Application of iron-coated sand and manganese-coated sand on the treatment of both As(III) and As(V).

In this study, manganese-coated sand (MCS) and iron-coated sand (ICS) were applied in the oxidation of As(III) and adsorption of As(V), respectively. ICS and MCS were prepared by mixing FeCl3 and Mn(NO3)2, respectively, with Joomoonjin sand at 150 degrees C. In the batch adsorption isotherms, adsorption of As(III) and As(V) onto ICS followed a Langmuir type. ICS showed a greater capacity in the removal of As(V) than As(III) and also in the removal of As(V) compared with MCS. Three different configurations of ICS and MCS were used to investigate the oxidation of As(III) and adsorption of As(V) in a column. In the homogenised system, arsenic breakthrough was approximately two-times delayed compared with the separately packed systems. After breakthrough of arsenic, concentration of As(III) in the effluents was below 40 ppb for the entire reaction period in all configurations, and most arsenic was identified as As(V) owing to near complete conversion of As(III) to As(V) by MCS. The catalytic activity of MCS on the oxidation of As(III) was maintained up to 700 pore volumes, which corresponds to the treatment of at least 300 mg As(III) based on the 1 kg MCS. Compared with the homogenised column, the released Mn(II) concentration from two-staged and four-staged columns was great for the entire reaction period. In the case where the same amount of ICS and MCS was packed in a filtration system, the homogenised column was identified as a better configuration compared with the two-staged and four-staged columns when considering the arsenic breakthrough time as well as the released concentration of Fe(III) and Mn(II).     

Arsenic removal by iron and manganese coated sand.

In this study, as a promising technique for the treatment of both As(III) and As(V) at the same time in a single reactor, a column reactor containing both manganese-coated sand (MCS) and iron-coated sand (ICS), at different configuration of MCS and ICS, was used to treat wastewater contaminated with As(III). Prior to column experiments, batch experiments for the adsorption of As(V) by ICS were performed with variation of solution pH, ionic strength and types of background ions to investigate the effect of these parameters on the As(V) adsorption behaviour. As(V) adsorption onto ICS was quite similar with the variation of ionic strength by using NaNO3 as a background ion as well as in the presence of different types of background ions except phosphate. The adsorption curves shifted to the lower pH region with the increase of the initial arsenic concentration due to the finite number of adsorption sites on the ICS. For model prediction on the adsorption of As(V) onto ICS, the MINEQL program employing an inner-sphere complexation and a diffuse layer model was used. Model predictions generally agreed well with experimental results. From the column test, column system packed with equal ratio of MCS and ICS was identified as the best system due to a promising oxidation efficiency of As(III) to As(V) by MCS and adsorption of As(V) by both MCS and ICS.     

人工湿地填料除砷效率及影响因素试验研究

人工湿地是净化含砷水体的重要途径之一,而填料是决定人工湿地除砷效果的关键因素。通过填料如砾石、锰砂、沸石和陶粒的理化性质的测定,以及各种填料的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附影响因素试验,研究了填料的除砷性能及影响因素。结果表明:4种填料均能在24 h内达到吸附平衡,一级动力学方程和二级动力学方程能很好地拟合其吸附过程;锰砂、陶粒、沸石和砾石最大吸附容量依次为36.62,25.39,11.96,7.04 mg/kg,Freundlich方程能较好地拟合填料的等温吸附过程;在0.25~0.50 mm范围内,粒径对锰砂和陶粒吸附砷影响不显著;溶液中氨氮浓度在0.50~2.50 mg/L范围内几乎不影响填料对砷的吸附;当砷初始浓度低于0.4 mg/L时,磷酸盐在0.25~0.50 mg/L范围内对填料吸附砷的影响不显著;砷初始浓度高于0.4 mg/L时,随着磷酸盐浓度从0.25 mg/L增加至0.50 mg/L时,陶粒对砷的最大吸附量降低了2.57 mg/kg,对锰砂的吸附量降低了1.85 mg/kg。     

Fenton试剂-石英砂工艺处理铁锰矿井废水

针对铁锰矿井废水中锰离子难去除的问题,本试验采用Fenton试剂-石英砂工艺研究了锰离子的去除效率与机理。结果表明:加入H2O2比不加入对锰离子的去除效果好,各因素的最佳值分别为:当H2O2投加量为0.15mg/L、滤速为8 m/h,pH为7,石英砂粒径为1.0 mm时,锰的最高去除率可达到90.7%。     

Fenton接触氧化法强化石英砂—锰砂滤料处理铁锰矿井废水

为了解决目前常用的接触氧化法除铁除锰工艺中铁离子存在时锰离子难去除的问题,本文重点研究了Fenton接触氧化法强化石英砂-锰砂滤料的除铁除锰效率和机理。结果表明:Fenton试剂+锰砂+石英砂工艺除铁锰的效果很好,影响因素的最佳值如下:加入H2O2形成Fenton试剂后可以强化石英砂-锰砂工艺除铁除锰的效果,当H2O2投加量为0.15 mg/L、滤速为8 m/h、pH为7时,铁离子的去除率可达到92%,当H2O2投加量为0.17mg/L、滤速为8 m/h、pH为7时,锰离子的去除率可以达到97%。     

Removal of hydrogen sulfide using palygorskite in a fixed bed adsorber

This work describes the use of a novel palygorskite, a type of magnesium aluminium silicate clay possessing a high specific surface area and pore surface activity, as a low cost and highly efficient adsorbent for hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) removal. Adsorption of H(2)S on palygorskite pretreated with acid or base was investigated in a fixed bed adsorber. The samples after base pretreatment had better dynamic adsorption performances than raw material and samples pretreated with acid. The H(2)S adsorption capacity decreased with an increase in inlet H(2)S concentration. This can be interpreted by the fact that H(2)S adsorption on the surface of palygorskite is chemisorption. The adsorption capacity increased from 25 to 50 °C, then decreased from 50 to 100 °C, which indicates that chemisorption took place and its better reaction temperature was around 50 °C.     

吸附法去除地下水铁锰的研究进展

为了解决地下水铁、锰含量过高的问题,在众多研究方法中,吸附法由于具有容量大、耗能少、污染小、去除快和可循环等优点,被广泛应用于地下水除铁除锰中。重点介绍了锰砂、沸石、火山岩、生物质、活性炭和硅碳素等吸附剂的吸附原理与吸附效果,阐述了一部分吸附剂的改性效果与影响因素。指出了各种吸附剂未来的改进方法和研究方向锰砂可以通过改性来弱化pH值等影响因素对它的吸附影响,沸石和火山岩的研究重心可继续放在改性上,重点研究污染区域的生物质的吸附效果,研究硅碳素与其他吸附剂联合吸附的效果。     

Potential application of manganese coated sand in the removal of Mn(II) from aqueous solutions.

The aim of this study was to explore the applicability of manganese coated sand (MCS) in the presence and absence of sodium hypochlorite for the removal of Mn(II) (2 mg/L) from aqueous solutions. Sand itself is widely used as a filter media for the treatment of wastewaters and it was reported that during the treatment, Mn(II), which is present in the wastewater, is to be deposited on the surface of sand in the form of manganese dioxide. The present investigation dealt with various MCS samples, prepared in the laboratory by various doses of Mn(II) (i.e. from 0.05 to 0.2 mol/L) and the samples were obtained from the pilot plant and naturally coated in the water treatment plant for the removal of Mn(II) in the batch and column studies. Moreover, it was realised that the role of hypochlorite is multifunctional as it not only enhances the uptake of Mn(II) on the surface of MCS through oxidation of Mn(II) into Mn(IV) and hence the formation of manganese dioxide, but it was also supposed to disinfect the bacteria or harmful pathogens from the waste/surface waters. The results obtained clearly inferred that various MCS samples used for the removal of Mn(II) from aqueous solutions showed comparable removal efficiency. However, the presence of sodium hypochlorite greatly enhanced the removal of Mn(II) as more than 80% Mn(II) was removed in the presence of sodium hypochlorite at around pH 6.5. Similarly, while comparing the column data it was again noted that the breakthrough points occurred after the 4,100 and 6,500 bed volumes, respectively, in the absence and in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (2 mg/L).     

Preparation and characterization of CTAB-HACC bentonite and its ability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solution

A novel type of adsorbent was prepared by modifying bentonite with N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The adsorbent was named CTAB-HACC bentonite. Its characteristics were investigated using thermogravimetric, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption of phenol onto CTAB-HACC bentonite was evaluated by changing various parameters, such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial pH of the solution, and temperature. The maximum adsorption was observed at pH 12. Adsorption of phenol on CTAB-HACC bentonite favored at lower temperature and established the equilibrium in 30 min. The adsorption efficiency reached 82.1%, and the adsorption capacity was 7.12 mg/g from the phenol solution with a concentration of 500 mg/L at pH 12.0 and 20 degrees C.     

Adsorption behavior of activated carbon derived from pyrolusite-modified sewage sludge: equilibrium modeling, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Activated carbon was developed from sewage sludge using pyrolusite as an additive. It was demonstrated that the removal efficiency of two synthetic dyes (Tracid orange GS and Direct fast turquoise blue GL) by the produced adsorbent was up to 97.6%. The activated carbon with pyrolusite addition had 38.2% higher surface area, 43.8% larger micropore and 54.4% larger mesopore production than ordinary sludge-based activated carbons. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also investigated based on dyes adsorption tests. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption, and the results fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm. The kinetic data have been analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equation. The experimental data fitted very well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Activation energies for the adsorption processes ranged between 8.7 and 19.1 kJ mol 1. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (deltaG0), standard enthalpy (deltaH0) and standard entropy (deltaS0) were evaluated. The adsorption of these two dyes on the activated carbon was found to be a spontaneous and endothermic process in nature.     

