Occurrence of Vibrio spp. in fish and shellfish collected from the Swiss market

The genus Vibrio includes gram-negative bacteria that inhabit estuarine ecosystems. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus pose a considerable public health threat as agents of sporadic and epidemic foodborne infections associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated fish or shellfish. In this study, we analyzed 138 fish and shellfish samples collected from the Swiss market (fish fillets [n = 102], bivalves [n = 34], and squid [n = 2]). Microbiological analysis was done according to International Organization for Standardization method 21872-1/21872-2:2007, using thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar and chromID Vibrio agar as selective agar. Presumptive-positive colonies on thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar or chromID Vibrio agar were picked and were identified by the API 20E and species-specific PCR systems. V. cholerae isolates were tested further by PCR for the presence of the cholera toxin A subunit gene (ctxA). V. parahaemolyticus isolates were tested by PCR for genes encoding for thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh). V. cholerae was isolated from three samples and V. parahaemolyticus from eight samples. None of these strains harbored species-specific virulence factors. Further, V. alginolyticus was isolated from 40 samples, and V. fluvialis was isolated from 1 sample. Our study provides, for the first time, data for the assessment of exposure to Vibrio spp. in raw fish and bivalves consumed in Switzerland.     

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and microorganisms of fecal origin in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sold in the Puglia region (Italy)

Mytilus galloprovincialis is one of the most commonly consumed of all bivalve molluscs. The consumption of raw bivalve molluscs has caused outbreaks of food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. This paper reports the results of a survey on the presence of V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in 600 M. galloprovincialis samples collected from retail outlets in the Puglia region. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were found in 47 (7.83%) and 17 (2.83%) of the samples, respectively. One sample (0.16%) was contaminated with Salmonella spp. but no relationship was observed between vibrios and fecal coliforms and E. coli. There were no significant differences among vibrios present in bivalve molluscs during the 3-year survey.     

The occurrence of Vibrio species in tropical shrimp culture environments; implications for food safety

The occurrence of various Vibrio species in water, sediment and shrimp samples from multiple shrimp farm environments from the east and west coast of India was studied. The relative abundance was higher in west coast farms (ca. 10(4) cfu/ml water) when compared to the east coast (ca. 10(2) cfu/ml water). Vibrio alginolyticus (3-19%), V. parahaemolyticus (2-13%), V. harveyi (1-7%) and V. vulnificus (1-4%) were the predominant Vibrio species identified by standard biochemical testing. In some cases, V. cholerae could be found, but all isolates were negative for the cholera toxin (ctx) gene that is associated with choleragenic strains. The biochemical identification of V. parahaemolyticus, the other human pathogen among the species mentioned above, was confirmed by PCR targeting the toxR gene and a 387 bp chromosomal locus specific for this species. Furthermore, the presence of the virulence-associated tdh (thermostable direct haemolysin) and trh (TDH-related haemolysin) genes in the V. parahaemolyticus isolates was also detected by PCR. Only 2 out of 47 isolates were tdh positive and one contained the trh gene. However, since V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus species are recognized as a major cause of seafood-borne illness, it is important to pay attention to post-harvest handling and adequate cooking.     

同时检测海产品中副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的合检方法评价研究

目的建立水产品中副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌合检方法,并对合检方法对比进行评价。方法利用副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌阳性菌株,制备纯菌液、不同浓度梯度的人工污染样品。通过对30份纯菌液、30份人工污染样品和250份实际样品的检测,将建立的合检方法与行业标准(SN/T 1022-2010进出口食品中霍乱弧菌检验方法和SN/T 0173-2010进出口食品中副溶血性弧菌检验方法)进行比较,对合检方法进行效果评价。结果实验结果表明副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌合检方法,与行业标准检测结果完全一致。结论该方法可靠,对实验仪器和操作人员的要求低,具有良好的实用性,适合基础检测实验室。     

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)检测上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力菌株

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)对上海市8-10月市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株(tdh和trh毒力基因)进行检测分析,共检测贝类样品180份,6个常规品种,实验同时采用PCR测定方法进行对比。结果表明,含tdh和trh毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌在市售贝类中的检出率分别是12.77%和11.66%,PCR的分析结果为11.11%和7.78%。对分离的毒力菌株进行血清型分型后发现了2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌,其中1株为毒力基因双阳性菌(tdh+/trh+)。2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的PFGE条带型相似度较高(相似度90%)。这些结果表明上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株存在一定的污染,应引起足够重视。双阳性O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的出现值得关注,应对各血清型菌株尤其是O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的流行情况加强监测。PCR检测结果对比分析表明,LAMP方法适用于贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株的检测分析。     

市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力及药敏性分析

为了解市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力基因携带情况及药敏性情况,本文采用《GB4789.7-2013食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》分离培养方法,利用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统及荧光PCR从市售水产品中分离鉴定出60株副溶血性弧菌分离株,通过常规PCR对60株分离株中四种毒力基因的分布进行筛查,并用VITEK 2 compact全自动细菌鉴定系统对副溶血性弧菌分离株进行药敏性试验。结果显示,市售水产样品的60株副溶血性弧菌分离株中tlh基因携带率为100.00%、tox R/S基因携带率为100.00%、tdh基因携带率为95.00%,trh基因携带率为65.00%,多重毒力基因携带率高,其中四重毒力基因携带率为61.67%;分析60株分离株对19种抗菌药物的药敏情况发现对氨苄西林有极高的耐药性,耐药率为96.67%,多重耐药现象不突出,仅有4株分离株对2种药物耐药。结果表明,市售水产样品中副溶血性弧菌分离株毒力基因携带率较高,且多数携带多重毒力基因;分离株耐药情况不突出,但对抗菌类药物氨苄西林的耐药率较高,需警惕水产食品中副溶血性弧菌的潜在威胁。     

Design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Vibrio pathogen detection

Three species--Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus--account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. Additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. Rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management of outbreaks. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we designed and validated a highly sensitive, specific, and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay to identify V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus using a four-dye configuration in a convenient lyophilized format. Multiple Vibrio strains were sequenced to verify candidate target TaqMan sites. Several individual assays within the multiplex contain multiple primers or probes to ensure detection of polymorphic variants. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were detected either individually or in mixtures at ≤30 genomic copies. V. cholerae was specifically detected in the presence or absence of Vibrio mimicus. The Vibrio multiplex assay showed 100% specificity to all targets analyzed and no detection of nearest neighbor strains. Each assay exhibited 100% ± 10% efficiency. Multiplex real-time PCR can simplify pathogen detection and reduce costs per test since three species can be analyzed in a single reaction tube. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish or seawater samples will improve the microbiological safety of seafood for consumers.     

2016年江苏省淡水养殖环节常见致病性弧菌污染状况调查

目的 了解江苏省淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌(副溶血性弧菌、霍乱弧菌等)的污染程度。 方法 参照《2016年国家食品安全风险监测淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌专项监测工作手册》进行样品的采集和检测。 结果 从淡水养殖场中采集水产品、水体、水底沉积物样品共507份, 检出副溶血性弧菌17株(3.4%); 霍乱弧菌4株(0.8%); 溶藻弧菌及创伤弧菌均未检出。检出的副溶血性弧菌均不携带毒力基因(trh-;tdh-), 主要血清型为O5:H7(41.2%), 主要耐受的抗生素为头孢唑林(94.1%), 其中3株PFGE带型相似性系数100%; 4株霍乱弧菌均为非O1/O139群, 未发现耐药株。结论 江苏省淡水养殖环节中副溶血性弧菌环境污染程度低, 但在淡水养殖环节中检出致病性弧菌, 提示淡食用水产品依然可能存在引发食物中毒的风险。     

Occurrence of Vibrio and other pathogenic bacteria in Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from Adriatic Sea, Italy.

Sixty-two samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussels) harvested from approved shellfish waters in the Adriatic Sea were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. Vibrio spp. were isolated from 48.4% of samples; the species most frequently found were V. alginolyticus (32.2%) and V. vulnificus (17.7%), followed by V. cincinnatiensis (3.2%), V. parahaemolyticus (1.6%), V. fluvialis (1.6%) and V. cholerae non-O1 (1.6%). V. parahaemolyticus resulted negative to Kanagawa-phenomenon and to PCR amplification of tdh gene. V. cholerae resulted negative to PCR amplification of sto gene. No Salmonella, Campylobacter, or E. coli verocytotoxin-producing strains were isolated. The results of this study suggest the potential risk of ingesting raw or undercooked mussels due to the frequent presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species.     

