Private sector participation in infrastructure projects: a methodology to analyse viability of BOT

Many developing countries are now attempting to finance new infrastructure projects through private sector participation. This paper outlines a methodology based on financial and risk analyses that a government or a government utility can use to analyse the viability of private sector participation in new infrastructure projects. The water supply projects in Sri Lanka are used for the case study to outline the methodology. Financial analyses of a bulk water supply project and a water distribution project are carried out to estimate subsidy percentages that are required to make the projects viable, using a model developed for the investment analysis of all types of infrastructure project. This analysis looks at four pricing options for the bulk supply project, and sixteen procurement options for the distribution project, from the view point of the utility, for three cases of non-revenue water (35% as base case, 50% and 25% as extreme cases). The risk analysis takes into account the risk and uncertainty in non-revenue water, cost and demand estimates, rate of debt and forecasts of escalation. These analyses show that the best option for the utility is to obtain both bulk supply and distribution projects through private sector participation using BOT arrangements.     

浅谈城市基础设施建设投融资体制

介绍了城市基础设施建设在城建资金严重不足的情况下 ,如何拓宽融资渠道 ,并对当前基础设施投融资体制存在的问题进行了分析 ,提出了投融资体制改革的建议。     

Private financing in the dutch public housing sector: The rise and fall of the accumulative loan

The author wishes to thank miss Barbara den Boer for her translation.     

中国城镇市政设施投融资现状研究

从市政设施含义着手，探讨了我国城镇市政设施投融资改革历程，明晰了各类市政设施归属，指明其民营化的对象，总结了我国推进市政设施民营化的成功实践，并提出了一些改革建议与相关措施。     

对我国基础建设融资问题的思考

通过对我国基础建设融资资金来源及管理现状的分析，提出了适合我国国情的三种融资渠道，对改善基础建设融资环境进行了探讨，并提出建议，为有效扩大融资渠道，稳定资金供给起了积极作用。     

浅议吕梁城市基础设施项目中的BOT融资方式

介绍了BOT融资方式的概念和优点,阐述了BOT融资方式在吕梁城市基础建设中的现实意义,在此基础上结合吕梁市基础建设现状,探讨了基础设施建设资金缺口的解决办法,提出了在吕梁市基础设施项目中运行BOT融资方式的相关建议,以指导实践。     

Does vertical integration facilitate coordination between infrastructure management and train operating units in the rail sector? Implications for Japanese railways

We investigate why vertical integration facilitates coordination between infrastructure management and train operating units in a railway system. An analysis of three Japanese rail companies shows that informal communication is significant for overall coordination, and mechanisms enhancing informal communication are observed mainly at the task group and individual levels. In contrast, mechanisms enhancing formal communication are observed mainly at the organisational level. Although these mechanisms mitigate coordination problems observed in vertical separation, their employment requires a transition to vertical integration, which can be an option in high-density areas where close coordination is required.     

与私营部门共同为贫民窟改造融资的案例对比

把商业贷款和偿还机制引入“贫民窟改造”的尝试有着漫长的历史，但是取得成功的并不多。本文中，联合国人居署贫民窟改造基金（SUF）资深顾问Michael Mutter审视了该机构与加纳各级商业银行的合作，以便找出一些答案。     

Cross-border transport infrastructure and aid policies

We investigate resource allocation concerning the provision of cross- border transport infrastructure, which is used for trade of goods between two neighboring countries. Since the level of infrastructure is sub-optimal under the circumstances that two governments choose the levels of infrastructure independently, we focus on the role of foreign aid to improve the efficiency of infrastructure provision. In this paper, we examine the welfare effects of aid policies, and show that aid can make both countries better off, i.e., Pareto improvement. Furthermore, Pareto improvement is more likely if the stage of development in recipient country is very low or sufficiently high.     

Contextualizing transport infrastructure and services in Ghanaian peri-urbanism

This study interrogates the demand and supply of transport infrastructure and services in peri-urban areas of Sunyani Municipality in Ghana. Structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 100 households across three peri-urban communities in Sunyani (Abesim-Kyidom, Asuakwaa and Adomako). Findings revealed that a majority of peri-urban households (84%) in the study communities who commute daily to and from the city centre are faced with poor transport infrastructure (e.g. poor conditions of road) and unreliable services (e.g. unregulated public transport). Inadequate investment in transport infrastructure and services by the Ghanaian government, the limited activity locations in peri-urban areas, and the concentration of activity locations at the city centre were identified to be contributing to the poor state of transport infrastructure and services in the case study communities. Policy recommendations to improve the situation are further proffered.     

基础设施建设地方政府融资博弈行为形成机理研究

对现有基础设施建设地方政府申请项目专项资金的融资行为进行分析,在制度层面深入剖析基础设施建设地方政府融资博弈行为产生的制度基础。运用博弈论等相关理论知识,建立基础设施建设政府融资行为博弈模型,对基础设施建设过程中产生的地方政府虚报项目争取财政资金的这一政府融资博弈行为的形成机理进行深入剖析,证明在基础设施建设领域公地悲剧现象的存在,并运用元胞自动机仿真进一步验证,指出基础设施单纯依靠政府的力量是不现实的也是低效的,并提出改善这一现象的对策建议。     

构建新农村基础设施建设投融资体系的思考

针对当前农村基础设施建设投资存在总量不足、结构不合理、效益低下等情况,通过调查分析,提出以市场化为取向、以财政为支撑、以政策性金融为支点的农村投融资体系的建议,从而解决了新农村基础设施建设投融资问题。     

Industrialized construction in the Swedish infrastructure sector: core elements and barriers