基于微生物成因的加固砂粒技术研究

微生物灌浆加固技术是新的地基加固方法,“巴氏芽孢杆菌”（编号ＡＴＣＣ11859）作为研究菌种, 通过生物生化过程可实现砂粒加固及防渗功能。首先以微生物活性及ＯＤ600值作为参考值,通过室内 实验得出“巴氏芽孢杆菌”的最佳培养条件为:10％的接种比例、30℃培养温度及ｐＨ＝6．24的营养液环 境;其次研究了微生物浆液的物理性质及加固粉细砂技术,得出微生物浆液可灌性好、砂粒加固强度可 达15ＭＰａ～22ＭＰａ、砂粒渗透率可由加固前的1．1×10－2ｃｍ／ｓ降低到加固后的2．19×10－5ｃｍ／ｓ。     

基于水流黏滞性的模型沙选择

对于研究泥沙问题的全沙动床模型试验,模型沙的设计是整个模型试验的关键。当原型泥沙粒径过小,不考虑模型与原型的温度差异时,按比尺计算得到的天然模型沙粒径太小,通常不易获得。因此在满足悬移相似条件下,通过控制试验水温,根据不同温度及不同水黏滞系数ν,得到合理的颗粒粒径从而优化模型选沙。在原温和变温两种条件下分别计算所选泥沙的沉速和沉速比尺,表明改变温度所选的模型沙粒径是合理的,用较大粒径天然沙模拟原型较细沙,既满足沉速相似也满足悬移相似要求。试验验证结果表明模型沙选择满足设计要求,模型设计合理。     

风积沙改性土热物理性质的测试与分析

风积沙改性土材料的导热、储热性能是研究风积沙改性土路堤传热特性、路堤内部温度分布和裂缝成因机理的重要基础。参考相关工程实际情况,利用风积沙、黏性土、水泥三种材料制成不同配比的风积沙改性土,对材料配比与比热容、导热系数之间的关系进行测试分析,展开对风积沙改性土热物理性质的研究。试验结果表明:配比相同的风积沙改性土比热容与导热系数相对于风积沙改性土配比的变化趋势大致相反;当试验温度为-50～50℃时,不同配比的风积沙改性土比热容随温度的变化趋势大致相同,由负温到正温,比热容虽有波动,但总体上不断增大;在试验温度为-5℃、水泥掺入比固定为5%时,随着黏性土掺比的增加,比热容先增大后减小,导热系数先减小后增大;在试验温度为-5℃、当黏性土掺入比固定为10%时,随着水泥掺入比的增加,比热容数值大致呈下降趋势,导热系数数值大致呈上升趋势;84%风积沙+6%水泥+10%黏性土的配比方案可以降低改性土温度敏感性的同时降低改性土路堤表里温差大小,是控制温度裂缝的较优配比方案。研究成果可为分析温度变化条件下风积沙改性土路基温度裂缝的成因机理以及优化材料配比提供试验依据。     

Influence of groundwater composition on subsurface iron and arsenic removal

Subsurface arsenic and iron removal (SAR/SIR) is a novel technology to remove arsenic, iron and other groundwater components by using the subsoil. This research project investigated the influence of the groundwater composition on subsurface treatment. In anoxic sand column experiments, with synthetic groundwater and virgin sand, it was found that several dissolved substances in groundwater compete for adsorption sites with arsenic and iron. The presence of 0.01 mmol L(-1) phosphate, 0.2 mmol L(-1) silicate, and 1 mmol L(-1) nitrate greatly reduced the efficiency of SAR, illustrating the vulnerability of this technology in diverse geochemical settings. SIR was not as sensitive to other inorganic groundwater compounds, though iron retardation was limited by 1.2 mmol L(-1) calcium and 0.06 mmol L(-1) manganese.     

Removal of C.I. Reactive Red 2 from aqueous solutions by chitin: an insight into kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics

In this study, C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) was removed from aqueous solutions by chitin. Exactly how the RR2 concentration, chitin dosage, pH, and temperature affected adsorption of RR2 by chitin was then determined. After reaction for 120 min, the amount of 10 and 20 mg/L RR2 absorbed onto chitin was 5.7 and 7.5 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption percentage increased from 56 to 94% when the chitin dosage was increased from 1.5 to 2.5 g/L. Experimental results indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best represents adsorption kinetics. Adsorption of RR2 increased as the temperature increased; however, it decreased with an increased pH. Experimental results further demonstrated that the Freundlich model is superior to the Langmuir model in fitting experimental isotherms. The ΔH° and ΔS° were 16.34 kJ/mol and 152.10 J/mol K, respectively. ΔH° suggested that adsorption of RR2 onto chitin was via physisorption.     

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using wine-processing waste sludge

Dye wastewaters usually contain toxins and high chroma, making them difficult to treat with biological methods. The adsorption process plays an important role in removing dyes from wastewaters. This study aimed to explore the methylene blue (MB) adsorption mechanism by wine-processing waste sludge (WPWS). The WPWS contains a high cation-exchange capacity (64.2 cmol(c) kg(-1)) and organic matter (52.8%). The parameters affecting MB adsorption included pH, initial concentration of MB, reaction temperature, particle size and dosage of WPWS. The WPWS adsorption isotherms of MB were only well described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q(m)) of MB was 285.7 mg g(-1) at 25 °C. The activation energy determined by Arrhenius equation is 29.995 kJ mol(-1). Under steady-state reaction conditions, the Gibb free energy (ΔG°) ranged from -24.607 to -27.092 kJ mol(-1) and ΔH° was -8.926 kJ mol(-1), indicating that lower reaction temperature would favor MB adsorption. Therefore, MB adsorption by WPWS was a spontaneous, exothermic and physisorption reaction.     

Conditions and technologies of biological wastewater treatment in Hungary

A survey has been carried out involving 55 Hungarian wastewater treatment plants in order to evaluate the wastewater quality, the applied technologies and the resultant problems. Characteristically the treatment temperature is very wide-ranging from less than 10 °C to higher than 26 °C. Influent quality proved to be very variable regarding both the organic matter (typical COD concentration range 600-1,200 mg l(-1)) and the nitrogen content (typical NH(4)-N concentration range 40-80 mg l(-1)). As a consequence, significant differences have been found in the carbon availability for denitrification from site to site. Forty two percent of the influents proved to lack an appropriate carbon source. As a consequence of carbon deficiency as well as technologies designed and/or operated with non-efficient denitrification, rising sludge in the secondary clarifiers typically occurs especially in summer. In case studies, application of intermittent aeration, low DO reactors, biofilters and anammox processes have been evaluated, as different biological nitrogen removal technologies. With low carbon source availability, favoring denitrification over enhanced biological phosphorus removal has led to an improved nitrogen removal.     

石英砂负载氧化铁吸附除磷的研究

通过小试摇床试验研究了石英砂负载氧化铁(IOCS)在不同的试验条件下(pH、吸附时间、背景离子等)对磷的吸附效果.结果表明:在中性条件下,IOCS吸附除磷效果最佳;锑与磷在IOCS上产生明显的竞争吸附.准二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型可分别较好地描述磷的吸附动力学及吸附等温线试验结果;再生试验表明:采用0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液可以使得IOCS再生,且再生次数对吸附容量影响不大.     

Efficient removal of Cr(VI) by polydopamine-modified lignin from aqueous solution: Batch and XAFS studies

Lignocellulose has the potential to become a bio-based adsorbent due to its biodegradability and renewability. In this study, a novel polydopamine-functionalized-lignin (lignin@PDA), prepared via self-polymerization of dopamine (PDA) on lignin, was used as a bio-based adsorbent for rapid scavenging of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The morphology, functional groups, crystalline structure, and chemical composition of lignin@PDA were characterized with a scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Cr(VI) adsorption process of lignin@PDA was studied using batch experiments as a function of pH, ionic strength, adsorbent dose, and contact time at room temperature. The adsorption rate of lignin@PDA was five times greater than that of the unmodified lignin, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 102.6 mg/g in an acidic medium. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on lignin@PDA fit the pseudo-second-order equation and the Freundlich model, indicating that the adsorption process was mainly dominated by chemisorption and surface complexation. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of Cr(VI) on lignin@PDA was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The X-ray absorption fine structure results showed that sorption and reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) occurred simultaneously on lignin. Moreover, PDA coating not only improved the reactivity of lignin but also promoted the complete reduction of Cr(VI) by lignin. According to these results, polydopamine-functionalized-lignin is a promising bio-based adsorbent for immobilization of Cr(VI) from wastewater.

     

排沙漏斗截沙率计算

排沙漏斗是经过15年系列模型试验及原型观测研究成功的排沙设施,该设施工程设计时的截沙率一般通过试验测得。文章根据多年原型工程的运行经验,分析了影响排沙漏斗截沙率高低的主要因素,通过量纲分析给出了各因素与截沙率之间的函数关系,结合室内系列模型试验,运用数值分析的方法推导出排沙漏斗截沙率的计算公式,并利用实际工程的原型观测资料对所推导的公式进行对比验证。结果表明,该公式的计算误差不超过±5%,可供今后排沙漏斗工程设计计算参考。