Vibrio species involved in seafood-borne outbreaks (Vibrio cholerae,V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus): Review of microbiological versus recent molecular detection methods in seafood products

Seafood products are widely consumed all around the world and play a significant role on the economic market. Bacteria of the Vibrio genus can contaminate seafood and thus pose a risk to human health. Three main Vibrio species, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, are potentially pathogenic to humans. These species are responsible for a dramatic increase of seafood-borne infections worldwide. Hence, early detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio is needed and should rely on quick and effective methods. This review aims to present the standard methods FDA-BAM, ISO/TS 21872–1:2007 and TS 21872–2:2007 and compare them to recent molecular biology methods including endpoint PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and PCR-derived methods with a focus on LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification). The available methods presented here are dedicated to the detection and identification of the Vibrio species of interest in seafood.     

Seasonal distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay oysters and waters

The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay oysters and waters, and to determine the degree of association between V. parahaemolyticus densities and selected environmental parameters. Oyster and water samples were collected monthly from three sites in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland from November 2004 through October 2005. During collection of samples, water temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform levels in oysters were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus levels were enumerated by a quantitative direct-plating method followed by DNA colony hybridization; presence/absence was further determined by overnight broth enrichment followed by either standard colony isolation or real-time PCR. The thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene were targeted for detection of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, for both direct plating and enrichment. The thermostable related hemolysin (trh) gene, which is a presumptive pathogenicity marker, was targeted only for the enrichment approach. By direct plating, colonies producing tlh signals were detected in 79% of oyster samples at densities ranging from 1.5x10(1) to 6.0x10(2) CFU/g. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (tdh+) was detected in 3% (level was 10 CFU/g) of oyster samples while no V. parahaemolyticus was detected in water samples. By the enrichment approach with standard colony isolation, 67% of oyster and 55% of water samples (n=33) were positive for total V. parahaemolyticus, and all samples were negative for pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. In contrast, enrichment followed by real-time PCR detected tlh, tdh and trh in 100%, 20% and 40% of oyster and 100%, 13% and 40% of water enrichments collected from June to October 2005, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus densities in oysters varied seasonally and were found to be positively correlated with water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen.     

水产品中副溶血性弧菌实时荧光PCR检测方法

建立了一种特异、灵敏、稳定的副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus,VP)致病基因的检测方法。对已建立的副溶血性弧菌致病基因tdh、trh和tlh荧光PCR方法的特异性、灵敏度和重复性进行检测,以验证该方法的有效性。该方法与副溶血性弧菌反应良好,与其他弧菌属和非弧菌属的6株常见食源性致病菌无交叉反应;检测了6株副溶血性弧菌标准菌株和分离株,3种致病基因检出限分别为tlh 6～43 CFU/mL,tdh 97～1 700 CFU/mL,trh 1 100～4 000 CFU/mL;3种致病基因20次重复组内变异系数在0.96%～1.50%,组间变异系数在2.70%～4.10%。该方法操作简便,特异性强,灵敏度高,能够准确、快速、灵敏地检测水产品中副溶血性弧菌。     

