa_0.01Mn_1.99O_3.99F_0.01 and LiLa_0.01Mn_1.99O₄ samples have smaller lattice parameters and unit cell volume than LiMn₂O₄. SEM indicates that LiLa_0.01Mn_1.99O_3.99F_0.01 has a slightly smaller particle size and a more regular morphology structure with narrow size distribution. The charge-discharge test reveals that the initial capacities of LiMn₂O₄, LiLa_0.01Mn_1.99O₄, and LiLa_0.01Mn_1.99O_3.99F_0.01 are 129.9, 122.8, and 126.4 mAh·g⁻¹, and the capacity losses of the initial values after 50 cycles are 14.5%, 7.6%, and 8.0%, respectively. The CVs show that the La and F dual-doped spinel displays a better reversibility than LiMn₂O₄.     

Synthesis and characterization of Mg3(PO4)2-coated Li1.05Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material for Li-ion battery

Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coated Li_1.05Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ cathode materials were synthesized via co-precipitation method. The morphology, structure, electrochemical performance and thermal stability were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), charge/discharge cycling and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). SEM analysis shows that Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coating changes the morphologies of their particles and increases the grains size. XRD and CV results show that Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coating powder is homogeneous and has better layered structure than the bare one. Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coating improved high rate discharge capacity and cycle-life performance. The reason why the cycling performance of Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coated sample at 55 °C was better than that of room temperature was the increasing of lithium-ion diffusion rate and charge transfer rate with temperature rising. Mg₃(PO₄)₂-coating improved the cathode thermal stability, and the result was consistent with thermal abuse tests using Li-ion cells: the Mg₃(PO₄)₂ coated Li_1.05Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ cathode did not exhibit thermal runaway with smoke and explosion, in contrast to the cells containing the bare Li_1.05Ni_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20273047)     

Influence on performance and structure of spinel LiMn2O4 for lithium-ion batteries by doping rare-earth Sm

The spinel LiMn₂O₄ used as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries was synthesized by mechano-chemistry fluid activation process, and modified by doping rare-earth Sm. Thesting of X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammograms, charge-discharge and SEM was carried out for LiMn₂O₄ cathode materials and the modified materials. The results show that the cathode materials doped rare earth Li _x Mn_2−y Sm _z O₄ (0.95⩽x⩽1.2, 0⩽y⩽0.3, 0⩽z⩽0.2) exhibit standard spinel structure, high reversibility of electrochemistry and excellent properties of charge-discharge. In EC: DMC(1 : 1)+1 mol/L LiPF₆ electrolyte with discharge capacity more than 130 mA · h/g, and its capacity is deteriorated less than 15% after 300 cycles at room temperature and less than 20% after 200 cycles at 55°C. At the same time, Crystal Field Theory was applied to explain the function and mechanism of doped rare earth element. Foundation item: Project (02JJY2081) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province     

Theoretic Diffraction Research on the Order-Disorder Effect of Transition Metal in Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2

Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂的(3b)位有序-无序效应研究

曹春晖^1,2, 张建¹, 杨传铮¹, 夏保佳¹

（1.上海微系统与信息技术研究所,上海 200050;

2.中国科学院大学, 北京100049）

创新点说明：

提出了有序度的概念,通过理论模拟了过渡金属在3b位不同有序度下的衍射情况。

研究目的：

借助理论衍射研究镍钴锰在三元材料中的占位情况,为实际得到的衍射数据分析起指导作用。

研究方法和结果：

借助Powercell程序模拟不同结构下的衍射情况。结果表明：对于Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2,基体衍射线的强度不随有序度而变化,有序度增加时,超点阵衍射线强度增加,但是即使对于有序度最大时,超点阵线的相对强度只有0.225%和0.043%。

结论：

3b位的有序无序很难通过常规的衍射实验观测到,必须提高X射线源的强度才可能观测到。

关键词：Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2, 有序-无序,超结构,衍射

     

Synergetic effects of blended materials for Lithium-ion batteries

LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂, LiMn₂O₄ and LiCoO₂ are paired to make the blended materials for the cathode of lithium-ion batteries. The factors impacting on the characteristics of blended materials are studied using constant current charge/discharge measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the three pairs of blended materials exhibit very different synergetic effects in high C-rate discharging. The mechanism of particle synergetic effect has a physical root on the compensating material property of blending components, which fundamentally correlates with their similarity and difference in crystalline and electronic structures. The AC impedance show the obvious changes that alternate the high C-rate performance, due to reduced particle impedance in blended materials. The pairs of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂-LiMn₂O and LiCoO₂-LiMn₂O₄ present obvious increases in high C-rate reversible capacities than does the pair LiCoO₂-LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂.