Monitoring alcoholic fermentation by microwave dielectric spectroscopy.

The dielectric properties of water solutions of ethanol and sugar are investigated in the microwave region with the objective of setting up a method for the quality control of the fermentation process of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholic fermentation is the process by which carbohydrates, in particular sugar, are converted by the yeast into alcohol. During that process several other by-product compounds are produced, including a significant amount of carbon dioxide. The fermentation stage is of fundamental importance in the production of alcoholic beverages because some of the by-products' components have a considerable effect on the flavour, aroma, and other characteristic properties of the beverages. The on-line monitoring of the fermentation process can thus be very useful for controlling the timing and the development of the process in order to correct it earlier if deviations from "normality" occur. Dielectric spectroscopy is shown to be suitable for such a task, being able to discriminate between the initial water-sugar mixture and the final water-alcohol solution and making it possible to detect the production of carbon dioxide during fermentation. A case-study consisting of the monitoring of the primary fermentqtion of beer by dielectric spectroscopy is presented and discussed.     

The measurement of the dielectric and optical properties of nano thin films by THz differential time-domain spectroscopy

As feature sizes of circuits and devices approach 100 nm and chip frequencies climb into the upper GHz to THz range, it becomes increasingly important to have a convenient method of characterizing properties of thin dielectric films in the GHz to THz frequency range. THz time-domain spectroscopy provides a non-contact, non-destructive and highly sensitive optical tool to characterize the dielectric and optical properties of micron to nanometer scaled thin films at GHz and THz frequencies. The measurement of the dielectric and the optical properties of nanometer scaled dielectric films is performed using the THz differential time-domain spectroscopy. The real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constants and the optical constants of a variety of nano thin films are measured at GHz and THz frequencies.     

天然硫化橡胶热氧老化中太赫兹介电谱

天然橡胶制品的老化是其使用中普遍存在的现象,老化的本质是材料本身存在缺陷而容易被外部因素影响。介电谱是表征电介质对电磁波频率或温度的依赖关系,是微观极化的一种宏观体现。参照橡胶热空气老化标准GB/T3512-2014,对天然硫化橡胶在100℃实验箱中进行了1 000余小时热氧实验,研究样品的太赫兹介电谱随老化时间的变化关系。通过跟踪测试,获取了橡胶每24 h在0.2~1.2 THz的复介电常数和损耗角正切值有效数据,根据复介电常数数值可以推导橡胶的极化特点和统计性的微观运动类型,进而分析用太赫兹介电谱表征的天然硫化胶热氧老化过程中分子结构变化和相互的对应关系。由于材料老化的相通性,该结果对研究其他高分子材料的老化也能起到积极的意义。     

Attenuation measurement of dielectric waveguide

Measurements have been made of the attenuation coefficient of square-cross-section dielectric waveguide by a transmission technique over the frequency range 9.0?18.0 GHz. These measurements have been shown to agree with theoretical predictions made by Ozkan and Schlosser and Unger.     

Millimeter-wave dielectric measurement of materials

It is no longer necessary to use extrapolated microwave dielectric values when designing millimeter-wave components and systems. Very recently, highly accurate millimeter-wave (5- to 1/2-mm) data on complex dielectric permittivity and loss tangent have become available to engineers for a variety of materials such as common ceramics, semiconductors, crystalline, and glass materials. One quasi-optical measurement method has proved to be most accurate and reproducible, namely, dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy (DFTS) applied to a polarizing interferometer. The openresonator method and the Mach-Zehnder-IMPATT spectrometer will also be described and compared. The fact that the dielectric loss increases with frequency in the millimeter, unlike the microwave, is an important feature of these data. Reliable measurements also reveal that the methods of preparation of nominally identical specimens can change the dielectric losses by a factor of three.     

Agricultural applications of dielectric spectroscopy.

A brief account of interest in dielectric properties of agricultural materials is presented, and some examples of dielectric spectroscopy applied to agricultural problems are discussed. Included are wide frequency range (250 Hz to 12 GHz) permittivity, or dielectric properties, measurements on adult rice weevils and hard red winter wheat, for the purpose of assessing selective dielectric heating of the insects, and broadband (200 MHz to 20 GHz) permittivity measurements on tissues of fresh fruits and vegetables. Similar measurements are shown for tree-ripened peaches, which were obtained to assess possibilities for a permittivity-based maturity index. Broadband (10 MHz to 1.8 GHz) permittivity measurements are shown for several fruits and vegetables as a function of temperature from 5 to 95 degrees C. Measurements over the same frequency range and similar temperature ranges are presented for two other food products, whey protein gel and apple juice. A few comments are offered on likely future dielectric spectroscopy applications in agriculture.     

MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

In this paper,the formula given by S.Roberts and A.Von Hippel (1946) has been extended.We make a program for calculating the phase transmission constant of the tested material which is put into thewavegoide and for obtaining the multi-value solutions.Tbe method for,determining ε_r and tanδ of a testedmaterial does not need special equipments,but it can meet the accuracy requirement for testing ordinarymaterials.     