临沂市淡水鱼养殖、销售及餐饮环节致病性弧菌污染状况及病原学特征

目的：了解临沂市淡水鱼养殖、销售及餐饮环节中常见致病性弧菌的污染现状,进一步描述病原学特征,为加强本市食源性疾病监测和防控提供依据。方法：在本市3个县区设置采样点,采集养殖场、销售场所、餐馆的鱼样及存养鱼的相关样本,参照《国家食品安全风险监测淡水动物性水产品养殖环节中常见弧菌专项监测工作手册》,进行致病性弧菌的分离与鉴定。结果：在281份淡水鱼及相关样品中,4种常见致病性弧菌均有检出,其中霍乱弧菌的检出率最高,为18.15%（51/281）,之后依次为副溶血性弧菌12.81%（36/281）,溶藻弧菌4.27%（12/281）,创伤弧菌0.71%（2/281）。在养殖(144份样品)、销售（74份样品）和餐饮（63份样品）三个环节霍乱弧菌检出率为16.67%（24/144）、21.62（16/74）、17.46%（11/63）,副溶血性弧菌的检出率为2.78%（4/144）、24.32%（18/74）、22.22%（14/63）,溶藻弧菌的检出率为0.69%（1/144）、8.11%（6/74）、7.94%（5/63）,创伤弧菌的检出率为0.00（0/144）、2.70%（2/74）、0.00%（0/63）。检出的霍乱弧菌均为非O1/O139群,不携带ctxAB毒力基因;在淡水鱼及相关样本中检出的36株副溶血性弧菌中有1株携带trh基因,其余均不携带tdh/trh毒力基因。结论：临沂市淡水鱼养殖、销售和餐饮环节均存在不同程度的致病性弧菌污染,非O1/O139群霍乱弧菌和副溶血性弧菌为主要污染菌,霍乱弧菌污染在三个环节中均存在,副溶血性弧菌污染主要存在于销售和餐饮环节,整个淡水鱼产业链需加强综合监管。     

Pathogenetic characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical and seafood sources

A total of 216 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood and clinical samples in eastern China were investigated for their hemolytic and urea-producing phenotypes, presence of putative virulence genes tdh and trh. Twenty-one clinical isolates (84%, 21/25) and 3 seafood isolates (1.57%, 3/191) were tdh-positive while only 3 clinical isolates (12%) and 7 seafood isolates (3.66%) were positive for trh gene. We further examined the pathogenicity of selected V. parahaemolyticus isolates in in vitro and in vivo systems. The clinical isolates were apparently more enteropathogenic (74.26 per thousand vs 62.07 per thousand expressed as intestine/body weight ratio, P<0.01) and more virulent than their seafood counterparts to mice (log LD(50) 6.86 vs 7.40 via orogastric route, P<0.05). They were also more adherent to in vitro cultured cells and of higher cytotoxicity as measured by LDH release of the HeLa cells although there were no statistical differences. The tdh-positive V. parahaemolyticus isolates were of higher enteropathogenicity (P<0.05, 74.24 per thousand vs 60.55 per thousand) and more virulent (log LD(50) 6.55 vs 7.21 via intraperitoneal route, P<0.05) than tdh-negative isolates. The tdh-positive isolates were generally more cytotoxic and adhesive to the cultured cell lines as well. From the in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity profiles, trh-positive isolates seemed to line between tdh-positive isolates and those without tdh and trh. There were two isolates H8 and H10 from clinical cases having moderate enteropathogenicity and virulence to mice, but were tdh-negative yet trh-positive. These results seem to suggest that hemolysins TDH and/or TRH may not be necessarily the only virulence factors of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates.     

北京口岸进口鲜活海产品中副溶血性弧菌致病性分析

目的调查从北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中是否存在致病性副溶血性弧菌。方法对2005年从北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中分离的267株副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）的尿素酶活性、神奈川现象和毒性基因（tdh和trh）进行了检测。结果267株副溶血性弧菌中27株尿素酶呈阳性，其中14株菌tdh基因和砌基因呈阳性。tdh基因和trh基因呈阳性的14株菌中有10株菌神奈川现象为阳性，并且全部分离自从加拿大进口的象拔蚌。结论北京口岸进口的鲜活海产品中存在致病性副溶血性弧菌，主要集中在象拔蚌中。应对从加拿大进口的象拔蚌加强监管，防止致病性副溶血性弧菌引起食物中毒发生。     

Evaluation of most-probable-number-PCR method with internal amplification control for the counting of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in frozen shrimps

The most-probable-number (MPN) method is often time-consuming for the isolation, detection, and quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from natural sources. MPN counting of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria usually involves the isolation of typical V. parahaemolyticus colonies on selective medium, with subsequent confirmation by biochemical identification. In this study, we evaluated the use of a PCR on MPN enrichment cultures (MPN-PCR) for the direct detection of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus cells in frozen shrimp. This reaction targeted the R72H, tdh, and trh sequences. An internal amplification control was added to the samples before R72H amplification. There was an excellent correlation between the results of the two methods for artificially inoculated and natural shrimp samples. Of 36 natural samples, 28 tested positive for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus, with an MPN value of 2 × 10(-1) to 9.2 × 10(1) per g. No pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus cells were detected. The test had a detection limit of one V. parahaemolyticus organism per g and was completed within two working days. These results support the use of the combination of PCR with MPN for the detection of total or potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus cells in frozen shrimp.     