Improving productivity and innovation is a central challenge in all industries, but particularly in construction where improvements have been slow. To meet this challenge, a recent investigation into the actions of Swedish government clients has recognized needs to improve planning during project procurement phases, increase numbers of turnkey contracts and raise industrialization of the sector. In response, the Swedish Transportation Administration has launched a research and innovation programme to foster an industrial approach and identify ways to increase the standardization of products and processes. However, increasing industrialization has been difficult to achieve in the project-based construction industry except in the process-based housing sector. Further, there has been little research on the concept of industrialized infrastructure construction and barriers to its implementation. Opinions and attitudes of clients, consultants and contractors in the infrastructure sector were investigated in relation to the core elements of industrialized construction, and the barriers hindering its development. Opportunities and obstacles related to both product and process standardization for continuous improvements and the relationships between clients and contractors are revealed. Hence, the implementation of industrialized construction requires tightly focused governance at the outset of projects and profound changes to established attitudes, norms and regulations.     

开发性金融支持小城镇基础设施建设试点工作的回顾与展望

为支持小城镇健康发展,推进我国城镇化进程,从2003年下半年起,在陈元行长的推动下,国家开发银行与建设部联合开展了开发性金融支持小城镇基础设施建设的贷款试点工作。经过两年多的共同努力,贷款试点工作进展顺利,累计向169个全国重点镇发放了贷款,合同贷款额90亿元,其中已放款64亿元。获得贷款支持的全国重点镇建设与发展步伐明显加快,城镇功能不断完善,对周围农村地区的示范带动能力进一步增强,初步发挥了推动解决“三农”问题的重要作用。一、试点工作的指导思想党中央、国务院历来十分重视小城镇建设与发展,特别是十五大以来,做出了一系…     

私营部门支持穷人小额抵押货款

为实现千年发展目标,联合国人居署,全球住房基金会（GHF）和美林证券公司于2007年10月25日签署了一项旨在改善世界上贫民窟居民生活水平的谅解备忘录。在这里,联合国人居署驻纽约办事处主任Axumite Gebre-Egziabher、全球住房基金会主席Tim Wilkens、美林证券公司经理Laurence Schreiber解释了这项计划的实施过程。     

小城镇基础设施建设的融资模式探讨

一、小城镇建设与发展需要改革创新投融资体制　　　　改革开放以来,我国农村城镇化进程加快,小城镇建设得到较快发展,但总体上仍处于起步阶段,尤其是小城镇基础设施的建设标准和完善程度较低,进展缓慢,建设项目资金匮乏,从而成为制约小城镇建设发展的“瓶颈”。例如浙 江省,201年全省1410个乡(镇)农村经济总收入平均水平仅为0.24亿元;　全省建制镇平均集聚人口0.87万人、人口集聚率26.0%;　平均每个镇镇区面积3平方公里左右;社会经济综合发展指数总体较低,平均值仅为23.8,有37.4%的乡(镇)指数值低于20,其中有11个乡(镇)的指数低…     

基础设施PPP融资模式及其在小城镇的应用研究

基础设施对于小城镇发展的重要性是不言而喻的,然而当前我国小城镇基础设施正面临着资金匮乏的窘境,如何拓宽基础设施融资渠道已成为小城镇发展的关键,PPP是解决这个问题的有效途径。PPP是近年来国际上流行的一种基础设施融资模式。本文对PPP融资模式进行了简要的介绍,分析了PPP融资模式的特点,并与其他几类基础设施融资模式进行了比较。在此基础上,对PPP在小城镇基础设施项目的应用前景进行了分析,提出了包括融资环境、各参与方情况、合作过程、合作机制、效果评价五个模块的小城镇基础设施PPP融资模式应用模型,对其风险分担机制进行了探讨,并就模型的实施提出了具体的政策建议,希望能对实际工作有所推动。     

Allocation mechanisms in public provision of transport and communication infrastructure

This study explores the allocation mechanisms in the public provision of interregional transport and communication infrastructure in Sweden. The logistics of the flow of infrastructure investments from the government budget is examined. The purpose is to consider how the demand for infrastructure investment is estimated by public agencies, how judgments are made on governmental expenditure policy, and what determines the spatial distribution of infrastructure investment. The analysis is carried out along four main lines; demand for infrastructure services, political intentions and goals, the modal composition of investments for transport and communication, and the spatial distribution of infrastructure. The discussion considers functional, spatial, and temporal consistency aspects in the public provision of infrastructure.     

陕西省农村基础设施建设项目融资问题与应对策略研究

农村基础设施建设是农村经济发展的重要保障,是提高农村物质文化生活的重要基础。陕西省农村基础设施建设水平总体较低,其影响因素是多方面的,融资问题在诸多影响因素中尤为突出,成为制约陕西省农村基础设施建设的关键因素。从分析陕西省农村基础设施建设项目的融资现状出发,找出农村基础设施建设融资中存在的问题,针对具体的问题提出应对策略。     

Planning transport infrastructure: examining the politics of transport planning in Melbourne,Sydney and Perth

Abstract

Australian cities have observed a “consensus turn” expressed as broad public support of greater accessibility and public transport provision as revealed in metropolitan strategic plans. In contrast large-scale road projects proposed to traverse the inner-city of three major Australian cities reveals an ongoing and deep-seated attachment by some to car-based travel in Australian urban transport planning. Comparative case studies of these three road projects in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth explores the impact that an antagonistic relationship between the state and community has on the culture of transport planning. Through observational insights, policy and media analysis and interviews with community groups, we show that this antagonistic planning culture arises when there is a fracture between metropolitan strategic plan-making and project planning, and when clear channels of communication and deliberation are undermined.