A coaxial-circular waveguide for dielectric measurement

A two-port cell for the dielectric measurement of a variety of materials is described. The cell is a symmetric cylindrical sample holder connected to a coaxial line at each end. The cell has some important differences from the traditional two-port coaxial cell that is commonly used. In the proposed design, the sample is in the shape of a solid circular disk with no hole in its center. This represents a simplicity in sample matching over the coaxial cell that is important, especially in the case of soft rocks. Other advantages of the proposed design over the coaxial cell design are the larger dynamic range and higher sensitivity. A full-wave model that can predict the response of the cell is developed     

Study on dielectric properties of lanthanum copper tantalate ceramics by impedance spectroscopy

A new perovskite ceramic material with the composition La_2/3CuTa₄O₁₂ was synthesized by solid state reaction method. SEM observations revealed dense and fine-grained microstructure and not uniform grain size distribution in the ceramics sintered in the temperature range 1180–1220 °C. Impedance spectroscopy studies were carried out in the temperature range from −55 to 700 °C at frequencies 10 Hz–2 MHz. Three types of dielectric responses were recognized, attributed to grains, grain boundaries and the electrode-sample interface. The relaxation times determined from the impedance data follow the Arrhenius law with the activation energies of 0.25 eV and 0.94 eV for grains and grain boundaries, respectively. DC electrical conductivity of the investigated ceramics was investigated in the temperature range 20–700 °C. The determined activation energy of electrical conduction was about 0.5 eV. The dielectric properties of La_2/3CuTa₄O₁₂ ceramics were compared with those of other A_2/3CuTa₄O₁₂ (A=Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Bi) materials, being the spontaneously formed internal barrier layer capacitors, and some essential differences were found.     

Perturbation of dielectric resonator for material measurement

A novel method for rapid measurement of the permittivity of a small object has been developed. Based on the perturbation of a semi-open resonant structure with a dielectric resonator excited in the TE₀₁₁ mode, the apparatus allows samples to be introduced freely and exhibits substantial mode stability. Results of permittivity measurement on low-loss dielectric samples in the form of thin plates and disks were in good agreement with values given by alternative methods employing much larger samples. The method can be extended to account for dielectric loss and permeability. In addition to being applied to material characterisation in the laboratory, the resonant structure can be developed into a transportable dielectrometer for small objects     

西红柿成熟度的近红外漫透射光谱无损检测

为了证实以近红外漫透射光谱技术结合化学计量学方法能有效实现西红柿成熟度的检测，采用美国海洋光学公司的QE65000光谱仪取得了西红柿的漫透射光谱数据，采用日本柯尼卡美能达CR-10反射式色差计取得了亮度、红绿色相、黄蓝色相和总色差颜色数据; 通过标准数学建模方法建立了颜色模型，并通过偏最小二乘回归校正算法建立了近红外光谱模型。结果表明，两组模型都是以红绿色相指标建模时效果最佳，在99个未知样品数据中，预测模型的颜色模型误判情况分别为未成熟0%、半成熟33.33%、成熟0%；而近红外预测模型的误判情况分别为未成熟32.14%、半成熟50%、成熟0%。该研究验证了近红外光谱技术对西红柿成熟度进行无损检测的可行性，这对实现西红柿的快速、批量分选具有一定的实际意义。     

Strip dielectric wave guide antenna-for the measurement of dielectric constant of low-loss materials

The value of dielectric constant are the most important parameters in material science technology. In micro-wave and millimeter wave circuits using dielectric materials the values of this parameters should be known accurately. It is observed that the number of methods are reported in litrature, however these methods impose difficulties in experimentation and are not very accurate. In this paper a novel approach to the measurement of the dielectric constant of low loss materials at micro-wave and millimeter wave frequencies has been discussed. In this method by using antenna theory, a metallic strip dielectric guide is taken in to constideration and band reject phenomenon of dielectric antenna is used. Frequency response of an antenna in band reject mode is a function of the dimensional parameters, such as the metallic strip period, the profile of the metallic strip and the dielectric constant of the material used. Hence if one measure the frequency responce of the antenna in band reject mode, the dielectric constant of the material is determined provided all other parameters are known. This method gives a direct measure of dielectric constant and is quite accurate as computer techniques are used for evaluating the dielectric constant. This method verified experimentally also.     

Noninvasive Measurement of Hematocrit by Electrical Admittance Plethysmography Technique

A new method for the noninvaive measurement of hematocrit by means of electrical admittance plethysmography was developed. The pninciple of this method is based on the evidence that the elecical admittance variation in a finger segment inmersed in an electrolyte solution disappears when the resistivity of the solution is equal to that of the blood flowing into the segment. Thus, the blood resistivity and, therefore, the hematocrit can be noninvasively determined from the electrolyte resistivity. The hematocrit values determined by this method (HctY) were compared with those by the capillary method (Hctc) in 16 subjects: the linear regression equation was HctY = 1.02Hctc-0.35 with a correlation coefficient r = 0.981.     