Occurrence of the tdh and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from waters and raw shellfish collected in two French coastal areas and from seafood imported into France

The occurrence of the hemolysin genes, tdh and trh, in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from environmental samples collected in two French coastal areas, clinical samples, and seafood products imported into France was studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two sets of primers was used to detect the hemolysin genes. Most of the clinical isolates (91%) and 1.5% of the isolates from seafood possessed the hemolysin genes. Three and fifteen percent, respectively, of the two groups of environmental strains carried the hemolysin genes depending on the geographic site. The tdh and trh genes play important roles in virulence. Thus, our results indicate that pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus isolates are present in French coastal areas and in seafood imported into France. Furthermore, they may also be present in French seafood products.     

上海市水产品中副溶血性弧菌的分离、鉴定及毒力基因和血清型分布

为了了解上海市市售水产品中副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemoly ticus,Vp)污染状况和血清型,为防治Vp引起的食源性疾病提供依据。采用GB/T 4789.7-2008国标方法进行分离和生理生化鉴定,根据FDA推荐的引物对种特异性tlh基因和毒力基因(tdh,trh)进行PCR检测。从161份水产品中分离鉴定得到45株副溶血性弧菌,平均检出率为27.95%。通过PCR检测分离株的tdh和trh毒力基因发现,45株副溶血性弧菌均为trh阴性,7株为tdh阳性。45株副溶血性弧菌经血清凝集,结果共分出7个血清群,分别为O1群占2.2%(1/45),O3群占24.4%(11/45)、O4群占15.6%(7/45)、O5群占20.0%(9/45)、O9群占4.4%(2/45)、O10群占8.9%(4/45)、O11群占26.7%(12/45)。     

Risk of Vibrio transmission linked to the consumption of crustaceans in coastal towns of Côte d'Ivoire

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of Vibrio spp. transmission from crustaceans to humans in two coastal towns of C?te d'Ivoire. Bacteriologic analysis was performed on 322 crustacean samples obtained from six markets in Abidjan and one in Dabou. Suspected Vibrio colonies were identified by morphological, cultural, biochemical, and molecular tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PCR assays were used to further characterize Vibrio strains. A survey on consumption of crustaceans was conducted among 120 randomly selected households in Abidjan. Overall, Vibrio spp. were isolated from 7.8% of the crustacean samples studied, at levels as high as 6.3 log CFU/g. Of the Vibrio strains identified, 40% were V. alginolyticus, 36% were V. parahaemolyticus, and 24% were nontoxigenic V. cholerae; the latter two species can cause mild to severe forms of seafood-associated gastroenteritis. Among interviewed households, 11.7% reported daily consumption of crustaceans, confirming the high probability of exposure of human population to Vibrio spp., and 7.5% reported symptoms of food poisoning after consumption of crustaceans. The absence of genes encoding major virulence factors in the studied strains, i.e., cholera toxin (ctxA and ctxB) in V. cholerae and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) in V. parahaemolyticus, does not exclude the possibility of exposure to pathogenic strains. However, human infections are not common because most households (96.7%) boil crustaceans, usually for at least 45 min (85.9% of households) before consumption.     

Evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe for the detection and enumeration of the thermostable-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Reliable methods are needed to detect total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. One marker of V. parahaemolyticus virulence is the thermostable-related hemolysin. We developed an alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probe method for the specific detection and enumeration of trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus by colony hybridization. The probe was tested against a panel of 200 bacterial strains and determined to be specific for trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus. Additionally, the trh alkaline phosphatase probe colony hybridization was successfully used to detect and enumerate trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and water samples collected from the United States and the United Kingdom.