水电机组轴线计算机辅助分析系统的开发与应用

介绍了基于VB软件平台开发的葛洲坝水电站机组轴线调整计算机辅助分析系统(TGAS系统),采用三点组合解析均值法对轴线测量数据进行了计算分析,为机组轴线调整提供了安全、可靠和高精度的轴线分析结果。葛洲坝水电厂#2机轴线调整实例表明,效果令人满意。     

大型抽水蓄能机组大轴折线分析及处理

大型抽水蓄能机组通常具有高转速高水头大容量的特点,为保证机组安全稳定运行,对其振动摆度幅值有着较为严格的要求,而机组轴线的好坏对振动摆度有着决定性影响,因此大修机组需对轴线进行相应测量和调整。机组大修回装后轴线可能存在弯折,为探寻此类机组大轴折线有效处理方法,以宝泉抽水蓄能电站为例,通过对机组大修后轴线数据测量、分析,采取在大轴法兰结合部位分区域添加不同厚度铜垫的方法处理大轴折线,明显缩短了机组检修时间,提高了机组检修质量,对类似机组大轴折线处理具有一定的参考价值。     

立式水轮发电机组检修中轴线找正的探讨

围绕立式水轮发电机组在检修中对轴线的测量、数据分析和发电机轴线、综合轴线找正进行了探讨，阐述了在调整过程中应该注意的问题，同时以葛洲坝电站机组为例，分析了电站机组在检修中轴线找正的方法。     

水电机组轴线静态分析

在轴流转桨式水轮发电机组轴线分析传统计算方法的基础上,提出了用于水电机组轴线静态分析的新方法--三点组合解析均值法(ATCA),并介绍了水电机组轴线状态计算机辅助分析系统(TGAS)及新方法在水电厂的应用和效果.     

水轮发电机组振动与摆度探索及监测系统

作高速旋转运动的水轮发电机组产生振动是不可避免的,这种振动是由若干简谐振动叠加而成的非简谐振动,是一个综合量.投运之前的水轮发电机组应进行盘车,检查调整机组轴线,确保各部摆度不超过相应规范.近几年国内很多公司相继开发多个机组状态检修在线监测系统.     

大型卧式水轮发电机机组轴线的调整

根据大型卧式水轮发电机组安装后机组轴线可能发生的偏差按径向和轴向间隙进行量测,推导出轴承调整移动量计算公式,通过实例说明公式的应用。     

一种新型汽轮机盘车装置

传统的汽轮机盘车装置在投入和脱开时都是借助专门气动元件及限位开关来实现的,自动化程度低,介绍了一种新型汽轮机盘车装置,这种新型汽轮机盘车装置根据转速差可以自动地投入和脱开.针对其特性、结构、原理及功能进行了深入的研究,并通过试验进行了验证.试验结果表明,该装置运行平稳,自动离合位置准确,性能指标满足机组运行要求.该盘车装置填补了国内汽轮机自动化盘车的空白,并达到了国外同类产品的先进水平.     

水轮发电机组上机架振动分析及有限元计算

对天生桥一级电厂3#机组上机架异常振动进行了真机实测及原因分析，得到的结果是：振动过大的主要原因是发电机转子质量不平衡，次要原因是机组轴线不直，并通过上机架有限元计算从理论上得到了证实。     

变速风力发电机组调频控制策略研究

根据变速风力发电机组的运行特点,提出一种调频备用功率控制策略。在正常情况下,调整机组最优功率-转速曲线,使机组运行在次优功率捕获曲线上,减少一部分有功输出,留作调频备用功率;当系统频率变化时,通过调节桨距角和机组有功功率参考值,改变风电机组有功输出,参与系统频率调整。通过一个具体仿真算例分析了风电机组增加惯性响应控制、一次调频控制与备用功率控制等多种控制环节对系统频率的调节作用,并研究了当频率突变时有无AGC控制对风电机组调节特性的影响。     

流溪河水电厂1号机组上机架振动增大问题分析与处理

介绍了流溪河水电厂1号机组的历次处理情况。从机组轴线变化、下导瓦背抗顶块抗压强度、发电机转子动平衡试验等方面着手,通过机组大修和变转速实验,综合分析了1号机组上机架振动增大的原因。通过严格执行检修工艺和检修质量标准,彻底解决了1号机组上机架振动增大的问题。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.