闭腔法测量微波介质材料参数的研究

采用TE01δ模闭腔法,推导了介电常数和介质损耗的计算公式.制作了4种介质谐振器,分析了支撑物的材质及高度、耦合的结构及强弱、金属腔材质对所制介质谐振器的谐振频率和品质因数Q值的影响.结果表明:较高的聚四氟乙烯支撑使介质谐振器有较高的有载Q值,弱的耦合使有载Q值非常接近无载Q值,高Q值的金属腔利于介质材料Q值的精确测量...     

Accurate measurement of Q-factors of isolated dielectric resonators

In this paper, a set-up used to accurately measure the resonant frequencies and Q-factors of isolated dielectric resonators is described. The measured resonant frequencies and Q-factors of first five lowest order modes of two cylindrical dielectric resonators of relative permittivity 38.0 and 79.7 respectively are reported. The measured values are compared with those of rigorous numerical methods available in the literature     

Tissue dielectric measurement using an interstitial dipole antenna

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique to measure the dielectric properties of biological tissues with an interstitial dipole antenna based upon previous efforts for open-ended coaxial probes. The primary motivation for this technique is to facilitate treatment monitoring during microwave tumor ablation by utilizing the heating antenna without additional intervention or interruption of the treatment. The complex permittivity of a tissue volume surrounding the antenna was calculated from reflection coefficients measured after high-temperature microwave heating by using a rational function model of the antenna's input admittance. Three referencing liquids were needed for measurement calibration. The dielectric measurement technique was validated ex vivo in normal and ablated bovine livers. Relative permittivity and effective conductivity were lower in the ablation zone when compared to normal tissue, consistent with previous results. The dipole technique demonstrated a mean 10% difference of permittivity values when compared to open-ended coaxial cable measurements in the frequency range of 0.5-20 GHz. Variability in measured permittivities could be smoothed by fitting to a Cole-Cole dispersion model. Further development of this technique may facilitate real-time monitoring of microwave ablation treatments through the treatment applicator.     

A microwave oscillation loop for dielectric constant measurement

We designed and analyzed a microwave oscillation loop formed by a dielectric loaded cavity, amplifiers and transmission lines for the dielectric constant measurement of samples at both room and very high temperature. An oscillation condition for an arbitrary loop is derived in S-parameter notation, by which the commonly used oscillation condition in loop phase and gain notation is proved to be valid only in the special case when either S₁₁=S₂₁=0 or S₂₂ =S₁₂=0. Based on the S-parameter oscillation condition, a theoretical model is established and verified with a discrepancy of less than 0.041% between the calculated and the measured oscillation frequencies. With this model, the loop characteristics are investigated. From the measured loop oscillation frequency, the cavity resonant frequency, and thereby the dielectric constant of the sample in the cavity, can be predicted. Based on this analysis, an active dielectrometer is constructed with resultant errors of less than 4% for ϵ'<20 and less than 11% for ϵ'<80. This dielectrometer requires no tuning and no external microwave power source. Moreover, a high power (>100 W) oscillation loop for the dielectric constant measurement of a microwave heated sample (1000°C) is developed     

光电流光谱技术与原子荧光法联用测定激光波长

激光波长仪可在一定精度内测定激光波长,但在激光光谱学和激光分离同位素的应用研究中,不能保证测得的波长已与原子的某一跃迁共振。而光电流光谱技术恰好具有及时地反映这种共振的性能,激光激发原子荧光法的应用又为复杂原子谱线的认定提供准确可靠的依据。我们联用这两种技术简便快速而又准确无误地分别测定了与铀、镧原子一些非精细结构高分辨谱线中某一成分共振的激光波长。     

Blood glucose measurement by multiple attenuated total reflectionand infrared absorption spectroscopy

The difficulty of measuring physiological concentrations of glucose in blood by conventional infrared absorption spectroscopy is due to the intrinsic high background absorption of water. This limitation can be largely overcome by the use of a CO2 laser as an infrared source in combination with a multiple attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. To demonstrate the applicability of this technique, we compared in vitro measurements of glucose in blood obtained from an experimental infrared laser spectrometer with independent measurements made by a standard YSI 23A laboratory glucose analyzer. The capability of continuous measurement of blood glucose concentration is of primary importance in the future development of a glucose sensor for diabetic patients.     

Bilayered dielectric measurement with an open-ended coaxial probe

An equivalent circuit of an open-ended coaxial line used as a probe for bilayered dielectric measurement which consists of three parallel capacitances C_f, C₀ϵ₁ and C₁(ϵ₂≫-ϵ₁) is presented. The measurement method, based on both the analytical expression of the probe's equivalent circuit and the bilinear transformation relationships between the equivalent admittance of the probe and the reflection coefficient and between the real reflection coefficient and the measured reflection coefficient, is described. With using this method, the measurements were made in 0.6-2.6 6Hz. The results show that the permittivity of either layer of bilayered dielectrics can be determined by using the measured reflection coefficients without knowledge of equivalent capacitances C_f, C₀ and C₁(t) or the thickness of the first layer medium